Psych Test Three
piaget
theorist that developed a series of stages in which an individual passes during cognitive development.
teratogens
(literally, "monster maker") agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
Serotonin
- neuroticism - too little serotonin linked to negative moods
Indiana Jones goes off to foreign lands in search of artifacts hidden in dangerous places and guarded by fierce protectors. Dr. Jones would be described as __________ in arousal theory.
A sensation seeker
Homeostasis
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
Puberty marks the onset of
Adolescence
According to Jung, the deepest, impersonal layer of the unconscious mind that is shared by all humans is called the _____.
Collective unconscious
In the context of social influence, Solomon Asch's experiment demonstrates ____
Conformity
_____ is an unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the person belongs to that group.
Discrimination
Felicia tells her mother that she failed the biology test because her professor made the test too difficult. Felicia is attributing her performance to _____ factors.
External
Alfred Adler's approach was known as _____ psychology.
Individual
Which of the following sexual practices involves no risk of a sexually transmitted infection (STI)?
Kissing
Which division of the nervous system is working when we experience emotions?
Sympathetic division of the nervous system
Social Cognitive Perspectives
Bandura
Infant attachment is defined as the close emotional bond between an infant and:
Its caregivers
Yerkes-Dodson Law
inverted u function
_____ is the personality trait most strongly associated with prosocial behaviors
Agreeableness
Risky shift and group polarization are aspects of _____.
Group Decision making
Stanley Milgram's experiment demonstrated the effect of _____.
Obedience
"Out of sight, out of mind" can describe the behavior of a child who has not mastered the concept of:
Object Permanence
refactory period
a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm
fear
activation of amygdala
23rd pair of chromosomes
determines sex xx female xy male
jung
collective unconscious
reflexes
rooting gripping moro
lateral hypothalamus
start center
sympathetic arousal
increased heart rate, sweating, high blood pressure, trembling, dizziness, upset stomach (psychical symptoms of anxiety disorders) fight or flight
prefrential-looking technique
is an experimental method in developmental psychology used to gain insight into the young mind/brain. The method as used today was developed by the developmental psychologist Robert L. Fantz in the 1960s
Dopamine
- the feel good neurotransmitter - higher in extroverts
strange situation task
-Mary Ainsworth: mother of the attachment theory
rodgers
All born with capacity for happiness and success Unconditional positive regard
Sandra Bem
Androgyny scale
An instinct is a tendency that is _________
Biological
Dr. Watson is interested in the effects of higher than normal amounts of testosterone on the gender of embryos. Dr. Watson's interest fits best into the area of the _____.
Biological approach to gender development
When Cameron was asked if he liked animated movies, he said yes. According to the self-perception theory, which of the following statements is the best explanation for Cameron's answer?
Cameron likes animated movies because he has watched and enjoyed all of them
An object or activity that arouses sexual interest and desire is called a _____.
Fetish
assimilation
Fitting new information into preexisting schemas
In the context of the "Stanford Marshmallow Experiments", research on delayed gratification indicates that the best way to resist temptation is to:
Focus on other activities rather than the forbidden activity
Jason is working on a problem for his science class and is systematically going over every possible outcome. Jason is in the _____ stage of cognitive development.
Formal Operational
_____ refers to the social and psychological aspects of being male or female.
Gender
alfreds adlers
Individual psychology
The documentary titled "56 Up" is a great example of a _____________ study in development.
Longitudinal
The most widely used and researched empirically keyed self-report personality test is the _____.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Kohlberg's Theory
Moral reasoning, the difference between right and wrong. 3 stages with 2 levels each.
_____ is a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world.
Personality
Schachter's Two Factor Theory
Physiological arousal and a cognitive label is required for an emotion Studied by injecting epinephrine then waiting with angry or happy person
facial feedback hypothesis
Physiology of face interpreted by brain (fits J-L theory)
_____ perspectives on personality emphasize that personality is primarily unconscious.
Psychodynamic
At the preconventional level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development, individuals decide right and wrong based on
Punishments or rewards
Jack and his new girlfriend, Samantha, are having sexual intercourse with each other for the first time. Even though Jack's focus is on achieving orgasm, he spends time on foreplay and increasing Samantha's pleasure, because he knows that this will increase her sexual satisfaction and make her appreciate him more. Jack's idea of what is expected of him sexually is known as a _____.
Sexual Script
_____ perspectives on personality emphasize conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals.
Social Cognitive
Six people are competing in tug-of-war competition. First, they compete as individuals, and then they compete as a team. It is observed that when they are competing as a team their combined effort level is less than the sum of their individual efforts. In the context of group influence, this reduction in effort when competing as a team is most likely due to the effect of:
Social Loafing
Which of the following is true of binge eating disorder (BED)?
The areas of the brain and endocrine system that respond to stress are overactive in individuals with BED.
Which of the following is a difference between the central and peripheral route to persuasion?
The central route is effective when people have the ability and the motivation to pay attention, while the peripheral route is not.
TAT test
Thematic Apperception Test Create stories based on pictures of people Evaluates motivation behind behaviors
optimum arousal theory
Theory stating that we are motivated by our innate desire to maintain an personally preferred level of arousal.
Larger numbers mean higher exposure
XX exposed to high androgens as fetus tend to prefer Boy toys as children
Sociocultural
approach to unconcious
post conventional level
based on own code
preconventional level
based on punishments
conventional level
based on societys rules
adolescence
conflict with parents over trivial stuff increased risk taking personal fable
Of the big five personality traits, _____ might well be the most important in terms of health and longevity issues.
conscientiousness
automatic nervous system
controls involuntary actions
cross sectional design
different subjects in different groups.
FFM
five factor model OCEAN openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
sexual dissfunctions
organic or stress induced
id
pleasure principle
ego
reality principle
longitudinal design
research design in which one participant or group of participants is studied over a long period of time
gender roles
sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one's status as male or female
object permanence
the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
infant attachment
the close emotional bond between an infant and its caregiver
drive-reduction theory
the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
conservation
the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
misattribution of arousal
the process whereby people make mistaken inferences about what is causing them to feel the way they do
gender
the psychological aspects of being masculine or feminine
introverts
wake up over aroused and need to calm down to get to their desired level of arousal.
hormones
y=androgens=testosterone x=estrogens
Which of the following statements best defines conformity?
A change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard
Drives serve to activate responses that are aimed at reducing the drive, thereby returning the body to a more normal state called __________.
Homeostasis
The goal of the drive reduction theory is _____.
Homeostasis
Loggerhead turtles lay their eggs underground, in sandy beaches. As soon as the eggs hatch, the infant turtles crawl out of their nests and move toward the sea. Which of following best describes this pattern of behavior?
Instinct
Many elementary school teachers offer prizes to students who read the most books during an academic year. The failure of many students to read books during the summer vacations may be due to a lack of:
Intrinsic motivation
Which of the following best defines teratogen?
It is any agent that causes a birth defect
Which of the following theories of emotion is best supported by the facial feedback hypothesis?
James-Lange theory
Joyce has the potential to be an honor student. However, she frustrates her teachers because of her actions. Rather than using her skills to excel, she tends to hide her intellectual abilities to act more like the students she is friends with. She sometimes answers questions incorrectly just to be more like her friends. In the context of the key aspects of social influence, which of the following perspectives explains Joyce's behavior most accurately?
Normative social influence
Which psychologist articulated the steps of cognitive development from infancy to adulthood?
Piaget
The _____ phase of the human sexual response pattern involves the continuation and heightening of sexual arousal.
Plateau
hermaphroditism
Possess both male and female sex organs
Caroline has volunteered to work with the underprivileged children who are participants in her professor's literacy project. She is hoping that her professor will take this into consideration when calculating her grades. In this scenario, Caroline is demonstrating an expectation of _____.
Reciprocity
When Karen does poorly on a weekly test, she blames it on the distractions she had at school that week. In this scenario, Karen is using the _____ to justify her performance on the test.
Self-serving bias
Harry, a fourteen-year-old, wants to join the army when he is eighteen. He believes that defending the country is a man's job, because men are brave and physically stronger than women. Harry's beliefs and expectations about the responsibilities of men can best be explained by the _____.
Social Role Theory
A bicyclist claims that bicycle racing times would be faster if individuals raced in groups, because the knowledge of being in a group produces more energy to perform better. The bicyclist's claim is based on the concept of:
Social facilitation
The hormone that is typically implicated in aggressive behavior is _____.
Testosterone
Jessica, a young woman, has a strong sexual preference for other women while Jim, a 30-year-old man, is only interested in dating women. In the context of sexual orientation, what similarities do Jessica and Jim most likely share in terms of brain structure?
They both have brains in which the right hemisphere is larger in comparison to the left hemisphere.
According to studies over the past half-century, which of the following is a condition under which a person's attitude will guide his or her actions?
When the person has a vested interest in the issue
attatchment
an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
moral development
growth in the ability to tell right from wrong, control impulses, and act ethically
Pseudo hermaphrodites
have only one type of sex organ but mixed secondary characteristics
sensorimotor stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
secondary sex characteristics in females
mammary glands, menarche, menstrual cycle, widened hips, pubic hair, fat deposits.
polygraph
measures sympathetic arousal
Polygraph examiners can
monitor physiological responses
resolution phase
phase in human sexual response following orgasm, in which people report relaxation and a sense of well-being
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization lowest to highest
cultural expectations
roles are to a certain degree molded and shaped by context in which they exist
androgyny
sandra bem
maslow
self-actualization
ventromedialhypothalamus
stop center
accommodation
uh oh- new info does not fit- modify schemas
According to Rogers's humanistic theory, if Gretel receives _____ from her parents, she is least likely to face problems associated with her _____
unconditional positive regard; self-concept
extroverts
wake up under-aroused and need to add energy to get up to the desired level of arousal
In Harry Harlow's classic attachment study, they found that monkeys:
were more attached to artificial mothers who were warm and soft.
prenatal
zygote 100-150 cells up to 2 weeks embryo- weeks 3-8 fetus- 2-9 months
Hormones
Exposure to androgens during fetal development may "masculinize" an XX baby
defense mechanisms
Repression Rationalization Displacement Sublimation Projection Reaction formation Denial Regression
According to research in the area of health and social psychology, who among the following is likely to have the earliest death?
A chronically lonely person
Which of the following is an acceptable definition of sexual behavior?
All of these
George's cubicle at work is spotless. Every item on his desk is arranged according to how frequently he needs it. He gets agitated if something is moved or rearranged. A proponent of Freud's psychoanalytic theory might argue that George is fixated at the _____ stage of psychosexual development.
Anal
The main class of male sex hormones is
Androgens
Mariah is an adolescent. She idolizes Gisele Bundchen, the famous supermodel. Mariah desires to be skinny like Gisele because she believes that being thin is considered attractive. In her pursuit of losing weight, Maria often refrains from eating for several full days. She begins to fear the thought of gaining weight and is not satisfied even when she loses weight. Mariah is most likely suffering from:
Anorexia nervosa
Which of the following individuals is most likely to obtain a high score on the openness trait of the big five factors of personality?
Beverly, who loves experimenting with life
According to the cognitive dissonance theory, when attitudes and behavior conflict, individuals are most likely to reduce cognitive dissonance by:
Changing their attitudes to fit the behavior
A congenital condition in which an individual has genitals that are not clearly male or female is called _____.
Hermaphroditism
Erica, a thirty-year-old woman, has been in a relationship with Cassandra, another woman, for over three years. Erica has always been sexually attracted to members of the same sex and has dated two other women in the past. Erica's sexual orientation can best be described as _____.
Homosexuality
Which of the following perspectives of personality primarily stress a person's capacity for personal growth and positive human qualities?
Humanistic
Kiara finds an abandoned wallet with $300 in it and no identification. In the context of Freud's psychoanalytic theory, Kiara's decision to keep the money or turn it in will cause the greatest conflict between her _____.
Id and superego
If 20-year-old Peter is unsure of what he should do with his life and where he fits in, Erikson would most likely agree that Peter did not successfully complete the stage of:
Identity versus identity confusion
_____ is the specialization of function in one hemisphere of the brain or the other.
Lateralization
A(n) _____ assesses the same participants multiple times over a lengthy period
Longitudinal Study
Schachter and Singer proposed that two things have to happen before emotion occurs: __________ and __________.
Physical arousal; labeling
Which of the following is a projective test?
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
From the perspective of the investment model of close relationships, long-term relationships are most likely to continue when:
There are few tempting alternatives for the partners
Joanna was born a girl. However, she never identifies herself as female. She refers to herself as Joe and dresses like a boy. Joanna is angry or irritable if anyone treats her like a girl. She is unable to accept the fact that she is biologically a female. In the context of sex and gender, Joanna is most likely a(n) _____.
Transgender individual
According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, optimum performance is achieved:
When one is moderately aroused
Which of the following is a difference between men and women in the context of emotion, empathy, and helping?
Women are more responsive to negative stimuli and men are more responsive to positive stimuli.
According to developmental psychologists, nature refers to:
an individual's biological inheritance.
Assimilation allows the person to enjoy a feeling of meaning, because
experiences fit into his or her preexisting schemas.
When a person's blood sugar level falls too low, he feels
hungry
Brandon attempts to convince his girlfriend, Katherine, to have sex with him. Even though Katherine loves and desires him, her religious beliefs do not permit her to have sex before marriage. According to Freud's structures of personality, Katherine's desire to have sex with Brandon is most likely dictated by her _____. Her decision not to engage in premarital sex is most likely dictated by her _____.
id; superego
If children cannot grasp the concept of conservation, they are unable to:
recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape.
The Angry/Happy Man experiment (Schachter & Singer, 1962) demonstrated that identical physiological activation could be felt as two quite divergent emotions. This demonstrated the importance of ___________ interpretation in determing emotions.
Cognitive
The ability to multiply two numbers together falls under _____ development.
Cognitive
Gary's mother tells him that he must complete his homework before he goes out to play. Gary does not like to disobey his mother but he really wants to go out and play. He convinces himself that his mother has been mean to him lately so he can disobey her just this one time without feeling guilty. Gary is trying to change his attitude to fit his behavior most likely to reduce the _____ he is experiencing
Cognitive dissonance
In the context of evolutionary psychology, _____ occurs among members of the same sex as they vie for the opportunity to mate with members of the opposite sex.
Competition
Leptin and cholecystokinin (CCK) are similar in that they are both associated with:
Decreasing food intake
____ is the defense mechanism used when the ego shifts feelings toward an unacceptable object to another, more acceptable object.
Displacement
____ is the neurotransmitter most closely linked to learning that certain behaviors are rewarding
Dopamine
Which of the following statements is true of the disorders of sexual desire and sexual response in men?
Erectile dysfunction is more likely to occur with age.
Male zebra finches have brightly colored feathers and begin to sing at puberty. The females are duller in appearance and lack singing ability. The males use musical mating calls to compete with each other for female attention. Since the females are primarily responsible for reproduction, they have to choose the most suitable males to mate with. This type of selection best illustrates the _____.
Evolutionary psychology approach to gender development
Jack kisses his girlfriend, Sarah, for the first time. The muscle tension she feels in her genital area is characteristic of the _____ phase of the human sexual response pattern
Excitement
Which of the following sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is bacterial in origin?
Gonorrhea
Harold was involved in a serious motorcycle accident. Harold's lateral hypothalamus was damaged as a result of the accident. Under such circumstances, which of the following is most likely to occur in the context of hunger and eating disorders?
Harold will lose interest in eating
Gus, a successful manager, quits his job and joins college at the age of forty to study art. A proponent of Abraham Maslow's humanistic theory would most likely argue that Gus went back to college because:
He chose to develop his full potential
Mia intends to examine the impact of mother-child interactions during play-time on cognitive development among toddlers. Mia should adopt the _____ method to conduct her study.
Observation
Which of the following is a difference between older and younger adults?
Older adults tend to not do as well as younger adults in most aspects of memory.
Which of the following neurotransmitters is released during the orgasm phase of the human sexual response pattern?
Oxytocin
Which of the following is an example of a high-arousal negative emotion?
Panic
The _____ technique in studying infant perception involves searching for a reliable preference for one stimulus over another.
Preferential Looking
John, who is jealous of his older brother, states that his older brother hates him and is jealous of him. This scenario best illustrates the defense mechanism of _____.
Projection
Random acts of kindness, such as helping a visually impaired person cross the street, are examples of _____.
Prosocial Behaviors
Chad is keen on getting into the best college in the state. However, the college rejects his Apply. When comforted by his parents, Chad explains that he is not disappointed because if he had been accepted by the college, he would have had to move away from home. In this scenario, Chad's explanation best illustrates the defense mechanism of _____.
Rationalization
Patrick has been confused about his sexual orientation for a few years. Even though he has had many girlfriends, he often feels attracted to men. However, in college, he strongly opposes the idea of same-sex relationships among his friends. According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, Patrick's supposed homophobia best illustrates the defense mechanism of _____.
Reaction formation
Which of the following terms means that even in the face of adversity, a person shows signs of positive functioning?
Resilience
The most significant difference between males and females in the human sexual response pattern identified by Masters and Johnson occurs at the _____.
Resolution Phase
At age thirty-three, Ricky is a highly ranked partner in a law firm. He lives by himself and doesn't find the time to socialize. He has a lavish house with an elaborate security system and owns a luxurious sports car. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, which of the following can best explain Ricky's discontentment with life?
Ricky's need for belongingness is not being met
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, before a person can feel safe, he needs to:
Satisfy his physiological needs
The _____ approach to gender development suggests that gender behavior is learned through reward and punishment, observational learning, and modeling
Social Cognitive
According to Piaget, accommodation refers to
the adjustment of current schemas in order to make sense of new experiences.
