psych unit 4

Unlike client-centered therapy, Gestalt therapy _________. A. is directive B. assumes that people disown parts of themselves that might meet with social disapproval C. assumes that people don social masks D. involves systematic desensitization

A

Which of the following is the aim of traditional psychoanalysis? A. To provide insight into the conflicts that are presumed to lie at the roots of a person's problems B. To resolve a person's psychological issues through spiritual methods C. To achieve behavioral change in people with biological disorders D. To enhance the self-esteem of a person by providing him an enduring set of tedious physical and mental exercises

A

Enduring behavioral and cognitive tendencies that are learned and expressed by evaluating particular people, places, or things with favor or disfavor are known as ____ .

ATTITUDES

In client-centered therapy, _________ refers to respect for clients as human beings with unique values and goals. A. genuineness B. unconditional positive regard C. empathy D. free association

B

In the selection of a romantic partner, women tend to place greater emphasis on traits such as: A. cooking ability. Correct B. professional status C. physical allure D. thrift

B

____ is a cognitively oriented learning theory in which observational learning and person variables such as values and expectancies play major roles in individual differences. A. attribution theory Correct B. social cognitive theory C. psychodynamic theory D. cognitive-dissonance theory

B

Romantic love, in Sternberg's scheme, refers to _____. A. strong sexual and passionate feelings B. the decision to maintain a relationship Correct C. an intense, positive emotion that involves sexual attraction, feelings of caring, and the belief that one is in love D. the ideal form of love which combines passion, intimacy, and commitment

C

Salma angrily tells her therapist, John, "I should have won the beauty contest. It's not fair." John confronts Salma's belief by asking, "Wasn't the winner more talented and articulate than you?" John is most likely to be a(n) _____. A. ego analyst B. client-centered therapist C. rational emotive behavior therapist D. traditional psychoanalyst

C

The group effect called _________ is likely to lead the group to make more risky shifts in decision-making. A. social facilitation B. catharsis Correct C. polarization D. propinquity

C

In _________ terms, prejudice is connected with avoidance and aggression. A. cognitive B. social conflict C. emotional Correct D. behavioral

D

Which of the following is true of stereotyping? A. Stereotyping and prejudice are completely unrelated. B. Stereotyping is always positive. C. Stereotyping is the view that persuasive messages are evaluated on the basis of central and peripheral cues. Correct D. Stereotyping may lead people to view members of groups in a biased fashion

D

A reason why people tend to have partners from the same background is _______ .

PROPINQUITY

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, which of the following is the ideal form of love? Correct A. Consummate love B. Romantic love C. Intimate love D. Passionate love

A

Based on the different behavior-therapy methods, which of the following is true of modeling? A. It relies on observational learning. B. It relies on principles of dynamics. C. It relies on principles of aversion. D. It relies on nondirective cognition.

A

Behavior therapists rely heavily on principles of _________. A. conditioning and observational learning B. aversion and dynamic learning C. addiction and proactive learning D. cognition and passive learning

A

A form of group therapy that may be undertaken from the systems approach is called _________. A. family therapy B. Gestalt therapy C. behavior therapy D. cognitive therapy

A

In psychoanalysis, which of the following statements best describes catharsis? A. It is the expression of repressed feelings and impulses to allow the release of the psychic energy associated with them. B. It is the uncensored uttering of all thoughts that come to mind. C. It is the tendency to block the free expression of impulses and primitive ideas—a reflection of the defense mechanism of repression. D. It is therapy in which a therapist tries to spiritually cleanse the corrupt and insecure minds of clients and helps them lead a peaceful life.

A

In terms of behavior, which of the following is true of prejudice? Correct A. Prejudice is connected with avoidance, aggression, and discrimination. B. Prejudice is associated with positive feelings such as love, peace, and hope. C. Prejudice is the least troubling kind of attitude. D. Prejudice is the tendency to seek justification for strenuous efforts.

A

Most anti-anxiety drugs belong to the chemical class known as _________. A. benzodiazepines B. phenothiazine C. selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitors D. serotonin

A

The feeling of _________ encourages helping behavior and discourages aggression. A. empathy B. resentment C. gloominess D. edginess

A

Which of the following is true of rational emotive behavior therapists? A. They aim to encourage clients to challenge and correct irrational expectations. B. They focus on interpreting dreams and childhood experiences. C. They aim to decrease social anxiety and build social skills through operant-conditioning procedures. D. They aim to magnify the psychological problem to understand its origin.

A

Which of the following statements best describes psychodynamic therapy? A. It is a type of psychotherapy that is based on Freud's thinking and assumes that psychological problems reflect early childhood experiences and internal conflicts. B. It is a controlled environment in which people are reinforced for desired behaviors with tokens (such as poker chips) that may be exchanged for privileges. C. It is proactive therapy by a trained therapist in which the client is exposed to a series of painful punishments, strict diet, and tedious exercises that help the client to leave any psychological inhibitions and lead a brave and physically fit life. D. It is therapy that spiritually cleanses the corrupt and insecure minds of clients and helps them lead a peaceful life.

A

________ is the issue of how well one can predict behavior on the basis of attitudes. Correct A. A-B problem B. individual problem C. social facilitation D. group problem

A

_________ is the tendency to block the free expression of impulses and primitive ideas—a reflection of the defense mechanism of repression. A. Resistance B. Free association C. Catharsis D. Transference

A

_________ refers to the systematic application of the principles of learning to the direct modification of a client's problem behaviors. A. Behavior therapy B. Behavior orientation C. Client-centered therapy D. Client-centered orientation

A

A(n) _________ is a psychodynamically oriented therapist who focuses on the conscious, coping behavior of the ego instead of the hypothesized, unconscious functioning of the id. A. ego enhancer B. ego analyst C. humanistic enhancer D. gestalt analyst

B

According to psychodynamic therapy, psychological problems reflect: A. an inconsistent reinforcement history. B. early childhood experiences and inner conflicts. C. inherited predispositions. D. excessive or unconditional love.

B

According to the _____, a woman's appeal is more strongly connected with her age and health, both of which are markers of reproductive capacity. A. triangular model of love Correct B. parental investment model C. attraction-similarity hypotheses D. primacy effect

B

Mary and Ted are working with a therapist to strengthen their communication, express their uncomfortable feelings, and learn to share in the decision-making process. In which of the following therapies are they involved? A. Communication therapy B. Couple therapy C. Aversion therapy D. Affective therapy

B

Psychodynamic therapy, client-centered therapy, and Gestalt therapy consider psychological disorders to occur as a result of _____. A. past trauma B. internal conflict C. reinforcement history D. low self-esteem

B

Psychotherapy refers to _________ between a client and a therapist. A. one-sided communication B. systematic interaction C. tedious counseling D. aversive conversation

B

Raul goes to a therapist. The therapist asks him to relax by lying on a couch and encourages him to talk about anything that comes to his mind. Through this process, the therapist hopes for some unconscious information to be revealed. Which of the following psychoanalytic techniques does the therapist use? A. Transference B. Free association C. Flooding D. Catharsis

B

Sheryl is suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder. Her doctor recommends that she take some drugs. Which of the following drugs is she most likely taking? A. Minor tranquilizer B. Antidepressant C. Major tranquilizer D. Analgesic

B

Which hormone is associated with the tendency to dominate and control others? A. Adrenaline Correct B. testosterone C. estrogen D. thyroxin

B

Which of the following is a factor that contributes to attraction? A. dissimilarity Correct B. reciprocity C. social conflict D. prejudice

B

Which of the following is a similarity between cognitive therapists and humanistic therapists? A. Both focus on early childhood experiences and its cognitive link to the current trauma faced by clients. B. Both aim to foster self-insight, but they mainly aim to help make people more aware of their current cognitions. C. Both are more likely to focus on what clients were experiencing in their past. D. Both encourage strict and tedious mental and physical exercises

B

_________ refers to a behavior-therapy method for helping people in their interpersonal relations that utilizes self-monitoring, behavior rehearsal, and feedback. A. Successive approximation B. Social skills training C. Biofeedback training D. Cognitive therapy

B

_________ was originated by Fritz Perls. A. Psychoanalysis therapy B. Gestalt therapy C. Client-centered therapy D. Psychodynamic therapy

B

In ____ terms, prejudice is connected with avoidance and aggression

BEHAVIORAL

According to Carl Rogers, which of the following is the basis for psychological problems? A. A focus on the here and now B. Childhood experiences and internal conflicts C. Roadblocks to self-actualization D. An unconscious conflict

C

Antidepressant medication tends to increase the concentration of _________ in the brain. A. dopamine B. acetylcholine C. noradrenaline D. norepinephrine

C

In client-centered therapy, _________ refers to the recognition of a client's experiences and feelings. A. genuineness B. unconditional positive regard C. empathy D. free association

C

In psychoanalysis, the uncensored uttering of all thoughts that come to mind is known as _________. A. resistance B. catharsis C. free association D. transference

C

Katherine is terrified of dogs. To help alleviate her fears, her therapist first teaches her how to relax her muscles. Next, the therapist gradually exposes Katherine to different dogs using virtual reality displays while she relaxes to each presentation. Which of the following is the basis for the virtual therapy used by Katherine's therapist? A. aversive conditioning B. resistance C. systemac desensitization D. transference

C

What are two qualities of Ellis's rational emotive behavior therapy? A. Nondirective and passive B. Directive and passive C. Active and directive D. Invasive and active

C

Which of the following factors decreases the tendency to conform? A. low self-esteem B. lack of familiarity with the task C. valuing being right over being liked D. social shyness

C

Which of the following is true of client-centered therapists? A. They follow a directive approach. B. They seldom empathize with their clients as it might make them weak. C. They have unconditional positive regard for their clients. D. They are seldom open in responding to their clients as it might hurt their feelings.

C

Which of the following is true of the attraction-similarity hypothesis? A. It states that people tend to develop romantic relationships with wealthy people. B. It reiterates the popular notion that opposites attract. Correct C. It theorizes that reciprocity is a powerful determinant of attraction. D. It believes that marriages are made in heaven.

C

People are said to _____ when they change their behavior to adhere to social norms

CONFORM

_________ is a behavior-therapy technique in which a client observes and imitates a person who approaches and copes with feared objects or situations. A. unconditional positive regard B. tranference C. systematic desensitization D. modeling

D

On a(n) ___ level, prejudice is associated with negative feelings such as fear, dislike, or hatred

EMOTIONAL

The feeling of ____ encourages helping behavior and discourages aggression

EMPATHY

According to Aaron Beck, clients may engage in _________, which means looking at the world in black and white rather than in shades of gray. A. generosity B. generosity C. empathy D. absolutist thinking

D

Behavior therapy applies _____ to directly promote desired behavioral changes. A. principles of dynamics B. principles of avoidance C. principles of cognition D. principles of learning

D

Which of the following is a similarity between client-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy? A. Like client-centered therapy, Gestalt therapy assumes that people disown parts of themselves that might meet with social disapproval or rejection. B. Like client-centered therapy, Gestalt therapy assumes that people seldom don social masks, pretending to be things they are not. C. Like client-centered therapy, Gestalt therapy was originated by Carl Rogers. D. Like client-centered therapy, Gestalt therapy involves tedious and cruel methods to treat patients.

A

Which of the following is true of cognitive therapy? A. It focuses directly on thoughts and encourages ideas that help individuals solve problems. B. It is based on the assumption that beliefs and attitudes of individuals cannot be changed. C. It aims to solve clients' problems using spiritual cleansing approach. D. It emphasizes that childhood trauma is the root cause of current psychological problems.

A

Which of the following is true of free association? A. Clients are made comfortable and asked to talk about any topic that comes to mind. B. Clients are requested not to disclose any personal information. C. Clients are asked to restrict themselves to expressing one topic at a time. D. Clients develop a strong wall of defense that block a client's insight into unconscious processes.

A

A landlord refuses to rent his vacant apartment to college students. He believes that students throw wild parties and destroy property. In the context of behavior, the landlord's refusal is an example of _____. A. effort justification Correct B. discrimination C. attitude D. belief

B

________ are controlled environments in which people are reinforced for desired behaviors with keepsakes, such as poker chips, that may be exchanged for privileges. A. Asylums B. Token economies C. Community mental health centers D. Hospices

B

On a(n) _________ level, prejudice is associated with negative feelings such as fear, dislike, or hatred. A. cognitive B. social conflict Correct C. emotional D. behavioral

C

Prejudices act as cognitive filters through which people view the social world. People tend to think of people as "familiar" or "foreign," or "good" or "bad." Their feelings and reactions toward others may be biased by these perceptions. This source of prejudice is referred to as _____. A. social learning B. social facilitation Correct C. information processing D. deindividuation

C

Which of the following is a difference between traditional psychoanalysis and humanistic therapies? A. Traditional psychoanalysis focuses on early childhood experiences, while humanistic therapies focus on bio-psychological disorders. B. Traditional psychoanalysis focuses on client-centered therapy, while humanistic therapies focus on transference. C. Traditional psychoanalysis focuses on early childhood experiences, while humanistic therapies focus on what clients are experiencing here and now. D. Traditional psychoanalysis focuses on unconditional positive regard, while humanistic therapies focus on ego analysis.

C

________ are based on the thinking of Sigmund Freud. A. Gestalt therapies B. Client-centered therapies C. Psychodynamic therapies D. Behavioral therapies

C