Psychology 002 Chapters 14&15

Alcohol (Class of drug; Psychoactive ingredient; Mechanism of action)

Depressant; NA; Prolongs the effects of GABA.

Describe the three phases of withdrawal that you would expect to observe in John after many years of extreme alcoholism.

1) 5- 6 hours post-drinking: tremors, nausea, sweating, vomiting, etc. 2) 15-30 hours post-drinking: convulsive activity. 3) 24-48 hours post-drinking: delirium tremens (may last 3-4 days).

Dreams are a result of random activation that the brain attempts to synthesize.

Activation-synthesis hypothesis.

NREM sleep is difficult to maintain and REM is a return to the default state.

Adaptation theories.

Sleep is the result of an internal 24-hour timing mechanism.

Adaptation theories.

Even though John wants to quit drinking alcohol, he does not. This is called _____________.

Addiction

Korsakoff's syndrome and cirrhosis of the liver.

Alcohol

An area in the hypothalamus that is thought to promote sleep.

Anterior hypothalamus.

Catecholamine agnostics used to treat hyperinsomnias.

Antihypnotics

Using this method, no clear relationship between species' sleep time and activity level has been found.

Comparative analysis of sleep.

Since John always drinks at home, he needs more drinks to get drunk at home than he meeds in other places, like the local bars.

Conditioned drug tolerance.

Using this method, the floor would move under both the experimental rat and the yoked rat, but only the experimental rat would become sleep deprived. The yoked rat can sleep while the experimental rat sleeps.

Carousel apparatus.

Harry is an 85-year-old man who is suffering from Alzheimer's disease. He has recently begun complaining about daytime sleepiness, but says he has not changed his sleeping habits. A sleep study shows that he stops breathing several times per night, but is not suffering from any airway obstructions. What is his likely diagnosis?

Central sleep apnea.

An effective local anesthetic; perorated septum.

Cocaine

Although John shows tolerance to many of the effects of alcohol, he does not show tolerance to the REM suppression effects of alcohol because he always drinks it when he wakes up.

Contingent drug tolerance.

Even though he had never taken benzodiazepines, he still shows a tolerance to these drugs because of their similarity to alcohol.

Cross tolerance.

Marijuana (Class of drug; Psychoactive ingredient; Mechanism of action)

Depressant/Hallucinogen; THC; Activated cannabinoid receptors.

Measured the electrical activity of the brain.

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

This measure "flatlines" during REM sleep.

Electromyogram (EMG)

This measurement allows the researcher to observe the rapid eye movements that would be observed during REM sleep.

Electrooculogram (EOG)

Dreams have manifest and latent content.

Freudian explanation of dreams.

The more John drinks alcohol, the more resistant his receptors become to the effect of GABA on the brain.

Functional tolerance.

If a person was subjected to this sleep protocol, they would show a gradual increase in sleep efficiency.

Gradual sleep deprivation.

Examples are benzodiazepines and imidazopyridines.

Hypnotics

Mallory had trouble sleeping and consulted a physician. Her doctor prescribed a sleeping pill at bedtime, and the medication was very effective...for the first several weeks. After about a month she began having trouble sleeping again and decided to take two sleeping pills each night. As time went on, she took more and more sleeping pills. Within six months, Mallory was taking six pills every night and was having just as much trouble sleeping as she did before she begun taking the sleeping pills. Furthermore, when she stopped taking the pills, she could not fall asleep at all. What type of sleeping disorder does Mallory suffer from?

Iatrogenic insomnia.

Joseph has problems falling asleep. A sleep study does not reveal any reason for his sleeplessness.

Insomnia

Julio is complaining of fitful sleep, daytime fatigue, general malaise, and problems with cognition. In taking the patient's history, you find he recently took a trip from New York to Madrid, Spain, an 8-hour, eastward bound flight. What is likely wrong with he patient?

Jet lag.

Increases serotonin, oxytocin, and vasopressin.

MDMD

Classified as a depressant and a mild hallucinogen.

Marijuana

A photosensitive dye contained in rare retinal ganglion cells that send info directly to the SCN.

Melanopsin.

Hormone released from the pineal gland that is considered a chronotbiotic.

Melatonin

Important for motor functioning.

Mesocorticolimbic Pathway (MCL)

Project from the substantia nigra neurons.

Mesocorticolimbic Pathway (MCL)

Terminates at the dorsal striatum.

Mesocorticolimbic Pathway (MCL)

The more John drinks alcohol, the more efficiently his liver metabolizes it.

Metabolic tolerance.

Causes DA, NE, and 5HT to release into synaptic cleft.

Methamphetamine

Dana sometimes falls asleep while she is having a heated discussion. She complains of extreme daytime sleepiness and sometimes has the irresistible urge to take short naps throughout the day. Although the naps are restorative, she quickly becomes sleepy again. What is Dana suffering from?

Narcolepsy

Reduces appetite and increases psychomotor activity, cognitive functioning, sensorimotor performance, attention, memory consolidation.

Nicotine

Associated with drug addiction.

Nigrostriatial Pathway (NS)

Dopamine in this pathway is created by the ventral tag mental area.

Nigrostriatial Pathway (NS)

Important for the experience of reward or pleasure.

Nigrostriatial Pathway (NS)

Includes the nucleus accumbens.

Nigrostriatial Pathway (NS)

Terminates at the cortical and limbic sites.

Nigrostriatial Pathway (NS)

Associated with muscle atone during REM.

Nucleus Magnocellularis

Mark is a 49-year-old who has a BMI of 35.4 and was recently diagnosed with high cholesterol. His wife, Sherry, accompanies him to his appointment and says she has been increasingly concerned with Mark's sleep. Sherry tells the doctor that Mark wakes up throughout the night, sometimes very abruptly, with choking sounds. She says that sometimes it also appears as if he is holding his breath for short amounts of time of even not breathing. When she wakes him, he is usually startled. The doctor asks if Mark snores, to which Sherry laughs that Mark has snored very loudly for as long as she can remember. The doctor questions Mark as to how he feels in the morning when he wakes up after 8 hours of sleep. Mark responds that he usually still feels tired and catches up on sleep by taking naps. What is likely wrong with Mark?

Obstructive sleep apnea.

Opiates (Class of drug; Psychoactive ingredient; Mechanism of action)

Opiate; NA; Activated a subclass of opioid receptors, called Mu2 receptors.

Tolerance develops VERY quickly to these drugs.

Opiates

Low levels of this brain chemical are associated with narcolepsy.

Orexin

Amit complains from daytime sleepiness, although he says he sleeps fine. During a sleep study, it is found that he kicks during sleep about 700 times a night. What does Amit suffer from?

Periodic limb movement disorder.

The withdrawal and tolerance that John shows to alcohol is a sign that John has a ________________________________ on alcohol.

Physical dependence.

Area in the hypothalamus that results in excessive sleep when damaged.

Posterior hypothalamus.

Alcohol affects John's brain by increasing the effect of GABA. In order to do this, it must pass the blood-brain barrier. This, alcohol is a _____________ drug.

Psychoactive

People undergoing this sleep protocol experience REM rebound.

REM sleep deprivation.

Judith is 92 years old. In recent years she has been showing increased signs of Parkinson's disease. Recently a new symptom has arisen. her caretaker says she has been sleep walking and sleep talking, but she complains she is experiencing vivid and visual hallucinations that happen "when she is asleep". A sleep study reveals she is moving during REM stage sleep. What is her diagnosis?

REM-Sleep Behavior Disorder.

Sleep theories that state that sleep is needed to restore homeostasis.

Recuperation theories.

If you disconnect this area fo the rest of the brain, a cat will show continuous slow wave sleep (SWS).

Reticular formation.

Branch off from optic nerve and innervates the SCN.

Retinohypothalamic tracts.

Julie is a 30-year-old warehouse worker who is a part of the midnight crew. She begins work at 11:00PM and finishes at 7:00AM. Recently she has been experiencing problems falling asleep and staying asleep, low mood, and problems thinking clearly. What is likely causing her sleep problems?

Shift work.

Several nights of this protocol would make a person sleepy, moody, delusional, and more likely to hallucinate.

Sleep deprivation.

REM

Stage during which dreams happen; brain waves during this stage are similar to awake EEG; loss of body core muscle tone; according to the default theory, this stage is similar to the "default stage".

Cocaine (Class of drug; Psychoactive ingredient; Mechanism of action)

Stimulant; NA; Blocks reuptake of DA, NE, and 5HT.

Methamphetamine (Class of drug; Psychoactive ingredient; Mechanism of action)

Stimulant; NA; Causes DA, NE, and 5HT to release into synaptic cleft and the blocks reuptake of these NTs.

Tobacco (Class of drug; Psychoactive ingredient; Mechanism of action)

Stimulant; Nicotine; Activates a subclass of acetylcholine receptors called nicotinic receptors.

An area of the medial hypothalamus that acts as a biological clock.

The Suprachaismatic Nucleus (SCN)

Stage 1

The lights sleep.

Stage 4

The sleep stage associated with the slowest, highest amplitude data waves; the deepest stage of sleep.

Stage 3

The stage you would transition into after stage 4; together with stage 4, this is known as SWS.

If John stops drinking, he feels anxious.

Withdrawal

In constant conditions, without these, a human would show a free running sleep-wake cycle.

Zeitgebers.

Plays a role in the period of the circadian cycle.

tau gene