Psychology 100.001 Modules 10-15,31
The theory of emotion that emphasizes the simultaneous experience of body response and emotional feeling is the _____ theory.
Cannon-Bard
Charles looks down while sitting at the top of the Ferris wheel. He immediately feels his heart start to pound and he simultaneously experiences fear. Which of the following theories BEST explains this emotional response?
Cannon-Bard Theory
_____ and stages is a major issue for developmental psychologists.
Continuity
Sensitive period
Easiest if it happens now, but it can happen later (with difficulty) E.g., language
What are the three prenatal stages by order?
Germinal, embryonic, & fetal
Theory of Mind
People's ideas about their own and others' feelings, thoughts, and perceptions
Stability-Change issue:
The stability-change debate describes the developmental psychology discussion about whether personality traits that are present in an individual at birth remain constant or change throughout the life span.
Continuity-Stage issue:
There are two major theories about how people develop. On one hand, the continuity theory says that development is a gradual, continuous process. On the other hand, the discontinuity theory says that development occurs in a series of distinct stages.
Conventional morality
Uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order.
Miriam is disgusted by the cover for a country singer's new album. The cover displays the artist wearing nothing but a skimpy bathing suit. Miriam believes that the singer's young female fans will see this self-objectification as acceptable and even mimic it themselves. Miriam has vowed to boycott any music or performances by the country singer. She has entered the _____ stage of development.
former operational
Angela is a 7-month-old baby who rolled over for the first time at 4 months of age and can now sit without support. These milestones reflect:
a maturing nervous system.
"Teens are less guilty by reason of adolescence" because their:
frontal lobes are not fully developed.
Three-month-old Nolan is no longer interested in a puppet head. This is probably because he has become _____.
habituated
Annie is the daughter of a teenage mother. She could not handle taking care of Annie and put her up for adoption when she was 4 weeks old. Annie was moved from one foster family to another. She was never adopted. It is MOST likely that Annie will:
have anxiety and lower intelligence.
After 10 inches of rain in less than 12 hours, floodwaters are about to inundate Kara's house. She has only a few minutes to grab her dog and whatever belongings she can carry before she must evacuate. Kara's _____ is/are releasing epinephrine and norepinephrine to prepare her for fight or flight.
adrenal glands
The instantaneous and automatic fear response people experience when unexpectedly stumbling upon a snake illustrates the importance of the:
amygdala.
Charlene displays male and female psychological characteristics. This is known as:
androgyny.
Ehud was at the park with his father and excitedly pointed to the squirrel and exclaimed, "Kitty, kitty." His father pointed out that this was a squirrel, not a kitty. Tommy's initial understanding BEST illustrates the process of _____.
assimilation
Name of cells 1 week after conception:
blastocyst
In her business meetings, Leslie is very vocal with her opinions and even slightly intimidating to her colleagues. This behavior is somewhat unusual because women tend to be more _____ than men.
democratic
What is the fraternal birth order effect?
each older brother increases a male child's naturally occurring odds of having a homosexual orientation by one third to one half.
Mass of cells becoming a distinct shape becomes an _______.
embryo
Fatima's cousin miscarried during her eighth week of pregnancy. During what stage of prenatal development did she have the miscarriage?
embryonic
Javier is 20 years old and still very much dependent on his parents. They are paying for his college tuition as well as his living expenses. He spends his school holidays at home with them. According to some researchers, he is in the phase of life known as:
emerging adulthood
Men experience a gradual decline in sperm count, testosterone level, and speed of _____ and ejaculation.
erection
Women, more than men, prefer to alternate periods of high sexual activity with periods of very little sexual activity. This best illustrates gender differences in _____
erotic plasticity.
According to Jonathon Haidt, moral intuition is quick gut _____, which our later moral _____ attempts to justify our early reaction.
feelings; reasoning
For women in their thirties, a single act of intercourse is half as likely to produce a pregnancy as it would for 19- to 26-year-old women. This is because aging results in a gradual decline in female _____.
fertility
The _____ is the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.
fetus
Hattie and her family are fleeing their home due to rising floodwaters. They are in a state of panic, which means that the sympathetic division of Hattie's autonomic nervous system has been mobilized for _____.
fight or flight
From ages _____ to _____, the brain's neural network is sprouting MOST rapidly in the _____ lobes, which leads to greater self-control.
3; 6; frontal
Of your _____ chromosomes, _____ are considered unisex.
46; 45
Nina was almost hit by a bus. However, she is okay and her parasympathetic system is responding accordingly. It is:
slowing her heart rate and activating her digestion.
A doctor at the local hospital has always told new parents to make sure that their babies sleep on their backs and not their stomachs because this will reduce the risk of _____.
smothering crib death
Piaget is to the physical environment as Vygotsky is to the _____.
social environment
Biological maturation is BEST reflected in what?
stages
Seriation
things can be arranged into a logical series/pattern
Classification
things can be organized into groups
Erik Erikson proposed that at each stage of life we face a psychosocial task that needs resolution. The first task that infants wrestle with is:
trust vs. mistrust
Liz is 15 years old. She has stopped going to church with her family because she does not agree with everything the church preaches. She doesn't understand how her parents still go every weekend when they don't always practice their religion during the week. By seeing the hypocrisy in her parents' lives, Liz has become capable of:
hypothetical reasoning
A short story tells about a baby bird that hatches while its mother is away. The hatchling leaves the nest in search of its mother. The baby bird follows the first thing it sees. Which of the following attachment concepts is an aspect of this story?
imprinting
Ava looks down while sitting at the top of the ski lift. She immediately feels her heart start to pound. She is confused by this response until she remembers that she was also afraid the last time she was on a ski lift. Ava realizes her heart is pounding because she is afraid. Which theory of emotion BEST explains this sequence of events?
two-factor theory
For many years, psychologists thought that _____ was a major key to attachment until an accidental discovery by psychologists Harry and Margaret Harlow overturned this assumption.
nourishment
Conservation
object is the same even if it's shape, size, or configuration has changed
A recent survey indicated that 25 percent of heterosexual couples met:
online
Sexual arousal from fantasies, behaviors, and urges involving nonhuman objects, the suffering of self or others, and/or nonconsenting persons is known as _____.
paraphilia
All of the following are more difficult for older adults than for younger adults EXCEPT:
remembering meaningful information.
Cross- _____ studies compare people of different ages with one another.
sectional
According to Piaget, children in the sensorimotor stage acquire a:
sense of object permanence.
Jerry is a star basketball player on the high school team. He is very tall. He is also very popular with both boys and girls. Jerry is more likely to experiment with _____.
sex
Pruning
unused dendrite connections atrophy & die
Categories of Teratogens:
§ Diseases § Pollutants § Radiation § Medicinal Drugs § Psychoactive Drugs § Social & behavioral factors
Adolescence begins with _____.
puberty
The period of sexual maturation is called:
puberty.
Irreversibility
"Obstacles to logic" belief that nothing can be undone.
Animism
"Obstacles to logic" belief that objects that are inanimate (not living) have feelings, thoughts, and have the mental characteristics and qualities of living things.
Static reasoning
"Obstacles to logic" child's belief that world is unchanging.
Egocentrism
"Obstacles to logic" focus on themselves and what others think of them without selfish motives.
Reification
"Obstacles to logic" human mind's tendency to consider an object in its entirety before it perceives the object as the sum of individual parts.
(Lack of) Conservation
"Obstacles to logic" idea that quantity stays the same.
Centration
"Obstacles to logic" tendency to focus on the most important aspect of a situation and neglect other, possibly relevant aspects.
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the so-called midlife transition during a person's forties?
A serious life event may trigger difficulties.
Postconventional morality
Actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles.
Andrea participated in an experiment in which she was asked to look at photos of happy times in her life; then she was asked to view photos of people attacking harmless animals. Her brain activity was recorded throughout the experiment. Results should show that:
Andrea's brain would be active in different areas of the brain's cortex for the different types of photos.
Assimilation
Apply schema to novel situations
Luz and Julio are in love and have been married for 18 years. Which of the following is NOT a reason why their relationship has been able to endure for so long?
Marrying before age 20
Schemas
Mental framework that organizes/interprets information
Deductive reasoning
Reasoning from a general statement, premise, or principle (through logical steps) to figure out specifics
Inductive reasoning
Reasoning from one or more specific experiences to reach a general conclusion
Accommodation
Revise schema in light of new information
Preconventional morality
Self-interest; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards.
Lacking visual experience during the early years, a person whose vision is restored by cataract removal will never achieve normal perceptions. This is caused by a lack of visual stimulation during;
a critical period
Critical Period
Something must happen developmentally now, or it will not happen
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
The difference between what a learner can do with and without help
This sex chromosome is found in both men and women.
X chromosome
Sperm + Egg =
Zygote
Older adults are more susceptible to diseases such as_____ than when they were younger.
cancer
Even though Christy had other plans, a friend convinced her to go to the movies with her. That was the night Christy met her husband, John. They have now been married for 18 years. This is an example of what?
chance event
Children are able to think logically about events, grasp certain analogies, and perform arithmetical operations during Piaget's _____ stage of cognitive development.
concrete operational
Two beakers contain what are clearly identical amounts of a liquid. However, a child suddenly judges them as holding different amounts of liquid after the liquid in one beaker is poured into a shorter, wider beaker. The child apparently lacks a concept of _____.
conservation
According to Erik Erikson, older adults can most effectively cope with the prospect of their own death if they have achieved a sense of:
integrity
Mike is 68 years old and is sitting in his recliner reflecting on the mistakes he made in his life, as well as the dreams that went unfulfilled. According to Erik Erikson, Mike is in the stage of development called:
integrity vs. despair
Concrete operational thought = __________
logic
Dr. Greco is conducting a study with military vets from the Vietnam and gulf wars. He plans to evaluate them every year for 10 years to see if those with PTSD have a more pronounced decline in mental abilities and overall memory. This is a(n) __ study.
longitudinal
The first menstrual period in girls in the United States occurs usually within a year of age 12-1/2 and is known as:
menarche.
Adrianne is elated because she hasn't gotten her period in over a year and doesn't have to worry about an unintended pregnancy. Adrianne is probably experiencing _____.
menopause
In everyday interactions, men are more likely to state their opinions, and women to offer support. However, women tend to become more assertive, and men more empathetic, when they reach _____.
middle age
Highly emotional people are intense partly because of their interpretations. They may _____ events as being somehow directed at them, and they may _____ their experiences by blowing single incidents out of proportion.
personalize; generalize
Morgan was caught running from the scene of a robbery. To determine whether he was involved, the police ask a series of questions while he is hooked up to a machine that measures changes in breathing, cardiovascular activity, and perspiration. This machine is a _____.
polygraph
Paul thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are watching him. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that Paul demonstrates a(n) _____ morality.
preconventional
In addition to the identified 10 basic emotions, which of the following is also considered a distinct emotion by some researchers?
pride
Karen, a 34-year-old woman, underwent a full hysterectomy (which includes removal of the ovaries). Her sex drive has diminished since this surgical procedure was performed. The change in her sex drive is due to a reduction in _____.
testosterone
Transitive inference
the ability to figure out (infer) the unspoken link (transfer) between one fact and another
Louisa, the sister of Gino, a gay man, is statistically likely to have more children than average. This is BEST explained by:
the fertile female theory
Five-year-old Ling is beginning to show signs of being able to plan ahead in a somewhat rational manner. At her age, this development is likely due to:
the growth of neural networks in her frontal lobes.