PSYCHOLOGY 101 - Ch. 4,5,6 study guide

Michael needed to cram for a series of comprehensive exams, so he asked a friend for several "white cross" tablets, a type of amphetamine, to help him stay awake so he could study without sleeping for three days. Michael was able to stay awake, but he most likely would risk:

"crashing" and experiencing withdrawal symptoms of extreme fatigue and feelings of sadness when he stopped taking the pills.

It is estimated that approximately _____ million Americans are estimated to have serious alcohol problems.

17

Which of the following statements about meditation is TRUE?

A common theme in different meditative practices is the goal of retraining or controlling attention.

In a study described in the Critical Thinking box "Is Hypnosis a Special State of Consciousness?", hypnotized volunteers were instructed to look at a photograph of gray rectangles and mentally add color to the photograph, so that they would perceive colored rectangles. When they did so, what did PET scan images reveal about their brain activity?

Activity increased in the color regions of the brain.

Dan drinks three or four large cups of coffee a day and finds that the caffeine increases his mental alertness, vigilance, wakefulness, and generally speeds up his thought processes. It produces its mentally stimulating effects by blocking adenosine receptors in the brain. Which of the following is FALSE about adenosine?

Adenosine levels gradually increase the longer a person is awake and when they reach a certain level the person feels maximum mental alertness and arousal.

Which of the following about alcohol's psychological effects is FALSE?

Alcohol is classified as a stimulant because it initially produces mild euphoria, talkativeness, and feelings of good humor.

_____ are highly addictive drugs that suppress appetite, produce euphoria, and reduce fatigue.

Amphetamines

Which of the following statements about nicotine is FALSE?

Because the nicotine in cigarette smoke and other tobacco products produces relaxation, nicotine is technically classified as a depressant.

Which of the following statements about marijuana is FALSE?

Because there are many THC receptors in the brain stem, heavy use of the drug can interfere with life-support functions such as breathing and heartbeat.

Eric suffers from alcohol use disorder and has been hospitalized while he withdraws from alcohol. Which of the following is the most likely reason he was hospitalized?

Delirium tremens may occur as he withdraws from alcohol.

According to the Critical Thinking box on explanations of hypnosis, what evidence seems to undermine the notion that hypnosis involves dissociation and is a special state of consciousness?

Highly motivated people often perform the same tasks or abilities just as well as hypnotized subjects.

According to the Critical Thinking box "Is Hypnosis a Special State of Consciousness?", studies of hypnosis using brain-imaging techniques tend to support which view of hypnosis?

Hypnosis is a distinct mental state and not merely role-playing.

Which of the following statements best summarizes how hypnosis affects memory?

Hypnosis is much more effective at enhancing a person's confidence in memories than it is at improving the accuracy of the memories.

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

If you had been living in the United States in 1900, you could legally purchase heroin.

Lysergic acid diethylamide is more commonly known as:

LSD

Brandy is fond of attending all-night raves at a dance club near her home. Some of the raves are drug-free, but at one rave she saw a friend who was sweating profusely, chewing ice and a plastic pacifier, drinking large quantities of water, and hugging everyone in reach as he proclaimed his love for all humanity. Brandy suspected that her friend was probably high on:

MDMA (ecstasy).

_____ is a type of amphetamine that can be easily manufactured, provides an intense high, and causes a reduction in the brain's dopamine transporters and receptors.

Methamphetamine

The most commonly used opiate is:

OxyContin

Which of the following drugs is NOT an example of a barbiturate?

OxyContin

Which of the following is NOT a commonly prescribed tranquilizer?

OxyContin

The active ingredient in marijuana is:

THC.

Troubled by various psychological symptoms, Tanisha decides to ask her therapist to hypnotize her and take her back to her earliest memories to see if she experienced some kind of traumatic event that might explain her current problems. If Tanisha's therapist agreed to do so, what is likely to happen?

Tanisha is likely to produce pseudomemories rather than accurate memories.

According to the Focus on Neuroscience box "The Addicted Brain," what is the biological basis for drug tolerance?

The brain's dopamine system adapts to the high levels of dopamine produced by use of the addictive drug.

What happens in the brain of a person who is addicted to a drug such as cocaine, heroin, or nicotine?

The number of dopamine receptors in the brain's reward system decreases.

Addictive drugs, such as alcohol, cocaine, heroin, nicotine, and amphetamines share a common effect on the brain. What is that effect?

They all activate dopamine-producing neurons, producing a surge of dopamine.

In an interesting approach to studying meditation, psychologists and neuroscientists have been conducting ongoing studies with:

Tibetan Buddhist monks.

Which of the following statements about alcohol is FALSE?

Women metabolize alcohol more quickly than men.

The broad term that refers to a condition in which a person feels psychologically and physically compelled to take a specific drug is:

addiction

According to one of the Focus on Neuroscience sections in the consciousness chapter, which of the following has a profound and long-lasting effect on the brain's dopamine reward system?

addictive drugs

Caffeine produces its mentally stimulating effects, in part, by blocking _____ receptors in the brain.

adenosine

The attempt to use hypnosis to recall or reexperience an earlier developmental period is called:

age regression.

Troubled by various psychological symptoms, Carmen decides to ask her therapist to hypnotize her and take her back to her earliest memories to see if she experienced some kind of traumatic event that might explain her current problems. The notion that hypnosis can allow you to relive early childhood experiences is called:

age regression.

Which of the following is NOT classified as a stimulant?

alcohol

The most widely used psychoactive drug in the world is:

caffeine

Pseudomemories

can inadvertently be created when hypnosis is used to aid recall.

LSD

can produce psychotic reactions, especially in people who are psychologically unstable.

Non-state theorists believe that hypnosis can be explained in terms of all of the following psychological phenomena EXCEPT:

changes in brain activity.

Morphine, Demerol, and Percodan are similar in that they are:

classified as opiates.

Whenever Tom uses cocaine he experiences intense euphoria, mental alertness, and increased self-confidence. These psychological responses occur because:

cocaine blocks the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, which potentiates the effects of these neurotransmitters.

Hilgard's neodissociation theory of hypnosis:

contends that hypnosis is a special state of consciousness.

In a study examining the brains of people who practice meditation, MRI scans showed that:

cortical thickness was positively correlated with meditation experience.

At higher levels of physical dependence on alcohol, withdrawal may involve confusion, hallucinations, and severe tremors or seizures, symptoms that collectively are called:

delirium tremens or DTs.

Alcohol is classified as a:

depressant

The drug MDMA (ecstasy) produces a combination of effects. Which of the following is NOT one of the effects produced by MDMA?

depressant effects in the central nervous system

Tranquilizers are drugs that are:

depressants that relieve anxiety.

Alcohol initially produces feelings of euphoria, talkativeness, and outgoing behavior because it:

depresses activity in the brain regions involved with self-control and judgment, lowering inhibitions.

Which of the following factors was NOT listed as a factor that influences a drug's effects?

dissociative ability, IQ or intelligence level, and imaginative suggestibility

According to the Focus on Neuroscience, "The Addicted Brain," heroin, cocaine, amphetamines, alcohol, and nicotine all affect levels of which of the following neurotransmitters?

dopamine

Caffeine promotes wakefulness, mental alertness, vigilance, and faster thought processes by stimulating the release of _____ in the brain's prefrontal cortex.

dopamine

Long-term methamphetamine use can produce damage to the brain's:

dopamine system, which is associated with memory and motor skill problems, and the frontal lobes, which can lead to impairment in cognitive and social skills.

Barbiturates are also commonly referred to as:

downers

Jared regularly takes a pain reliever for his back pain. After a few weeks, he notices that he needs to increase the amount of pain-relieving drug that he takes each day in order to achieve the same level of pain relief. The phenomenon that Jared is experiencing is called:

drug tolerance.

The term hypermnesia refers to the:

enhancement of memory through hypnosis.

The emotional effects of MDMA (ecstasy) seem to be due to the fact that it:

floods the brain with serotonin.

Meditation techniques that involve focusing your awareness on an image, a word, a phrase, or your breathing are referred to as _____ techniques.

focused attention

You have been asked to serve drinks at your friend's wedding. He asks you to make sure that no one drinks too much liquor, so you try to keep track of how much each guest is drinking. In order to make sure that no one drinks too much, you need to know how much alcohol is in each drink. Which of the following contains the MOST alcohol?

four ounces of 80-proof whiskey

Use of inhalants can lead to:

hallucinations and loss of consciousness, especially at high doses.

Mescaline and psilocybin are similar in that both:

have been used in religious ceremonies for centuries.

Rona is told by her physician that she has become physically dependent upon the tranquilizers prescribed for her by another doctor. In this context, physically dependent means that:

her body and brain chemistry have physically adapted to the drug.

Bill was riding his bike down the highway when a pickup truck sideswiped him, knocked him off his bicycle, and sped off without stopping. Bill was badly injured. He can't remember the truck's license plate number, although he knows he saw it when the truck sped off after hitting him. A police detective suggests that Bill try to recall the license plate number under hypnosis. If Bill were able to recall the truck's license plate number under hypnosis, this would be an example of a hypnotic phenomenon called:

hypermnesia

The text describes several effects of regular meditative practice. Which of the following was NOT described in your text?

increased endorphin levels

Chemical substances, such as paint solvents, spray paint, and gasoline, that are used to produce an alteration in consciousness are called:

inhalants.

Barbiturates

interfere with REM sleep.

According to the text discussion, age regression:

is the use of hypnosis to recall or reexperience an earlier time in the lifespan.

Color-coded MRI scans of chronic methamphetamine users showed that they had:

lost up to 10 percent of their brain tissue in limbic system areas involved in emotion and reward.

A group of techniques that induce an altered state of focused attention and heightened awareness is a definition of:

meditation.

The peyote cactus is the source of:

mescaline

The opiates:

mimic endorphins and occupy endorphin receptor sites in the brain.

LSD and psilocybin:

mimic the neurotransmitter serotonin.

While meditating, Stewart tries to achieve a quiet awareness of the "here and now" without any distracting thoughts. Stewart is using a(n) _____ meditation technique.

open monitoring

The term _____ is used to describe the condition in which a person has adapted to a drug and must continue to take it regularly in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms.

physical dependence

According to the Focus on Neuroscience box "The Addicted Brain," one effect of the biochemical changes that occur as a result of addiction to alcohol, heroin, cocaine, or amphetamines is that:

positive events in normal life are no longer reinforcing or satisfying.

Prolonged use of cocaine can:

produce schizophrenia-like symptoms, including bizarre paranoid ideas and auditory hallucinations.

The term _____ means "mind manifesting" and refers to a class of drugs that create profound perceptual distortions, alter mood, and affect thinking.

psychedelic

The chemical substances that people take to alter mood, thinking, sensation, or perception are called:

psychosomatic substances.

According to psychologists, the formal meaning of the term drug abuse is:

recurrent substance use that involves impaired control, disruption of social, occupational, and interperpersonal functioning, and the development of craving, tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms.

According to the social-cognitive view of hypnosis, hypnotized subjects are:

responding to the social demands of the situation.

Moderate or heavy use of MDMA (ecstasy) can lead to irreversible damage to the brain's _____ system.

serotonin

In a study examining brain differences between practitioners of meditation and those who never meditated, MRI scans showed that:

several cortical areas were thicker in the meditators' brains than in the nonmeditators.

Which of the following is NOT described as a side effect of MDMA (ecstasy) in your textbook?

shivering and hypothermia (abnormally low body temperature)

According to the imaginative suggestibility explanation of hypnosis:

some people are highly responsive to suggestions whether they are formally hypnotized or not.

For several weeks, Wayne has been taking increasing amounts of amphetamines to keep up with his college schedule, full-time job, and other responsibilities. Wayne is running the risk of developing:

stimulant-induced psychosis.

Psychologist Ernest Hilgard uses the term "hidden observer" to refer to the:

stream of mental activity that the hypnotized person is not consciously aware of yet continues to process.

Several studies have shown that frequent ecstasy users:

suffer a broad range of cognitive problems such as impaired memory and decision-making ability.

Depressant drugs:

tend to increase a person's inhibitions.

What drug category includes a variety of designer drugs that are popular at all-night dance parties?

the club drugs

Cocaine is derived from:

the coca plant.

Meditation and hypnosis are similar in that they both involve:

the deliberate use of mental techniques to change the experience of consciousness.

According to the Focus on Neuroscience box "The Addicted Brain," alcohol, heroin, nicotine, cocaine, and the amphetamines all affect which system in the brain?

the dopamine reward system

Because Paul suffers from frequent headaches, he began taking a powerful pain reliever every day. Lately he has noticed that when he avoids taking the pain reliever for a few days, his headaches are more intense and more frequent than they had been before he began taking the new medication. Paul is probably experiencing:

the drug rebound effect.

According to the Critical Thinking box "Is Hypnosis a Special State of Consciousness?", some research has shown that certain people are highly responsive to suggestions whether they are formally hypnotized or not. This finding tends to support which view of hypnosis?

the imaginative suggestibility view

In a study examining brain differences between practitioners of meditation and those who never meditated, MRI scans showed that:

the meditators had more gray matter in regions associated with attention, emotion, and sensory processing.

In a meditation training study where participants learned to meditate in an 8-week course, it was found that:

the new meditators showed gray-matter density increases in several cortical areas.

The neodissociation theory of hypnosis suggests that the hypnotized person experiences:

the splitting of consciousness into two or more simultaneous streams of mental activity.

PET scans of former methamphetamine users showed that even after months of abstinence:

they had an abnormally low number of dopamine receptors and transporters.

When a person needs a gradual increase in the amount of a psychoactive drug to produce the desired effect, _____ has occurred.

tolerance

The effects of posthypnotic suggestions:

typically last for only a few hours or days.

Chronic, long-term use of marijuana is associated with all of the following EXCEPT:

violent or aggressive outbursts.

If people abstain from a drug after they have become physically addicted to it, they may experience _____, which include craving for the drug and unpleasant physical reactions that are sometimes opposite to the drug's original effects.

withdrawal symptoms

After hiking to a remote area and setting up camp, Brendan and Beth discovered that neither of them had packed any coffee. Over the next few days, both Beth and Brendan had constant low-intensity headaches and felt groggy, sleepy, and listless. Beth and Brendan were experiencing:

withdrawal symptoms.