Psychology 101 Exam 2 RC Questions

According to research, the need for ______ encourages Adam to engage politely with his coworkers.

Affiliation

Who called the stages of development psychosexual stages?

Sigmund Freud

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

genes and biology

Which of the following is an example of instinct?

infant rooting for a nipple

What is semantic memory?

knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

A person's _____ rate is the amount of energy she expends in a given period of time.

metabolic

If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using?

prefrontal cortex

What is procedural memory?

type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

Which of the following examples accurately reflects the Yerkes-Dodson law?

A low level of arousal will lead to optimal performance when disarming a bomb.

Which of the following is a way that the James-Lange theory of emotion differs from the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion?

According to the James-Lange theory, emotions arise from physiological arousal; according to the Scachter-Singer theory, emotions include a cognitive factor and a physiological factor.

Which of the following statements about drive theory is incorrect?

According to the drive theory, once our behavior successfully reduces a drive, we are more likely to repeat the behavior if the drive reoccurs.

Early maturing girls are _____.

At a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders.

______ is a long-standing connection or bond with others.

Attachment

Which of the following exemplifies intrinsically motivated behavior?

Attending a mosque because you believe it is the right thing to do

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

Which of the following is a good example of acoustic encoding?

Being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can't remember the lyrics

Anasophia binges on chocolates, then induces vomiting, and then swallows laxatives. Anasophia probably suffers from ________ nervosa.

Bulimia

Which of the following is an example of the over justification effect?

Children enjoy playing with toys until they are told they will get paid to play with toys. They may still play with toys to get paid, but they view it differently because they are getting paid.

Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination?

Conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called _____ reinforcement.

Continuous

Who developed the psychosocial theory of development?

Erik Erikson

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?

Explicit memories

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory?

Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. While I am actively remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________.

Explicit memory

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct?

Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion.

Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

Fixed ratio

Empty stomachs contract, causing both hunger pangs and the secretion of chemical messages that travel to the brain to serve as a signal to initiate feeding behavior. This is an example of ________.

How physiological mechanisms serve as the basis for hunger

An infant sucking is a good example of a(n) ________.

Instinct

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ______ learning.

Instinctive

What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons?

Instincts

What is a common criticism of Kinsey's research?

It is riddled with sampling and statistical errors.

Which of the following is an example of retrograde amnesia?

Jane Doe emerges from a coma with no idea who she is, and she is unable to provide any details about herself, where she came from, or what happened to her.

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.

______ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion.

John B. Watson

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

Learning

According to Albert Bandura, ______.

Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a _______.

Neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?

Object permanence

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.

Observational

What is the main idea of social learning theory?

One can learn new behaviors by observing others

The ____ complex and the central _____ are both part of the amygdala.

Schachter; neurotransmitter

During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through senses and actions.

Sensorimotor

How can we use conversion therapy to change someone's sexual orientation?

We cannot change someone's sexual orientation because it is a relatively stable characteristic of a person that cannot be changed.

Which of the following is an example fo operant conditioning?

When a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior.

Which of the following is something an advocate for arousal theory might observe?

When we are bored we look for excitement; when we are over excited we wish for more peace.

Which concept refers to the persistent difference in grades, test scores, and graduation rates that exist among students of different ethnicities, races, and sexes?

achievement gap

______ is an eating disorder characterized by an individual maintaining body weight that is well below average through starvation and/or excessive exercise.

anorexia nervosa

Children whose parents have an authoritarian parenting style can be _________.

anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy

Late maturing boys are ________.

at higher risk of depression

Encoding information occurs through ________.

automatic processing and effortful processing

Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the concrete operational stage?

conservation

Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory?

determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch Youtube videos of people knitting

What is the primary psychosocial milestone of childhood?

developing a positive sense of self

Specific normative events are also called ________.

developmental milestones

What is the main idea of drive theory?

deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs

Sigmund Freud believed that personality develops ______.

during early childhood

What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

environment and culture

Self-worth, accomplishment, and confidence represent the ________ level of needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

esteem

For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event.

flashbulb memory

Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions.

formal operational

Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills.

gross

Sweating and shivering are responses created due to internal temperature fluctuations, and they are designed to bring the body back into _____.

homeostasis

What is episodic memory?

information about events we have personally experienced

People may not intend to distort facts, but ________.

it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories.

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ______ learning.

latent

The satiety hormone is called ________.

leptin

In operant conditioning, _____ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

negative reinforcement

______ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities

primary

Which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding?

remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?

rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times a child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily.

The encoding of words and their meaning is known as ________ encoding.

semantic

Ego identity is our ______.

sense of self

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

sensory

Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the sensorimotor stage?

stranger anxiety

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device?

using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio

_____ encoding is the encoding of images

visual

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory.

your first day of school

A ______ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.

zygote