Psychology 101 Final MCC
A negative correlation means ________. a. a third variable eliminates a correlational relationship b. one variable decreases as the other increases c. there is a relationship between two variables, but it is not statistically significant d. two variables increase together, but they are associated with an undesirable outcome
b
A(an) ________ schema is also known as a cognitive script. a. artificial b. event c. mental d. role
b
Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding. a. acoustic b. semantic c. sensory d. visual
b
Critical thinking is _____. a. applying a set of skills to find information about a controversial topic b. applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information c. applying information to understand and evaluate social phenomena d. reviewing information on the Internet to develop a critical opinion on it
b
Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________. a. negative punishment b. negative reinforcement c. positive punishment d. positive reinforcement
b
In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments. a. control b. double-blind c. pilot d. randomly assigned
b
In what stage of sleep do sleep spindles appear? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
b
Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible. a. another person's consciousness b. her own conscious experience c. her own subconscious experience d. the social construction of consciousness
b
NREM sleep is a period of sleep ________. a. associated with lucid dreaming b. outside periods of REM sleep c. that always occurs immediately after REM sleep d. that overlaps REM sleep
b
Physical dependence on a drug is indicated by the user experiencing ________ as a result of discontinuing use of the drug. a. a return to normal performance levels b. changes in normal bodily function c. psychological distress d. psychological stress
b
Sleep apnea is defined by ________. a. a sense of panic in the sufferer often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape b. episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops c. uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep d. unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep
b
Sweating and shivering are responses created due to internal temperature fluctuations, and they are designed to bring the body back into ________. a. alignment b. homeostasis c. locus d. neutral
b
The continuous development approach views development as a ________. a. biological imperative b. cumulative process c. series of accidents d. unique progress
b
The empirical method of study is based on ________. a. guesswork b. observation c. practice d. statistics
b
The myelin sheath consists of a(n) ________. a. axon b. glial cell c. soma d. terminal button
b
The space between two neurons is called the ________. a. soma b. synapse c. terminal button d. vesicle
b
Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages. a. continuous b. discontinuous c. progressive d. regressive
b
What hormone does the pineal gland release? a. insulin b. melatonin c. estrogen d. testosterone
b
What is confirmation bias? a. believing the event you just experienced was predictable b. focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs c. focusing only on one piece of information when making a decision d. stereotyping someone or something unintentionally
b
What is described by the concept of perception? a. how interpretation of sensations is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts b. how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced c. the change in stimulus detection as a function of current mental state d. what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor
b
What is semantic memory? a. information about events we have personally experienced b. knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts c. storage of facts and events we personally experienced d. type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things
b
Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for? a. anchoring bias b. functional fixedness c. hindsight bias d. representative bias
b
Which of the following is an example of homeostasis? a. Darkening a room makes it easier to sleep. b. Ingesting too much alcohol leads to vomiting. c. Sleeping leads to dreaming. d. Tapping the knee with a hammer results in the leg suddenly kicking.
b
Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions? a. correlational b. experimental c. quasi-experimental d. survey
b
Which part of the eye holds eye color? a. cornea b. iris c. lens d. retina
b
Which researchers suggested that language determines thought? a. Charles Spearman and Howard Gardner b. Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf c. Noam Chomsky and B. F. Skinner d. Raymond Cattell and Robert Sternberg
b
Which two neurotransmitters have roles in appetite suppression? a. dopamine; acetylcholine b. dopamine; norepinephrine c. serotonin; GABA d. serotonin; glutamate
b
________ concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics that are always exhibited, such as what defines different basic shapes. a. absent b. artificial c. ideal d. simple
b
________ is a neurotransmitter with roles in pleasure and pain modulation. a. acetylcholine b. beta-endorphin c. GABA d. norepinephrine
b
________ means that there is a relationship between two or more variables. a. cause-and-effect b. correlation c. reliability d. validity
b
________intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation. a. analytic b. creative c. crystallized d. practical
b
An anchoring bias occurs when you focus on ________. a. direct experience versus indirect experience b. empirical knowledge versus personal opinion c. one piece of information versus all of the information d. personal opinion versus empirical knowledge
c
From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means ________. a. determining b. processing c. thinking d. understanding
c
In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior? a. acquisition b. extinction c. punishment d. recovery
c
Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ________. a. anchoring bias b. availability heuristic c. hindsight bias d. representational bias
c
Psychology refers to the ________. a. empirical study of humanity b. experimental study of individuals c. scientific study of the mind d. systematic study of human interaction
c
Studying close relatives allows behavioral geneticists to determine ________. a. how behaviors have changed over time b. the contribution of genes or environment to the behavior in the individuals studied c. the relative contributions of genes and environment in a population d. whether genes or environment cause a behavior or trait
c
The ________ of a neuron contain ________ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system. a. axons; terminal buttons b. dendrites; synaptic vesicles c. terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles d. terminal buttons; transport proteins
c
The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________. a. encoding b. hyperthymesia c. retrieval d. storage
c
The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ________. a. correlation b. fact c. illusory correlation d. opinion
c
The satiety hormone is called ________. a. estrogen b. Klonopin c. leptin d. testosterone
c
The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________. a. autonomic; somatic nervous systems b. autonomic; sympathetic nervous systems c. central; peripheral nervous systems d. parasympathetic; sympathetic nervous systems
c
What are the two components of declarative memory? a. implicit and explicit b. procedural and implicit c. semantic and episodic d. short-term and long-term
c
What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience? a. conditioning b. instincts c. learning d. reflexes
c
What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate? a. cognitive capacity b. environment and culture c. genes and biology d. language acquisition
c
What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time? a. automatic processing b. effortful processing c. memory d. sensory encoding
c
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? There are three types of encoding: semantic, visual, and sensory. a. change the word "encoding" to the word "decoding" b. change the word "semantic" to the word "memory" c. change the word "sensory" to the word "acoustic" d. change the word "visual" to the word "acoustic"
c
Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain? a. cornea b. linear c. optic d. photoreceptor
c
Which of the following defines hypothesis? a. idea that proves a theory b. means of explaining social phenomena c. tentative explanation d. way of looking at the world
c
Which of the following exemplifies olfaction? a. feeling the warmth of the sun b. hearing an airplane fly overhead c. smelling cookies in the oven d. tasting white chocolate fudge
c
Which of the following is an example of instinct? a. dressing baby girls in the color pink b. fear of the dark c. infant rooting for a nipple d. love of nicotine
c
Which of the following represents a weak positive correlation? a. -0.9 b. 0 c. +0.2 d. +0.9
c
Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness? a. cognitive behavioral b. dependent c. evolutionary d. Freudian
c
________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness. a. cognitive b. learning c. physical d. psychosocial
c
According to attachment theory, which of the following is not needed for healthy attachment? a. Caregiver and child must engage in mutually enjoyable interactions. b. Caregiver must be responsive to a child's emotional needs. c. Caregiver must be responsive to a child's physical needs. d. Caregiver must be responsive to a child's religious preference.
d
Behaviorists study ________. a. a person's unconscious mind b. chemical and hormonal changes c. dreams d. learned behavior
d
Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? a. autonomy vs. shame/doubt b. identity vs. confusion c. industry vs. inferiority d. trust vs. mistrust
d
Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ________. a. genetics and the effect of genetics on behavior b. sensation and the effect of culture on perception c. the effect of gender, race, and class on behavior d. thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions
d
Elaborative rehearsal involves ________. a. immediately applying new information to a practical problem b. organizing information into manageable bits or chunks c. sleeping immediately after learning new information to allow your mind to process it d. thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
d
For a scientific explanation to be testable, it must also be ________. a. conscious and unconscious b. experimental and provable c. hypothesized and theoretical d. perceivable and measurable
d
In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________. a. conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response b. neutral response and a conditioned response c. neutral stimulus and a neutral response d. neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
d
Specific normative events are also called ________. a. age-related standards b. averages c. benchmarks d. developmental milestones
d
Two lines appear to be a different length, though in reality they are the same length. This is known as the ________ illusion. a. Meissner b. Ménière c. Merkel d. Müller-Lyer
d
What is a limitation that affects the generalizability of research results? a. control groups b. operational definitions c. random assignment d. small sample size
d
What is procedural memory? a. information about events we have personally experienced b. knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts c. storage of facts and events we personally experienced d. type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things
d
What is vertigo? a. fear of heights b. inability to see color c. noise phobia d. spinning sensation
d
Which aspect of the scientific method occurs first? a. data collection b. experiment c. hypothesis d. observation
d
Which of the following exemplifies gustation? a. feeling a piece of petrified wood b. hearing a cat purr c. smelling fresh mint in a garden d. tasting freshly caught salmon
d
Which of the following is an example of the overjustification effect? a. Children are unable to justify why they play with toys until a researcher explains intrinsic motivation to them. b. Children do not enjoy playing with learning toys until they find out they will be better at math after playing with the toys. c. Children enjoy playing with toys more when they get to play with toys they have never seen before. d. Children enjoy playing with toys until they are told they will get paid to play with toys. They may still play with toys to get paid, but they view it differently because they are getting paid.
d
Which of the following statements about parenting styles is true? a. American children benefit the most from authoritarian parenting. b. Authoritarian parenting is never as beneficial as authoritative parenting. c. Authoritative parenting is never as beneficial as authoritarian parenting. d. In some ethnic groups, authoritarian parenting is as beneficial as authoritative parenting.
d
Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior? a. acquisition b. learning c. reinforcement d. shaping
d
Which theorist described dreams as having manifest and latent content? a. Carl Jung b. John Hobson c. Rosalind Cartwright d. Sigmund Freud
d
Who called the stages of development psychosexual stages? a. Erik Erikson b. Jean Piaget c. Lawrence Kohlberg d. Sigmund Freud
d
________ encoding is the encoding of images. a. acoustic b. effortful c. semantic d. visual
d
________ is wants or needs that direct behavior toward some goal. a. drive b. habit c. instinct d. motivation
d
________ research studies the same groups of participants over time. a. archival b. correlational c. cross-sectional d. longitudinal
d
Body dysmorphia is a ________. a. distorted body image b. genetic disorder that results in persistent feelings of intense hunger c. type of eating disorder characterized by binge eating d. type of surgery that modifies the gastrointestinal system
a
Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning. a. associational b. instinctive c. processual d. reflexive
a
Encoding information occurs through ________. a. automatic processing and effortful processing b. automatic storing and effortful retrieving c. processing and storing d. storing and retrieving
a
Hertz is a measure of ________. a. frequency b. loudness c. pitch d. purity
a
Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of ________. a. chromosomes; DNA b. chromosomes; genes c. DNA; genes d. genes; DNA
a
In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the ________ include food, water, and shelter. a. basic survival needs b. comfort objects c. higher-level needs d. wants
a
In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior. a. negative reinforcement b. positive reinforcement c. punishment d. punishment reinforcement
a
Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world. a. circadian b. external c. melatonin d. rhythm
a
Psychological researchers study genetics in order to better understand the ________ that contributes to certain behaviors. a. biology b. neurology c. psychology d. physiology
a
Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ________. a. depression b. obsessive-compulsive disorder c. Parkinson's disease d. schizophrenia
a
The ________ rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours. a. circadian b. homeostatic c. meta d. pineal
a
The concept conservation refers to ________. a. knowing that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added b. knowing that symbols represent words, images, and ideas c. thinking logically about real (concrete) events d. understanding that objects can be changed and then returned to their original form
a
The hierarchy of needs is the spectrum of needs ranging from basic ________ needs to ________ needs to self-actualization. a. biological; social b. social; imaginary c. special; biological d. special; imaginary
a
The visible spectrum refers to the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we ________. a. can see b. can see only in the dark c. can't see d. can't see without sunlight
a
To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule. a. CS + UCS; continuous b. CS + UCS; intermittent c. UCS alone; continuous d. UCS alone; intermittent
a
When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement. a. continuous b. partial c. primary d. secondary
a
Which of the following describes the difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli? a. just noticeable b. signal detection c. subliminal d. top down
a
Which of the following exemplifies intrinsically motivated behavior? a. attending a mosque because you believe it is the right thing to do b. behaving to avoid being punished c. misbehaving in order to get attention d. working at a job you hate in order to afford school
a
Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior? a. baby seeking food by rooting and suckling b. believing that nudity is wrong c. teacher demonstrating algebra to students d. toddler who is toilet training
a
Which of the following represents a strong negative correlation? a. -0.9 b. -0.2 c. +0.2 d. +0.9
a
Which term describes the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system? a. homeostasis b. insomnia c. melatonin d. rhythm
a
________ and ________ are powerful influences on both our thoughts and behaviors. a. emotion; memory b. feeling; remembering c. recall; retention d. recollection; sentiment
a
________ motivation arises from external factors or rewards. a. extrinsic b. habit c. instinct d. intrinsic
a
________ research uses past records or data sets to investigate research questions or to look for patterns or relationships. a. archival b. correlational c. experimental d. survey
a