Psychology 107, Psychology 107, Psych 107 Hull Midterm, Psych 107- Hull MIDTERM, Psychology 107 Hull MIDTERM, PSYC 107 (Hull TAMU) Midterm
What is a statistical relationship?
Most abused children do not grow into abusers, but unamused children are even less likely to become abusive
Where are interneurons messages sent to?
Motor neuron
What happens when chemical communication is disrupted?
Muscle spasms or parkinson's can occur
Action Potential
Positively charged state during the neural impulse
PNS
peripheral nervous system -all nerves not contained in CNS
What is an example of a case study?
"90% of men live past 85 if they are non-smokers" -"Well my uncle is 89 and he smokes 2 packs a day"
What are example of survey wording?
"Aid to needy" instead of "welfare" "Not allowing" instead of "censoring"
What is the sympathetic nervous system known to do?
"Arouses" (fight-or-flight)
What does limbus mean?
"Border" between the oldest and newest brain areas
What is the autonomic nervous system known to do?
"Calms" (rest and digest)
What are glial cells?
"Give Cells". They support, nourish, and protect neurons; they may also play a role in learning and thinking
What is the Cerebellum known as?
"Little Brain"
What is an example of the popular psychology industry?
"MMR Vaccines cause autism". These two things do no correlate but because of its rise in popularity many are starting to believe it and will not vaccine their children.
What is the pituitary gland known as?
"Master Gland"
What are endorphins?
"Morphine within"-Natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure
What are some common "Common Sense" sayings?
"My gut is telling me to do this"
What is an example of endorphins?
"Runners high"
What is the only way to find relations among variables we can't manipulate?
Establishing patterns (descriptive studies)
What is random sampling?
Every person in the entire group has an equal chance of participating
What is critical thinking?
Examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assess conclusions Ex: "How do they know that?"
What is the peripheral nervous system made of?
Made up of sensory and motor neurons
Independent Variables
Manipulated
What is an independent variable?
Manipulated, effects being studied
Dependent Variables
Measured
What is a confounding variable?
Might produce an effect in an experiment, the control
Where are motor neurons messages sent to?
Muscles and organs (efferent)
What are the Behaviorists?
Psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental health=scientific psychology (objective and measurable)
What is basic research?
Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
What is an example of pseudoscience?
Quick fixes and miracle cures, often rely on anecdotes (personal stories) -Ex: Guy bending spoon, Dr.Phil, Oprah
Thalamus
Receives sensory information and relays to the areas of the brain for processing "sensory switchboard"
When you pull your hand automatically away from a flame what is this an example of?
Reflex
What do the thyroid and parathyroid glands do?
Regulate metabloc and calcium rates
What does the adrenal cortex do?
Regulates salt and carbohydrate metabolism
What are neurotransmitters?
Released from the sending neuron travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing it to generate an action potential
Deep Lesioning
Removal of tissue within the brain by use of an electrode
What is an experiment?
Research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effects
What is an example of correlations versus causation?
Researchers show infants breastfed are somewhat higher than those who were bottle fed cows milk
Reticular Formation
Responsible for selective attention -controls fine motor movement that is mostly outside our awareness (ex:walking)
Parasympathetic System
Rest of Digest -conserves energy
What is resting potential?
Resting neuron
What is acetylcholine?
Role in learning and memory. Messenger at every junction between motor neurons (muscle contractions)
Where are the temporal lobes located?
Roughly above the ears
What does psychology use, science wise?
Scientific method,- theory, quantification of variables, drawing conclusions
what is applied research?
Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
What does the adrenal medulla do?
Secretes hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) during stressful and emotional situations
What are adrenal glands?
Secretes hormons that help arouse the body in times of stress
What happens when electrical communication is disrupted?
Seizures occur
What do descending fibers do?
Send back motor-control information
What do ascending fibers do?
Send up sensory information
Retina
Sends neural impulses to the brain
Peripheral Nervous System
Sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body
Interneuron
Sensory input and motor outputs
Where are interneuron messages sent from?
Sensory neurons
What does the brain have none of?
Sensory receptors
Clinical Studies
Studies conducted to humans
Cognitive Perspective
Studies the mental processes of memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, language, and learning
What to biological psychologists?
Study the links between our biology and behavior Ex-Gentetics, Neural, hormonal
What was Aristotle's impact on psychology?
Suggested that the soul and body are not separate and that knowledge grows with experience-Spiritualism
What is the SQ3R study method?
Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review
What is structuralism?
Used Introspection, which is the observation of ones own mental process, to reveal the structure of the mind
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
a range of physical, mental, and behavioral outcomes caused by prenatal alcohol exposure
Habituation
brain stops paying attention to consistently present or consistently repeated stimuli -sensory receptors continue firing a signal but the brain stops noticing it
habituation
brain stops paying attention to consistently present/consistently repeated stimuli
neroplasticity
brains ability to reorganize and adapt neural pathways
Axon Terminals
branches at the end of the axon that hold chemicals
dendrite
branching extensions of neurons that RECEIVE messages and conduct them to the soma
rods
brightness
aphasia
broca's or wernick's lesion deficit studies impairment of language
neurons
building blocks of internal communication
Optic Nerve
bundle of retinal cell axons that carries the neural impulses from the retina to the visual cortex in the brain
Refractory Period
during return to negative resting potential, a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired
Nurture
everything else. religion, language, culture, music taste...
nurture
everything you're not born with/ experience
top down processing
existing expectation influence the interpretation of sensations to happen in a personal way
Top down processing
existing expectations (biases) influence the interpretation of sensations to happen in a PERSONALLY meaningful way not the same for everyone
Top-Down Processing
existing expectations influence the interpretation of sensations to happen
Top-down Processing
existing expectations influence the interpretation of sensations to happen in a personally meaningful way - not the same for everyone
Field Experiments
experiments conducted in natural settings rather than in the laboratory
Wisdom
expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life -comes from experience
Independent variables
manipulated variables
causation requires
manipulation
Hemodynamic Activity
measures neural involvement as increases in blood volume and oxygenation in response to some stimuli
Hemodynamic activity
measures neural involvement as increases in blood volume and oxygenation in response to some stimulus (fMRI, NIRS,PET)
Electrical Activity
measuring time/speed of brain function
Glutamate
memory (excitatory)
perception
mental process how your brain organizes and interprets sensory information in a meaningful way
Electrical Simulation of the Brain (ESB)
milder electrical current used to simulate brain activity
agonists
mimic or enhance effects of NT
agonists
mimic or enhance the effects of a natural NT on the receptor sites
What happened when Phineas Gage injured his frontal lobes?
His personality completely changed from organized and wise to irritable
What is correlation?
How closely two things vary together, and this is how well either one predicts the other
What is psychology about?
Human behavior, emotions and thoughts (B.E.T)
What do good theories produce?
Hypothesis
Interneuron
a CNS neuron located in the center of the spinal cord that receives info from the sensory neurons and sends commands to motor neurons
Sensory Neuron
a PNS neuron that carries info FROM the senses to the CNS
Motor Neuron
a PNS neuron that carries messages FROM the CNS to the muscles
Motor Neuron
a PNS neuron that carries messages from the CNS to the muscles of the body; action
Hypothesis
a SPECIFIC PREDICTION made by a theory - can only support or disprove a theory, NOT prove a theory
Retinal disparity
a binocular cue for perceiving depth
Convergence
a binocular cue for the perception of distance
Control Group
A group of subjects to whom no experimental treatment is administered.
Biopsychological Perspective
Believes behavior is a result of biological events
Where chemical transmissions occur?
Between the cells
What is an example of hard science?
Chemical properties of gold
one of the biggest things that interferes with w/ critical thinking is
belief systems
Hypothalamus
maintains homeostasis, regulates strength of emotions
Psychological dependence
the belief that a drug is necessary in order to function
Humanistic perspective
-believes people have the free will to consciously choose their own destiny -potential for self-actualization
What are the two important basic functions of the autonomic nervous system?
1)Sympathetic Nervous System 2)Parasympathetic Nervous System
Sensation
-physical process -stimulation of our sense organs by outer world
What do you need to release to have your muscles contracted?
Ach
Brightness
Associated with light -amplitude
Mental Processes
Covert actions
What did researches do to test breast feeding vs bottle fed show?
Experiment
scientific method
OPTIC Observe Protect Test Interpret Communicate
Psychology
The science of behavior and mental processes
the stronger your (r) the more_____
able to predict one variable based off another
corpus callosum
between left and right brain
nature
born with
Placebo Effect
experimental results caused by expectations alone
Overconfidence
we tend to think we know more than we do
What is one possible cause for obesity?
Biological Perspective- Genetics: Number and size of fat cells
Critical periods
-Nurture -Stages in development where certain environmental influences most strongly impact development -Start in womb during pregnancy -Anything mother takes/eats
Temporal Lobes
-meaningful speech, language comprehension -Auditory cortex- process auditory info from the ears Left - speech sounds right- music sounds
Psychophysics of seeing
-mental physical: turning physical things into mental things -Perceiving light: visual stimuli
Perception
-mental process -how brain organizes and interprets information in a meaningful way -What does it mean? What do I do with it? -brain designed to find meaningful patterns
How many hemispheres does the Cerebral Cortex have?
2
Perceptual organization
-organizing the visual world into separate entities -object discrimination -foraging, adaptive survival, natural selection
Why do psychologists report results of their studies?
-other scientists must be able to replicate your results -if replicated, then your results are reliable
What happens when you have a high amount of dopamine in your system?
You possibly have schizophrenia
What happens if the acetylcholine is blocked?
You will not be able to contract your muscles and we are paralyzed
**on test** purkinje shift
change in color vision from cones to rods that happens at dusk lose long wavelengths first
What year was the first ever actual psychology lab created?
1879
Operational Hypothesis
definition of a variable that allows it to be precisely measured and is replicable
psychology's four goals
1) Description (what is happening?) 2) Explanation (why is it happening?) 3) Prediction (when will it happen again?) 4) control (how can it be changed?)
Describe critical thinking in detail?
-Not accepting arguments and conclusions blindly -Examining assumptions, discerns hidden value, evaluates evidence
What is psychology defined as?
"The science of mental life"
Gestalt Psychology
"The whole is greater than the sum of its parts" pur sensory perceptions take in things from the world and our brains add meaning to it.
Nerves
"cables" which are part of PNS and connect the CNS with muscles, glands, and sense organs
Psychoanalysis
"insight" therapy for fear and anxiety -early childhood -repression -unconscious motivations -untestable
Contralaterality
"opposing side" -right side of the body is controlled by the left side of the brain and visa versa -possible because of the corpus callous
Cortex
"seed of humanity" -where higher thinking and executive decisions happen -interprets sensory input
What does autonomic mean?
"self-regulating", consciously operates on its own
gestalt psychology
(still works) the whole is greater than the sum of its parts [the way we view the world is much bigger than the pieces we use to create this perception]
thalamus
(the middle man) assigns messages to correct sensory receiving areas in contex
Sensory Cortex
- in parietal lobes -processes sensory messages
What three glands are in the endocrine system?
-Adrenal glands -Pituitary glands -Thyroid and Parathyroid glands
What is an example of an independent variable?
-Age -Weight -Personality
What two information highways does the spinal cord have?
-Ascending fibers -Descending fibers
Ainsworth "strange situation" test
-Assesses infants attachment to their primary caregiver -Identifies three attachment categories
Differences in color perception
-Bees have UV receptors -Dogs and cats are red green yellow deficient -women generally process color better than men, explained by color being more important in gathering than hunting
What do case studies involve, and characteristics?
-Case studies involve one individual and its findings cannot apply to a larger population -Someone will always contradict a finding
What are some basic characteristics of the Nervous System? (4)
-Complexity -integration:Eacn nerd connects with up to 10,000 other neurons -Adaptability: Plasticity -Electrochemical transmission: communication is by electrical and chemical means
What is an example of a psychologist that uses basic research?
-Developmental psychologists (how we perceive, think solve problems) and personality psychologists (investigating our personality traits)
Brightness
-Dim light: low amplitude, shorter wave -Bright light: high amplitude, taller wave -How tall the wave is -to perceive different colors you have sensory receptors -Sensory -Wave amplitude
Critical Thinking (ERIC)
-Examine all statements -Realize that people's beliefs are shaped by thrown experiences -Identify inherent biases -Consult diverse sources of info
Opponent Process Theory
-FOUR primary "colors" -one pair per cell (LGN cell) -red-green pair -blue-yellow pair -black and white EX: stare at red but when look away and see green -When one color is activated the opponent is inhibited in that cells point of visual space -happens in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus, not the retina
What are some examples of biological influences?
-Genetic mutations -genes responding to the environment -natural selection of adaptive physiology and behaviors
What are two examples of operational definitions?
-Instead of Hunger use "Hours without eating" -Instead of generosity use "Money Contributed"
What are 2 examples of what the cerebellum does?
-Judge time -Regulate emotions
What is 2 example of an agonist drug?
-Morphine. It mimics the action of endorphins by stimulating receptors in brain areas involved in mood and pain sensations. -Black widow spider venom
Schema
-OUR understanding of a concept that dictates how we think about that concept -nurture -mental framework that organizes knowledge into categories and groups of associations -sometimes our schema can be applied to new situations, but sometimes our schemas are not sufficient for a new situation -modify your schema with new experiences -assimilate or accommodate it -Children think and organize the world meaningfully but differently than adults (kid logic)
What do APA ethics code urge researches to do while doing research on either animals or people (4)?
-Obtain human participants informed consent before the experiment -Protect them from harm/discomfort -Keep information on participant confidential -Fully debrief people
How can you tell if a theory is useful?
-Organizes a range of self-reports/observations -Implies predictions that anyone can use to check it
Sensorimotor Stage
-Piagets first stage of cognitive development -infant uses senses and motor abilities to interact with objets in the environment -birth through two years old -schema revolves around sensory motor info -experience world through senses and actions (looking, touching, mouthing) -developmental phenomena: object permanence, stranger anxiety
Formal Operations
-Piagets last (fourth) stage of cognitive development in which adolescent becomes capable of abstract thinking -Understand potentials and what can and can't happen -about 12 through adulthood -can consider multiple outcomes, imaginary concepts, and hypothesize logically (what if...) -Thinking is now adult like -Abstract reasoning but still lack experience -brain does not stop cognitively developing, why we must continue learning and experiencing -Developmental phenomena: abstract logic, potential for moral reasoning
Pre-operational Stage
-Piagets second stage of cognitive development -preschool child uses language as a means of communicating and exploring the world -ages 2 through 7 -schemas become more sophisticated -most misunderstood stage by parents, expect the kids to think like adults but they can't yet -representing things with words and images but lacking logical reasoning -developmental phenomena: pretend play, EGOCENTRISM, language development -can think in more advanced ways such as knowing their favorite food and can tell you what they want even if its not right in front of them at the moment -EX: "listen linda" have ideas but still not adult logic
What are some examples of social-cultural influences?
-Presence of others -peer and other group influences -compelling models (such as the media)
What 3 ways does information travel in neurons?
-Sensory neurons -Motor neurons -interneuron
What is one way brain damage is traced?
-Severed brain and spinal cord neurons (don't regenerate)
Zygote
-Stage 1 -The fertilized egg -2 week period of rapid cell division (undifferentiated blastocyst) -Ends with implantation to uterine wall -about half do not successfully implant
Embryo
-Stage 2 -prenatal period from 2 through 8 weeks -begins with implantation to uterine wall -placenta and major organs form, arms and legs emerge, heart beats, liver makes red blood cells
Fetus
-Stage 3 -prenatal period from 8 weeks to birth -bone cells form, neural migration begins -rapid growth of brain and body in these final 3 months
Maternal Stress
-Teratogen -As infants: malformations, anemia, hyperactivity, irritability, feeding and sleeping difficulties -As children: psychological and behavior disorders, depression, anxiety, asthma -As adults: increased rates of schizophrenia
What are the 3 sections that the limbic system contains?
-The Hippocampus -The Amygdala -The Hypothalamus
What are the older brain structures? (5)
-The brainstem -Medulla -Thalamus Reticular Formation -Cerebellum
Describe how motor cortex works
-They work on specific body parts on the opposite side of the body -you cannot move your right hand to the right, while moving the right foot let because they are both using the left side of your brain at the same time
Colors
-Wave length -Reds: long wavelength -Blues: short wavelength -Sensory (physical stimulus) -perception of color is wave length -The visible spectrum
What are two issues regarding animal testing?
-Whether it is right to place the well-being of humans above that of animals -What safeguards should protect the well-being of animals
object permanence
-ability to form cognitive representation that objects exist even when they are out of sight -about 6 months -why peek-a-boo freaks them out so much -cover up a toy and they go and look for it in the last place they saw it
Pre-operational children do NOT have conservation
-ability to understand the changing of appearance of something -does not change its volume (or mass, number, length... whatever is being measured) -same water in different glasses -two rows of same number of pennies, one row more spread out
Sunlight
-all wavelengths of equal amounts -white has all the colors (in light) and reflects -black is an absence of all colors in light and absorbs all the energy
What is found in all four lobes
-association areas
Cognitive Development
-based on modifying knowledge structures (schemas) to adapt to ones needs -Environment (nurture) affects brain development -Neural pathways develop with experience, pruning occurs -1 year: cerebellum -3-6 years old: frontal lobe -neurons are designed on a use it or lose it principle -born with pathways already formed for heartbeat and breathing
Bio-psychological perspective
-believes behavior is a result of biological events -genetics, hormones, nervous system activity
temperament
-biologically based emotional and behavioral style of reacting to internal and external events -differences in temperament may make it more difficult for parents some infants to maintain responsiveness (sensitivity) over time -a GIANT part of your personality is nature; you are born with it
Habitation
-brain stops paying attention to consistently present or consistently repeated stimuli -your perceptual process of sensory adaptation -ALWAYS happens AFTER sensory adaptation -EX: background noise, perfume
Experimental designs
-causation requires manipulation -carefully regulated procedures that allow us to identify cause-and-effect relationships
Insecure/avoidant attachment
-child seems somewhat indifferent towards caregiver and may even avoid caregiver -if upset when left alone, can be easily comforted by stranger -suggests unresponsive caregivers, possibly neglectful -will be hard for them to trust people in life
Survey
-collects self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people -usually anonymous -uses a representative sample of the population
Hypothalamus
-controls pituitary gland Controls hormone expresson and how strongly we feel drives
Descriptive studies
-describe observations about behavior -case studies, surveys, naturalistic observation -establishing patterns -generate testable hypotheses
Sensory adaptation
-diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation -sensory receptors become physically exhausted--> receptors stop sending signals--> brain stops perceiving -helps us use selective attention efficiently
Law of specific Nerve Energies
-everything your brain tell you is its own interpretation of reality -you will perceive something only in the way that the specific neural pathway carrying the neural impulse CAN perceive it
Behavioral perspective
-focuses on overt, measurable, learned behaviors -accepts that unobservable covert processes are also involved
Evolutionary perspective
-focuses on the genetic and biological bases of universal mental characteristics shared by all humans -predicts that shared characteristics have an adaptive survival value
Sociocultural perspective
-focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture; the effects of group dynamics -nurture
Psychodynamic perspective
-focuses on the unconscious and early development -examines other motivations beyond sex and aggression
Pink
-girls, delicate, tiny pink babies in pink blankets -physically weaker -EX: champion weightlifters can lift significantly less weight in pink room
Blind spot
-hole in retina where photoreceptor axons exit the eye to form optic nerve -insensitive to light (no rods or cones- its a hole) -small object that falls on blind spot is invisible
Depth inversion effect
-hollow face - our visual system assumes objects are convex, especially for more familiar things (like faces) -EX: puff the magic dragon
Psychology of color vision
-human eye can see over 7,000,000 colors -color can affect your productivity and mood
Motor Cortex
-in frontal lobes -process voluntary motor messages that get sent to the PNS
Secure attachment
-infant has high quality, dependable relationship with his or her attachment figure -upset when caregiver leaves but happy when they return, recover quickly from distress -uses caregiver as secure base for exploration and safe haven when stresses
Insecure/ resistant attachment
-infant over clingy to caregiver rather than exploring the environment -tend to be very upset when caregiver leaves, not readily comforted by strangers -child can not rely on caregivers responsiveness so learns to cling to any chance of getting needs met, but simultaneously resentful of probable rejection -want them but are also mad at them -also the micromanager parent, child can not learn to do things on their own
Dutch Hunger Winter of 1944-1945
-infants born to mother in famine
Parietal Lobes
-involved in spatial reasoning (locating things/ mental maps) -home of the SENSORY CORTEX
Frontal Lobes
-involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements -'seed of personality" -home of MOTOR CORTEX
Difficult temperament child
-irregular, non adaptable, and irritability -not regular schedule, don't know what baby will do -MAD! can not predict behavior, what works one time may not work the next "what did I get myself into" parenting
Yellow
-irritability -babies cry more, people lose temper -bright and larger wavelengths -brighter the color the more fatiguing it is to the receptors -also attention catching: school busses
What are some examples of psychological influences?
-learned fears and other learned expectations -emotional response -cognitive processing and perceptual interpretations
Slow to warm up temperament
-low activity level, somewhat negative, low displays of mood, needs time to adjust -mixture of easy and difficult, does not like change -easy until you try to introduce something new, will have rough patch when introducing them to something new then will be fine -this is temperament throughout life
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)
-physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by mother drinking -facial disproportions and other physical abnormalities and behavior problems -leading cause of mental retardation in U.S. -genetics play a role in how harmful alcohol is
Easy temperament child
-regular, adaptable, and happy -can set schedules around them, regular napping, easy to predict behavior -EX: "go to bed!" twin baby video -about 40% of babies
Green
-relaxation -shorter wavelength, easier on eyes -hospital scrubs, green rooms for TV guests
Sensory Adaptation
-sensory receptors become physically exhausted -EX: wearing clothes constantly -Allows us to selectively divide attention
Cochlea
-snail shaped structure filled with fluid -TRANSDUCTION happens here nerve- damage here is nerve damage--> can't be repaired
Sensory Receptors
-specialized neurons in PNS sense organs that send message to CNS via sensory pathways -eyes -ears -nose -skin -taste buds
critical periods
-stages of development when environmental influences MOST STRONGLY impact development
Cognitive perspective
-studies the mental processes of memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, language, and learning
Case study
-study of one individual -advantage: tremendous amount of detail; patterns may be detected/tested -disadvantage: cannot generalize -famous study: Phineas Gage
Blue
-suppresses appetite -rotten
Validity
-the measure is conceptually related to the property it is measuring -accurate: the measure actually measures the construct it is designed to measure
Reliability
-the measure produces the same result whenever it is used to measure the same thing -consistent
Concrete operations stage
-third stage of cognitive development which school age kid becomes capable of logical thinking but is not yet capable of abstract thinking -about ages 7 through 11, years they are in "formal school" in which they learn how to line up, share, raise hand to speak. They become very rule driven - "IM TELLING!" -difficulty with abstract concepts (freedom) -thinking logically about concrete events; grasping analogies and performing arithmetical operations -"how would our world have been different without MLK" is an example of a concept they can not grasp -developmental phenomena: conservation, mathematical transformations
Trichromatic theory
-three color -says the patterns of neural activity in 3 different cone types in the retina create normal color perceptions -cone firing colors
Disorganized/disoriented attachment
-very small percentage of children who do not fit the other categories -no consistent way of coping with the stress of the strange situation -behavior confused or even contradictory; often appears dazed or disoriented, may sit with back turned to therapist or stare into space when approached -research suggests abusive homes where child has not developed strategies for getting needs met by caregiver
Occipital Lobes
-visual cortex- Processes visual info from the eyes -identifies and makes sense of visual info
List 4 common beliefs in psychology?
1) Hypnosis is useful for retrieving memories of forgotten events 2)The lie detector is an accurate way of detecting dishonesty 3)Criminal profiling can help in solving crimes 4)Psychiatric hospita; admissions and crimes increase with a full moon
Brain as you develop
1) at birth, infants brain has complete set of neurons but not very many synaptic connections 2) during first year axons grow longer, the dendrites increase in number and a surplus of new connections are formed 3) over the next few years, active connections are strengthened, while unused connections atrophy
Bottom up processing
1) begins with sense receptors that send pieces of information up to brain which puts all pieces together to create meaning 2) sensation transduces a physical signal into neural impose that brain can understand and interpret -sensitivity decreases when an object constantly stimulates our sense
What are psychology three main levels of analysis?
1)Biological Influences 2)Psychological influences 3)Social-cultural influences
Why can't we rely solely on intuition/common sense? (3 reasons)
1)Hindsight Bias 2)Overconfidence 3) Perceiving Order in Random Events
What two schools were created early because of the creation of psychology?
1)Structuralism 2)Functionalism
stages of baby in womb
1)zygote 2)embryo-successful implants of zygote 3)fetus- longest stage-neural migration begins
Psychology's Four Goals
1. Description 2. Explanation 3. Prediction 4. Control
formal operation
11-15 capable of abstract thinking
When was psychology born?
1800s
axon
tail of neuron carries messages to be sent out action potential travels to axon terminals
**on exam** trichromatic theory
3 different cone types create normal color perception red green blue
How many lobes is the Cerebral Cortex divided into, what are they?
4 -Frontal lobe -Parietal lobe -Occipital lobe -Temporal lobe
How many neurons does the brain approximately have?
40-100 billion
concrete operations
7 through 11 rule driven difficulty with abstract concepts
Medulla
the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing
What is an example of a pituitary gland regulated something?
Growth hormone -Oxytocine: Contractions, pair bonding
What is the myelin sheath, and where is it located?
A layer of fatty tissue encasing the axons of some neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed as neural impulses hope from one node to another It encases the axon
What is action potential?
A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
What is adenosine?
A neurotransmitter that causes drowsiness by slowing down nerve activity
What is the Limbic System?
A Neural system associated with emotions and drives
Corpus callosum
A band of neural fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain ex: sarcasm and humor
Corpus Callosum
A band of neural fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain; sarcasm humor
Agonist
A chemical that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter.
What is research?
A collection of data, where you can draw conclusions
Split Brain
A condition when the corpus callous is severed and the two hemispheres can no longer communicate
Alzheimer's Disease
A progressive disease that destroys memory and other important mental functions. -type of dementia
What is the scientific method?
A self-correcting process for evaluating ideas with observations and analysis
Where are sensory neurons sent from?
A sensory receptor in the skin, eye, ear, body's tissue, etc.
What is pseudoscience?
A set of clads that seems scientific but isnt
When is it best to have a brain injury?
A small child due to plasticity
Oedipus Complex
A stage of development when males begin to have sexual feelings for their mothers Later they figure out that it won't work, so they REPRESS the entire experience
What are operational definitions?
A statement of the procedures used to define research variables
What is a survey?
A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes, or behaviors of a particular group, by questions a representative, random sampling
What is an hypothesis?
A testable prediction, implied by a theory, to enable us to accept, reject or revise the theory
Axon
A threadlike extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses to the neurons -Action potential travels down axon to the axon terminals
Axon
A threadlike extension of a neuron that sends message to other neurons
What does the sensory strip deal with?
Information from touch stimuli
Deep Lesioning
Insertion of an insulated wire to destroy certain brain cells
What is the brainstem? A)Primitive 2)Somewhat complex 3)Very complex
A)Primitive
Jacob is walking to his study session one night and he notices that the moon looks huge as it rises over Rudder Tower. Jacob's perception is probably a result of his brain's application of________.
A. Binocular cues B. Distance cues (correct) C. Perceptual constancy D. Visual accommodation
Jody's horse looks just as black in the brilliant sunlight as it does in the dim light of the stable. This illustrates the principle known as:
A. Perceptual accommodation. B. Perceptual adaptation. C. Color constancy. D. Brightness constancy. (correct)
You do not notice the "holes" left by the blind spots in your two visual fields because of ______________.
A. Retinal disparity B. Top-down processing (correct) C. Visual accommodation D. Opponent processing
You have just arrived at the beach, and the sand near the water looks smooth. However, the sand near your feet looks rough and uneven, and you can see individual seashells in the sand. You are experiencing the monocular distance cue of:
A. Texture gradient (correct) B. Linear perspective C. Relative clarity D. Relative size
As explained in lecture, when you hold your finger in front of your nose and look at it first with your right eye and then with your left eye, the two images are quite different. This is because of:
A. accommodation B. monocular depth cues C. retinal disparity (correct) D. convergence
According to the gate-control theory, a back massage would most likely reduce your physical aches and pains by causing the:
A. activation of large neural fibers in your spinal cord. (correct) B. arousal of your autonomic nervous system and the release of adrenaline into your bloodstream. C. activation of small neural fibers in your spinal cord. D. deactivation of the pain receptors on the surface of your skin.
When two familiar objects of equal size cast unequal retinal images, the object that casts the smaller retinal image will be perceived as being:
A. closer than the other object. B. more distant than the other object. (correct) C. smaller than the other object.
While strolling through the garden, Jamal smells the scent of roses. Jamal is using her _________ sense, and the process by which the scent is converted into a neural signal her brain can understand is called ____________.
A. gustatory; adaptation B. olfactory; habituation C. olfactory; transduction (correct) D. gustatory; transduction
When Robin looks at her boyfriend, her pupils dilate. The eye structure responsible for this process is called the:
A. retina B. iris (correct) C. lens D. optic nerve
Tamiko hates the bitter taste of her cough syrup. Which of the following could she do to minimize the syrup's bad taste?
A. tasting something very sweet before taking the cough syrup B. keeping the syrup in her mouth for several seconds before swallowing it C. holding her nose while taking the cough syrup (correct) D. gulping the cough syrup so that it misses her tongue
What is linked to the Reticular Formation?
ADHD link: cannot filter out irrelevant information
What is an example soft science?
Intelligence, errors in measurement (philosophy/religion)
What happened with Terri Shiavo?
After a stroke at a young age her medulla was intact, but her cerebral cortex functioning was damaged. Her body functioned (she could breath) but she had no conscious awareness
Object Permanence
Ability to form cognitive representation that objects exist even when out of sight ~6 months
What are examples of the sympathetic system doing things?
Accelerates heartbeat in scary situations, alert and ready for action. -Anxious and nervous
Accommodation
Adapting our understanding (existing schema) to fit a new experience Typically go to McDonalds then go to a fancy restaurant. Must change the way one acts between the two places
What does common sense do?
Aid in queries, but are not free of error Ex: Thinking airplanes are more dangerous than cars
What are "pleasure sensors"/"reward centers"?
Alcohol dependence, addictive disorders, drug abuse and binge eating may stem from issues in natural brain systems for pleasure. hen activated by a rewarding stimulus (e.g., food, water, sex), information travels from the VTA to the nucleus accumbens and then up to the prefrontal cortex.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
All neurons and neuron pathways that operate on the periphery
What is a theory?
An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors/events
Case Study
An in-depth investigation of an individual subject
What are case studies?
An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
What are sensory functions?
Area at the front of the parietal lobes that register and processes body touch and movement sensations
What are association areas?
Areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, and thinking
Receptor Sites
Areas on a dendrite designed to receive a specific neurotransmitter
About neurotransmitters do we have?
Around 50
What is the sympathetic system do?
Arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
What is negative correlation?
As one variable increases, other variable decreases and vice versa This is an inverse variable
What is a positive correlation?
As one variable increases. other variable also increases and vice versa. This is a direct relationship
What is random assignment?
Assigning participants to experimental/control groups by chance, minimizing pre-existing differences between the different groups
Color
Associated with light -wavelength
What do the temporal lobes include?
Auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from opposite ears
What are neurons?
Nerve cells; the basic building block of the nervous system
What do the nerves do in the medulla?
Nerves from the left side of the brain are mostly linked to the right side of the body and vice versa
How is pain sent to the brain?
Neural signals
What two modern psychological perspectives are adaptations of Sigmund Freud's perspective of psychoanalysis?
Psychodynamic and behavioral
Why is it easier to learn a second language as a child?
Because we adapt and are in enriched environments
What is overconfidence?
Being confident in an answer, and even when you get it wrong, you say "oh well I knew that, I was almost right"
Cerebellum
Balance and coordination
What do yo have to not be, when having a scientific attitude?
Be skeptical but not cynical, open but no gullible
Why should ambient-sleep drug used short-term?
Because the brain quickly gets adapted ti it and it becomes less responsive, and because of this we take more of it which is bad
Why do scientists and practitioners not get along?
Because the scientist believe in empirical data versus clinical experience -Ex: Repressed Memories
What occupies the greater amount of cortical space?
Body areas requiring precise control, such as the fingers and eyes
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain and spinal cord
What happens when the thalamus is damaged?
Brain has trouble where information may go
Where are motor neurons messages sent from?
Brain or spinal cord
Where are sensory neurons messages sent to?
Brain or spinal cords
What are terminal branches axon, and where are they located?
Branch endings of an axon and transmit messages to other neurons
Dendrite
Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.
Dendrite
Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive messages
What are nerves?
Bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs
What is a dendrite, and where is it located?
Bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward cell body
What is the second possible cause of obesity?
Psychological Factors- More Variety=great eating
What is another challenge of psychology?
Psychology influences are often unknown and rarely independent (Ex: Depression, aggression, obesity)
What is an example of naturalistic observations?
Children in a classroom who were dressed in heavier clothes were more likely to fall asleep than those wearing lighter clothes
What is the somatic nervous system called?
Skeletal nervous system
interneuron
CNS in spinal chord receives from sensory goes to neuron
What does the autonomic nervous system do?
Calms the body, conserving its energy
What happens if damage occurs on one side of the brain?
Can cause numbness or paralysis to the other side of the brain
What are psychiatrists?
Can provide psychotherapy. These are medical doctors licenses to prescribe-drugs, treat PHYSICAL causes of psychological disorders (M.D=practice=oriented)
What are hormones?
Chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues
What does the optic nerve do?
Carries messages of each eye and sends to the brain
Rods
Cells in the retina that detect non color dim light.
Iris
Colored part of the eye
What describes more easily what has happened than what will happen?
Common sense
What two levels do our thinking, memory and attitudes operate on?
Conscious and common sense
What do older brain functions occur without?
Conscious efforts
What is the peripheral nervous system?
Consist of neural "cables" containing many axons -Connects muscles, glands, and sense organs to the central nervous system
What does the medulla do?
Controls heartbeat and breathing (no conscious awareness)
Transduction
Conversion of environmental energy into the neural impulses the brain can understand
What is an example of a theory?
Sleep improves with memory or multitasking while driving impairs attention
What is 2 examples of an antagonist drug?
Curare poisoning paralyzes its victims by blocking ACh receptors involved in muscle movements and causes contractions -Botulism (botox)
What is the scientific attitude?
Curious, skeptical, and humble
What is the third possible cause of obesity?
Social-Cultural Environment- Big Portions
What do dendrites do while axons do another thing?
Dendrites listen, while axons speak
Descriptive Studies
Describe observations about behavior -case studies, surveys, natural observations -generate testable hypothesis (empirical)
Nature-Nurture Controversy
Debate over the power of genes vs. experiences on development. Emphasizes multiple factors: -cognitive (mental processing) -biological (brain and nervous system) -cultural (beliefs, customs, group identity)
What are some examples of the autonomic nervous system doing its job?
Decreasing the heartbeat after stress
What happens if the Cerebellum is damaged?
Difficulty walking, keeping balance (such as dancing/sequence of movements)
What is the goal of positive psychology?
Discovring and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals to thrive
What does science help us do?
Draw conclusions based on empirical data (experiments) Want more data points
What did Humanistic Psychology emphasize?
Drew attention to ways that current environmental influences can nurture/limit our growth potential, and our need for love and acceptance. -Very positive!
What is an example of an hypothesis?
Driving while using the cell phone will result in more driving mistakes than those drivers not using the cell phones
In the video regarding the motorcyclist being saved, why were the citizens able to lift the car off him?
Due to "super human strength" because of increase in energy and increases sympathetic neurotransmitters
Critical Thinking (ERIC)
E-xamine R-ealize I-dentity C-onsult
What is the Hawthorne effect?
Effects from just being in an experiment
What are the two ways the neurons communicate?
Electrical and chemical communication
Who was Sigmund Freud, and how did he contribute to psychology?
Emphasized the importance of UNCONSCIOUS mind and its effects on human behavior -Founded psychoanalysis
What does frontal lobe enable us to do?
Enable judgement, planning, and processing
What does partial lob area enable us to do?
Enable mathematical and spatial reasoning
What does the underside of temporal lobe enable us to do?
Enable us to recognize faces
Neurilemma
Encases the axon and myelin sheath while they repair themselves
What is the testing effect?
Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply reading
What is it mean when the experiment is "double-blind"?
Experimenter and yourself don't know what is being taken
What is functionalism?
Explored how mental and behavioral processes function and enable organisms to adapt/survive/flourish
The Three F's
FAMILY FRIENDS FATHER (of child) -women missing the three F's tend to have more problems with child when they are born -Three F's (down), problems with child (up) negative correlation
Myelin
Fatty insulation around the axon, speeds up neural impulse
What happens to males and females in regards to majority?
Females enter majority two years before male
Sympathetic System
Fight or Flight -expends energy -Arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
What is natural selection, and who created the term?
From among chance variation, nature selects traits that best enable an organism to survive reproduce in a particular environment. Charles Darwin created it
Where do axons receive motor signals?
From the cortex
Where does visual information travel?
From the optical lobes to other areas (at the back of the brain)
Trichromatic Theory
Firing of red, green and blue cones cause color vision
Evolutionary Perspective
Focuses on characteristics of psychology that are shared by humans across different backgrounds
Cognitive Perspective
Focuses on how people think, process, and store information.
Behavioral Perspective
Focuses on observable behavior, accepts unobservable covert mental processes
Synapse
Gap between neurons axon terminals to dendrites
What plays a big role in culture?
Gender
What are neural impulses, are they electrical or chemical?
Generating the message electrically; occurs within the neuron, electrical
What psychological perspective brought cognition back into focus?
Gestalt Psychology
What do counseling psychologists which to achieve ?
Greater well-being
How did William James contribute to psychology?
He assumed that thinking, like smelling, developed because it is adaptive. This aided in our ancestors survival
What experiment did William Wundt conduct, and what was studied?
He conducted an experiment where he made people press the telegraph key once they heard the ball hit the platform. This studied the "atoms of the mind"
How did William Wundt contribute to psychology?
He developed the "first" official psychology laboratory
Who was Christopher Reeves and what happened to him?
He played superman and one day fell off his horse and had a major brain injury. Due to this injury he needed respiratory to breath. His decision awareness making functions was completely destroyed due to the damage to his b
Hindsight Bias
I knew it all along phenomenon
What is the central nervous system?
It is the brain that enables our humanity. Neurons cluster into neural networks which are short and fast connections
How fast does the nervous system send messages?
In a fraction of a second, much like a text message
Where is neurogenesis occur?
In adult mice, birds, monkeys and humans
Who were Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, and how did they contribute to psychology?
In the 19602 they rejected behaviorism and developed a new psychology known as Humanistic Psychology
Where do electrical transmissions occur?
In the cell
What do occipital lobes do?
Includes areas that receive information from visual fields
What feelings/ things do adrenal glands do?
Increase heartbeat, blood pressure, and blood sugar
What is an example of a psychologist that uses applied research?
Industrial-organizational psychologists (uses concepts on employees)
What is the central nervous system made of?
Interneurons
Autonomic Nervous System
Involuntary part of the PNS
Where is the brainstem located?
It begins where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull
What does the Hypothalamus do?
It directs maintenance activités like eating, drinking, body temperature and control of emotions, sexual desires (homeostasis)
What does the Reticular Formation filter?
It filters incoming stimuli
What does the peripheral nervous system do?
It gathers information. It transmits CNS decisions to other body parts
What senses does the thalamus receive information from?
It gets information from all senses, but smell
What does the Cerebellum do?
It helps coordinate voluntary movements and balance
Where is the Reticular Formation located?
It is a network of nerves that travels through the brainstem
Why are paralyzed men still able to have erections?
It is a reflex due to sensitive skin
What is coffee?
It is an antagonist for adenosine (a neurotransmitter)
What does ambient-sleep drug (most prescribed) do to your system when you take them?
It is an inhibitory chemical so it increases GABA which induces sleep
What is it called when a bunch of people believe in something so they assume it's true?
It is called an anecdote.
How is it difficult to access B.E.T?
It is difficult because behavior, emotions, and thoughts are not easily predictable
What is the Amygdala linked to?
It is linked to the emotions aggression, anger and fear
Where is the thalamus located?
It is located at the top of the brainstem
Where is the Hypothalamus located?
It is located below the thalamus
What does the thalamus do?
It is the brain's sensory switchboard -It directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
What is the American Psychological Association?
It is the largest organization of psychology with 160,000 embers world-wide
What is lesion of the brain?
It is tissue destruction
What does the nervous system do?
It makes decisions. It sends back information/order to the body tissues
What do endocrine messages tend to do when you are angry?
It outlasts the effects neural messages. -Upset feelings can linger beyond our awareness
What does the Reticular Formation do?
It plays an important role in controlling arousal, sleep-wake cycle
What does the Hippocampus do?
It processes conscious memories
How does a neutral impulse travel?
It travels at speeds ranging from a sluggish 2 miles/per hour to 180 miles/her
What is cognitive psychology?
It was created in the 1960s. Scientifically explored how we perceive/process/ remember information, and why we get anxious or depressed. Enriched understanding of the brain.
What is psychology purpose?
Its purpose is to enlighten
In the 1920s who dismissed structuralism and introspection?
John Watson and B.F. Skinner
What do the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic do in the body?
Keep body in homeostasis (steady internal state)
What size of representative is best?
Large ones are better than small, but a small representative of 100 is better than an unrepresentative sample of 500
What is a cell body?
Life support center of the neuron
Where is the medulla located?
Located at the base of the brainstem
Where is the Limbic System located?
Located below the cerebral hemispheres
Lesion Deficit
Loss of function that follows damage to the brain , that results in an area of dead brain tissue
Where are the occipital lobes located?
Lying at the back of the head
Where are parietal lobes located?
Lying at the top of the head towards the rear
Where are the frontal lobes located?
Lying just behind the forehead
norepinephrine
NT arousal (ex)
GABA
NT inhibition, sleep (IN)
Glutamate
NT memory (EX)
serotonin
NT mood (ex)
acetylcholine
NT movement (ex)
endorphins
NT pain relief (ex)
dopamine
NT pleasure (ex)
Neurotransmitters
NTs transmit the message onto the next neuron
Attachment
NURTURE -emotional bond with a specific person that endures across space and time -attachment style will continue throughout life -forms with caregiver throughout first 6 months and solidifies though about year one -baby does not decide who they attach to -responds to what caregiver does -contact comfort, familiarity, responsive parenting (consistency) -will guide attachment style for rest of life
Is fluid inside (resting) the axons membrane positive or negative?
Negative
What is a double blind procedure?
Neither participate nor those who administer the drug/placebo and collect the data will know which group is receiving treatment
What are axons, and where is it located?
Neuron extensions that pass messages through its branches to other neurons/to muscles or glands. Covered in myelin sheath, located in center of neuron
What are sensory neurons?
Neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord (afferent)
What are motor neurons?
Neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands
What interneurons?
Neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicates internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs
Compared to the endocrine system communicating with hormones, what does the nervous system use to communicate?
Neurotransmitters
What is the lock and key mechanism regarding neurotransmitters?
Neurotransmitters bind to the receptors of the receiving neuron in a key-lock mechanism..
Correlation Application
No cause-effect, "also tend to"
Do neurons touch?
No, never
What are naturalistic observations?
Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate/control the situation
When does action potential occur?
Occurs when the neuron os activated by an incoming impulse (excitatory inhibitory by a minimum intensity) -"All or nothing"
Fluid Intelligence
Ones ability to reason speedily and abstractly -decreases with age
Where does neurogenesis originate and move?
Originates deep in the brain and migrates elsewhere
Define Common Beliefs and give an example:
Our "gut" feelings Ex: "I just had a feeling about him/her"
What occurs when we are sleeping?
Our bodies sense information but we are not aware of it -Ex: baby crying may seem important to a mother who raises it for 4 months, so whenever it cries from afar the mother can hear it easily. But the father cannot hear it at all and vice versa
What is the dependent variable?
Outcome factor, may change in response to manipulations of the indecent variable -Measure
Behavior
Overt actions
motor neuron
PNS neuron carries signal from CNS to muscles
Sensory Neuron
PNS neuron that carries information from senses to CNS; eyes, mouth, skin
Psychological Withdrawal
Panic, depression, distress, anger
Vision, Olfaction, Hearing
Peaks at 20 the declines
Reaction Time
Peaks at 40
Sociocultural Perspective
Perspective that focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture -Reflects increasing awareness of nature's influence on thinking and behavior
Change blindness
Phenomenon of selective attention things you aren't paying attention to you won't even be aware happened ONLY WHAT WE ATTEND GETS STORED IN MEMORY
Theory
Provides a plausible explanation of a phenomenon has to be PUBLIC and able to be TESTED (with a hypothesis)
Is fluid outside the axons membrane positive or negative?
Positive
What is the placebo effect?
Positive changes in behaviors/thoughts due to just thinking you might be benefited by the treatment
Long term Potentiation
Practice partially depolarizes the entire pathway, so it takes less energy to activate it
What do cultures do?
Shapes our standard of promptness and frankness
Who was Margaret Floy, and how did she contribute to psychology?
She was the first woman to receive a psychology p.H.D.
Who founded psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud
psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud insight therapy for fear and anxiety human thinking and behavior were driven by unconscious needs for sex and violence
Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflict
What was Freudian psychology, and who created it?
Sigmund Freud emphasized the ways our thought process and our emotional responses to childhood experiences affect our behavior (emphasis on psychoanalysis and unconscious, negative)
What is the other way brain damage is traced?
Some brain functions seem preassigned to specific areas
Is it possible for psychology to predict violence?
Some keys can be predicted, but not all
What can happen if a young child has brain damage
Some neural tissue can reorganize in response to damage -Ex: Removal of entire hemisphere in child, remaining hemispheres compensated by putting other areas to work
Give an example an anecdote.
Someone:"Research shows that those who wear seatbelt do not get as injured as those who don't." Others: "Weeeellll what about that one time that that one person died when wearing his seatbelt?"
Volume
Sound -amplitude measured in decibels
Pitch
Sound -frequency measured in Hz
What are the frontal lobes involved in?
Speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements
Zygote
Stage 1 - 2 weeks of rapid cell division (undifferentiated blastocyst) -ends with implantation to the uterine wall--> becomes embryo
Sensorimotor Stage
Stage 1 Birth- Age 2 Infant uses its sense and motor abilities to interact with enviornment OBJECT PERMANENCE
Embryo
Stage 2 2 - 8weeks -placenta and major organs form -rapid specialization of cells
Pre-operational Stage
Stage 2 Age 2-7 Learns to use language EGOCENTRICISM DO NOT understand conservation
Fetus
Stage 3 8 weeks to birth bone cells form rapid growth of brain and body
Concrete Operations Stage
Stage 3 Age 7-11 Rule driven -tattletaling Have conservation Can preform simple logic; difficult w abstract concepts
Formal Operations
Stage 4 11-15years Capable of abstract thinking
Behavioral Perspective
Still focuses on overt, learned behaviors, but also recognizes that covert mental processes are involved
ESB
Stimulates electrical signals in the brain using an electrode
What are associated areas linked with?
Stored memories
Behaviorism
Tabula rasa - blank slate; experiences determine how we behave Uninterested in unconscious motivations --> focused on the overt
How fast does the endocrine system send messages?
Takes several seconds or more to travel gland to gland, much like snail mail
Experimenter Effect
Tendency of experimenter's expectations to influence the study
What is the brainstem, and what does it do?
The OLDEST and CENTRAL CORE of the brain, responsible for automatic survival functions (without conscious awareness)
What does the central nervous system do?
The body decision maker
What is the endocrine system?
The body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
What is the nervous system?
The body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems
What happens if kids no not receive auditory information by a certain time?
The brain adapts to something else and you will be unable to hear
What is the central nervous system (CNS):
The brain and spinal cord
What does the brain produce naturally?
The brain produces its own naturally occurring opiates
What is a direct correlation to our?
The brain/mind
What is the Brains Plasticity?
The brains ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experiences
What happens when the cats reticular formation is severed?
The cat goes into a coma
What happens when the cats reticular formation is electrically stimulated?
The cat instantly wakes up
Where is the pituitary gland located?
The core of the rain
What is the somatic nervous system?
The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles
What are pituitary glands?
The endocrine systems most influential glad. Regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands
What is culture?
The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
What is neurogenesis?
The formation of new neurons
What is the experimental group?
The group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable -Receives manipulation
What is the control group?
The group not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison
What is an example of an organ in the autonomic nervous system?
The heart, glandular activity, and digestion
Who influences the pituitary gland?
The hypothalamus
What is synapse?
The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite/cell body of the receiving neuron
What is a threshold?
The level of stimulation required to trigger a neutral impulse, and activates action potential
How do messages move through the thalamus?
The messages cross over from one side of the body to the opposite side of the brain
How does one develop multiple sclerosis?
The myelin sheath starts breaking down
What happens to the nerve cells with coffee?
The nerve cells do not slow but speed up, and the adrenal glands, also increases dopamine levels
Neuroplasticity
The nervous system's ability to rewire its structures as a result of an experience
What happens if we cut off a finger, what happens with our neurons?
The neurons adapt
What happens when we get slapped?
The number of impulses increases, multiple action potential, multiple messages quickly.
Who are examples of people whose behavior psychology would not be able to predict?
Tiger Woods and Miley Cyrus
What is electrical communication?
This occurs within the neuron via an action potential
What is the Cerebral Cortex?
The outer grey "bark" structure that is wrinkled in order to create more surface area for 20+ billion neurons
Whats the autonomic nervous system?
The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles pf the internal organs
Perception
The process of integrating, organizing, and interpreting sensations.
Where is the Cerebellum located?
The rear of the brainstem
What happens if the left motor cortex is electrically stimulated?
The right hand clenches
What do naturalistic observations do and not do?
This study does not explain behavior, but describes it
How do psychologists ask and answer questions?
The scientific method
What is today's definition of psychology?
The scientific study of behavior (what we do) and mental processes (inner thoughts and feelings).
What is the reuptake?
The sending neuron reabsorbs the excess neurotransmitters from the synapse
What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS):
The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body
What is the popular psychology industry?
The sprawling network of everyday sources of information about human behavior.
Resting Potential
The stable, negative charge of a neuron when it is inactive.
What is an example of an area that takes up more brain area than the toes?
The supersensitive lips
What is the tiny gap at the junction in the synapse called?
The synaptic gap/synaptic cleft
What is Hindsight Bias?
The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it Ex: "I knew it all along"
Overconfidence
The tendency to think we know more than we actually do
Gestalt Psychology
The whole is greater than the sum of its parts; people naturally seek out meaningul patterns (wholes.) -sensations yield perceptions -brought cognition back to focus
What happens if we do not do random sampling?
Their are misleading results
What is an example of a positive correlation?
There is a positive correlation between parents abusiveness and their children later abusiveness when they became parents
What happens when the association areas are electrically probed?
There is no trigger or response
What size are the Amygdala?
They are 2 lima bean sized neutral clusters
What are most signals, and what do they do?
They are excitatory, and it pushes neurons accelerator, signals "go"
If signals are not excitatory, then what are they?
They are inhibitory, and they push the neurons brakes, signals "stop"
What do dopamine pathways do?
They are involved focusing attention and controlling movement
What do serotonin pathways do?
They are involved with mood regulation
How do chemical neural sources communicate?
Through synapse
What did Candace Pert and Solomon Snyder do using morphine?
They attached a radioactive tracer to morphine and saw where it was taken up in an animals brain. Linked with mood/pain sensations
What is the Broca's area?
They can comprehend language but not speak it
What do survey answers depend on?
They depend on the question wording and respondent selection
How do clinical psychologists do their job?
They do their job through counseling, interpretive tests, and therapy
What do agonist drug do?
They excite. It mimics its effects on the receiving neuron. They mimics neurotransmitters, stimulate the release or ach
What is a counseling psychologist?
They help people to cope with challenges/crises and improve personal/social functions
What do antagonist drugs do?
They inhibit. It has a structure similar enough to the neurotransmitter to occupy its receptor site and block its action, but does stimulate.
Who do blind/deaf people do since one of their sense signals are missing?
They look for other signals to process -Ex: mans over leg is amputated but he can still feel orgasms in his feet
What do the parietal lobes do?
They receive sensory input for touch and body position
Who were John Watson and B.F. Skinner, and how did they contribute to psychology?
They redefined psychology as "the scientific study of observable behavioral" and created the Behaviorists
What does the motor cortex do in the frontal lobes?
They send signals to muscles, it is located in the rear of the frontal lobe
What did scientists do to find out what effects the Reticular Formation has when acted upon?
They tested severing and electrically stimulating the Reticular Formation of a cat
What does the Prefrontal cortex do in the frontal lobes?
They work on executive functions
What do neurotransmitters do when crossing the synaptic gap?
This excites or inhibits the receiving neuron's readiness to fire
What is positive psychology?
This explores positive emotions, positive character traits, and enabling institutions
What is the nature-nurture issue?
This is what biology provided to us such as, genes, hormones and sex organs
What is chemical communication?
This occurs between neurons via neurotransmitters
Synapse
Tiny gap NTs travel from the axon terminals to the next neuron's dendrites
What is an experiments purpose?
To test theoretical principles
What is an example of research?
Use driving course with pre-determined obstacles
Describe what made structuralism and functionalism difficult?
Very Vague
What is our brain faster than, and slower than what?
Your brain is faster than a computer, but slower at executing a simple response
What is perceiving order in random events?
We easily perceive patterns Ex: Winners winning the lottery twice is 1 in 17 trillion Ex: Paul the octopus picking the winning soccer team and being right 8 out of 8 times
Why do most people believe we only use 10% of our brain?
When mapping the brain the brain, many are specific to one function, while others not. They are not specific to location
What is the depolarizing section?
When neuron fires, and sodium ions flood in through cell membrane, causing axon sections to open -Much like falling dominos
What is the placebo affect?
When you believe something because it was working on others -Ex:Anti-depressants
What happens when you are low on serotonin?
You become depressed
What do interneurons in the spine do when you touch a fire?
You immediately pull away, these decisions are made without the brain
What do you love with?
Your brain, not heart
Who was Mary Calkins, and how did she contribute to psychology?
William James admitted Mary into his seminar, once he did this all the male students dropped out of his class. She passed all classes but Harvard still refused to get her a degree. She then later became the first female president of the American Psychological Associations.
Define replicate:
With operational definitions the essence of a research study can be repeated with different participants
What animal are glial cells located?
Worker bees, while the neuron is the queen bee
When happens when you have a low amount of dopamine in your system?
You possibly have Parkinson's disease
Operational Definition
a description of a concept in concrete, measurable terms
Operational Definition
a description of an abstract concept in concrete, measurable terms
Demetia
a loss of brain function - often memory - that occurs with some diseases
a correlation is
a measure of the relationship between 2 variables (r)
Hippocampus
a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage
Refractory Period
a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired
Temperament
a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity NATURE-born with it- permanent (easy, difficult, slow to warm up)
Psychological Dependence
a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions
Reticular Formation
a structure in the brain stem that maintains alertness and consciousness
Physical Dependence
a type of addiction in which the body itself feels a direct need for a drug.
confound
a variable that can effect your data that you're not really interested in, but it could effect one or more of your variables
The class is playing a game of Jeopardy! and it is your turn. "I'll take Pioneers in Psychology for $50." The revealed answer is "Focused on unconscious motivations and relied on the case study method." Just before the buzzer sounds, what will you say?
a. "Who are the Gestaltists?" b. "Who are the psychoanalysts?" (correct) c. "Who are the behaviorists?" d. "Who are the humanists?"
Which of the following research projects does NOT use a descriptive design? FYI, all of these were real studies.
a. Alfred Kinsey interviewed people about their sexual experiences. Based on his findings, he developed a scale measuring sexual orientation, ranging from "0" (completely heterosexual) to "6" (completely homosexual). b. Harry Harlow took baby monkeys from their mothers and put each in a cage containing only a wire stand and a soft, cloth covered stand. In half of the cages, the wire stand held the milk bottle; in the other half of the cages, the cloth covered stand held the milk bottle. No matter which stand had the bottle, the monkeys preferred to cling to the cloth covered stand. Harlow's work indicates that attachment is partly a result of contact comfort. (correct) c. In a gruesome accident, a railroad worker named Phineas Gage had a three foot long iron tamping rod shoot through his head. He survived the accident but his personality changed completely. As a result of the changes in his behavior and abilities, doctors studying his case hypothesized that the frontal lobe is the area of the brain important in personality functions. d. Jane Goodall observed chimpanzees for years and was eventually accepted into chimp society as a low-ranking female. Through her observations, she discovered that chimps use tools.
After spending time with Adrian, the school counselor tells his teacher that Adrian's inappropriate behavior is a result of the absence of attention from his parents at home. Which goal of psychology is this an example of?
a. Control b. Explanation (correct) c. Description d. Prediction
A researcher, based on her review of relevant scientific studies, believes that there is a relationship between the frequency of a baby's crying and whether it was nursed at set intervals or on a demand schedule. If this belief were tested by experimentally manipulating feeding schedules, frequency of crying would be called the:
a. Dependent variable (control) b. Independent variable c. Control variable d. Latent variable
Which of the following research questions is the most appropriate for a descriptive study design?
a. If I raise the dosage of an antidepressant, will it alleviate clients' depressive symptoms more quickly compared to a control group? b. Do children display aggressive behavior if they are exposed to aggressive adult models? c. Is there a relationship between parents' income and their children's intelligence test scores? (correct) d. Will mice learn to run the maze more quickly if they are given a stimulant?
What is one of the major reasons that psychologists report results publicly?
a. to comply with legal requirements b. to identify all the confounding variables c. to allow researchers to replicate experiments (correct) d. to explain research results so that nonscientists can understand
The deer waits motionlessly, hidden in the thicket as the band of hunters approach. As they get closer, their dogs bark, picking up the scent of their prey. In a futile effort to escape, the deer bolts. Which of the following most accurately describes the nervous system of the hunted deer at this point?
a. Its sympathetic nerve fibers are more active than its parasympathetic nerve fibers. (correct) b. Its parasympathetic nerve fibers are more active than its sympathetic nerve fibers. c. Both its sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers are equally active. d. Neither its sympathetic nor its parasympathetic nerve fibers are active.
The goals of psychology are to _____.
a. understand, compare, and analyze human behavior . b. explore the conscious and unconscious functions of the human mind. c. describe, explain, predict, and control behavior. (correct) d. improve psychological well-being in all individuals from birth until death.
What is the most likely scientific reason Dr. Falk would conduct the same study that her colleague, a psychologist at another university, conducted?
a. She wishes to establish that she can conduct the same project with superior methodology than that of her colleague. b. None of the above. c. If she achieves the same results, this would suggest that her colleague's findings were probably not just a fluke. (correct) d. She would like to publish a paper in the same journal as did her colleague.
Which of the following is true of neural impulses in a single neuron?
a. The strength of a neural impulse is the same each time the neuron fires. (correct) b. The strength of a neural impulse increases as the strength of the incoming message gets stronger. c. The neuron may fire during the refractory period if it received adequate stimulation. d. The strength of a neural impulse decreases as the strength of the incoming message gets stronger.
In which type of research would an investigator manipulate one factor in order to observe its effect on some behavior or mental process?
a. The survey b. The case study c. Experimentation (correct) d. Naturalistic Observation
Which of the following is NOT true of ALL neurotransmitters?
a. They are stored in synaptic vesicles. b. They increase the likelihood that the next neuron will fire. (correct) c. They are chemicals. d. They are released across the synaptic gap.
Jessica wants to conduct a study about differences in jealousy between men and women. She asks 400 college men and women a series of questions about hypothetical scenarios of partner infidelity. What is the population in Jessica's study?
a. Women in the United States b. The 400 college men and women chosen c. Men in the United States d. All college men and women (correct)
Jaleel is a participant in a cognitive experiment, but he does not know if he is in the experimental group or the control group. The researchers have used ______, to place Jaleel in one of the groups.
a. a placebo effect b. a representative sample c. random assignment (correct) d. an experiment
The magazine Desperate Housewives publishes a survey of its female readers called "Cooking and the American Wife." It reports that 87 percent of American wives like to cook wearing aprons. The critical flaw in this conclusion is the fact that ______________.
a. a psychological test, rather than a survey, should have been conducted b. aprons are not equally available in all regions of the country c. the sample is not representative of American wives (correct) d. not all housewives like to cook
In the 1970s, a 13-year-old girl was found locked up in a room, tied to a potty chair. Since she had grown up in a world without human speech, researchers studied "Genie's" ability to acquire words, grammar, and pronunciation. This type of research is called ________________________ . (This is a true story - you can google it!!!)
a. a single-blind study b. a representative sample c. a naturalistic observation d. a case study (correct)
In her office, a psychologist evaluated Tameka, an eight-year-old child who has experienced difficulty in school. The psychologist sent questionnaires to 100 teachers to determine if they had ever seen similar cases. Based on the teachers' responses, the psychologist hypothesized that a particular diet might cause the learning problem. Next, she designed a study that would tell her if diet can cause learning problems. In order from first to last, which of the following describes the research methods this psychologist used?
a. case study, survey, experiment (correct) b. naturalistic observation, survey, experiment c. experiment, case study, survey d. correlation, case study, experiment
Your conscious awareness of your own name and self-identity depends primarily on the normal functioning of your:
a. cerebellum. b. amygdala. c. hypothalamus. d. cerebral cortex. (correct)
According to Piaget, the stage of cognitive development in which the individual becomes able to use mental representations and language to describe, remember, and reason about the world, though only in an egocentric fashion, is the __________ stage.
a. concrete operations b. preoperational (correct) c. sensorimotor d. formal operations
Mei was sent to the school psychologist to be tested. Based on her IQ scores it was decided that she would do well in the gifted and talented program. This is an example of which goal of psychology?
a. describing behavior b. predicting behavior (correct) c. explaining behavior d. controlling behavior
The trichromatic and opponent‑process theories of color vision can both be correct because each theory addresses ______.
a. different stage of visual processing (correct) b. one type of color blindness c. the opposite half of perceivable colors d. a different portion of the visible spectrum
One of the reasons some psychoanalytic ideas, such as repression, have remained popular over the years is that they are ________________.
a. difficult to scientifically test and, thus, difficult to disprove (correct) b. used by the majority of psychologists c. supported by scientific research d. based on facts
According to the principles of the __________________________ perspective, no person can keep a secret for long because even if they don't speak about it, the person will unconsciously reveal what they know through other behaviors.
a. humanism b. behaviorism c. cognitive d. psychodynamic (correct)
Suppose that you show a small boy two bars of fresh fudge that are equal on all dimensions (exactly the same size, shape, and weight). You ask him if the two bars are the same, and he says "Yes." You then cut one of the bars into 10 chunks as he watches. You are surprised when he now asks if he can have the cut up fudge because it has more fudge than the intact bar. This episode illustrates that the youngster:
a. is probably autistic. b. lacks the concept of object permanence. c. is in the preoperational stage. (correct) d. is in the concrete operational stage.
Megan was certain that she would never live far away from her family. However, she eventually did move away to develop her career. Megan's cognitive error is:
a. overconfidence (correct) b. hindsight bias c. illusory correlation d. placebo effect
If the correlation between physical weight and reading ability in elementary school students is +.85, you should conclude that:
a. physical weight and reading ability both tend to increase in the elementary school years. (correct) b. the relationship between weight and reading ability among elementary school students is not statistically significant. c. Heavy kids like to read more, so their reading ability increases. d. The more time kids spend reading, the less time they spend being active, which causes them to gain weight.
An emergency room physician must treat a patient who has recently eaten a can of mushrooms she thinks had gone bad, and she has started having muscle paralysis. Suspecting botulin poisoning, the physician must treat the woman in order to:
a. prevent the botulin toxin from mimicking the action of acetylcholine. b. prevent the botulism toxin from blocking the action of acetylcholine. (correct) c. prevent the toxin from breaking down the acetylcholine in the patient's nervous system. d. prevent the botulism from blocking the action of GABA .
Cal believes that a larger percentage of a city's population will engage in public displays of affection in highly populated cities due to feelings of anonymity from being among a lot of other people. He rides a bus in densely populated New York City for five hours straight, watches the bus riders' interactions with each other, and unobtrusively counts the number of couples who are holding hands, hugging, or kissing. He then does the same in the sparsely populated town of Rock Falls, Iowa. The research method Cal used is known as __________.
a. survey b. a case study c. naturalistic observation (correct) d. an experiment
Josh has been participating in a clinical study by a cognitive psychologist. It is likely that his brain is being studied to explore _________________.
a. thinking b. all of the above (correct) c. language d. problem-solving
Scientific studies show that as wine consumption has gone up, violent crime in the United States since 1980 has gone down. From this statement, you can conclude that:
a. wine consumption and violent crime are positively correlated b. violent crimes will increase if wine consumption is increased c. wine consumption and violent crime are negatively correlated (correct) d. drinking wine decreases people's impulse to commit violent crimes
black light
absence of all colors
Accommodation
adapting our existing schema to fit a new experience
accommodation
adapting your understandings to fit a new schema
Behaviorism
believed all behavior was learned from experience -tabula rasa (blank slates) -says motivations are observable -dismissed unconcious motivations as unobservable and therefore unscientific
hindsight bias
after learning some outcome, we tend to believe we would have known it beforehand
preoperational
age 2 through 7 now able to use language egocentrism- ab
aerial perspective
aka "relative clarity" - we can see nearby objects more clearly
behaviorism
all behavior is learned from experience
Crystallized Intelligence
all of the knowledge you have h=gained in your lifetime -increases with age
Ossicles
amplify waves -take initial vibration and amplify it
Reflex
an action that is performed as a response to a stimulus and without conscious thought; born with it
Survey
an ordered series of questions intended to elicit information from respondents (population)
bottom up processing
analysis begins with sense receptors that send pieces of info to the brain, which puts pieces together to create mrsning
Norepinephrine
arousal (excitatory)
survey
ask ppl collects self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people representative sample of populations
Survey
asks people! Uses a representative sample
depth inversion effect
assume objects are convex, especially for more familiar things like faces
Teratogen
any factor that can cause a birth defect
teratogen
anything thing that can reach the embryo and cause harm
Fovea
area of maximum acuity, cone concentration, center of focus on the retna
Fovea
area of maximum acuity, cone concentration, center of focus, on the retina
Fovea
area of maximum acuity, cone concentration, center of focus, on the retina -eyes do not want to adapt
temporal lobes
auditory cortex
medulla
automatic "life support" heart beat, respiration part of cns
Biopsychological Perspective
behavior is seen as a direct result of events in the body
cognitive development
based on modifying our schemas to adapt to ones needs assimilation accomodation
after image
bc you adapted your eyes to an image + opponent process
to be reliable a study must be able to
be replicated
depth perception
binocular-both eyes monocular-one eye
sensorimotor
birth through age two object permanence begins around 6 months
antagonists
block or reduce a cell's response to the action of natural NTs
antagonists
block or reduce effects NT
soma
body of neuron metabolic center genetic info stored here neural impulses are decided here
somesthetic senses
body senses skin sense: touch, pain, temp, pressure
sensory adaptation
bottom up process in which sensitivity decreases when an object is constantly stimulates our senses
Central Nervous System
brain and spinal cord
Why don't you see a blank spot in your vision from the blind spot?
brain assumes there is not just a hole where there is no information coming in and it fills in the gap
fovea
center of concentration, area of maximum acuity
CNS
central nervous system brain and spinal chord fast life saving reflexes
Egocentrism
can not differentiate ones own point of view from that of others -everything is mine -do not understand other peoples points of view which is why you can not reason with them -sally Anne test shows the child can not understand the other persons perspective -Theory of mind: in order to pass the false belief task, the child must understand the other persons perspective
Wernicke's Aphasia
cannot comprehend, but can form words (often nonsensical)
Egocentrism
cannot differentiate one's own point of view from that of others -test with false belief task --> if they pass this they have Theory of Mind
optic nerve
carries neural impulses from the retina to the visual cortex in the brain
Lesion Deficit
case studies of brain damage can help identify regions responsible for certain functions
correlation does not =
causation
excitatory neurotransmitters
cause receiving cell to start firing
inhibitory neurotransmitters
cause receiving cell to stop firing
Excitatory NT
causes receiving cells to START firing -depolarization
Inhibitory NT
causes receiving cells to STOP firing -hyperpolarization
Soma
cell body -genetic material stored here -metabolic center neural impulses are decided her: either stops message or continues messages
evolutionary perspective
characteristics of psychology that are shared by humans across all statuses genetic & biological bases of universal mental characteristics shared by all humans ex in all known cultures people lie/pick mates
electrical signal triggers
chemical release
inner ear
cochlea-snail shaped structure, fluid filled inside cochlea- organ of corti which is on the basilar membrane, hair cells in between the two move auditory nerve takes signal to brain
Statistics
collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of research data
cones
color & acuity
Pink
color associated with fragility
Yellow
color associated with irritability
Green
color is associated with relaxation
Red
color that stimulates appetite
Blue
color that surprises appetite
Iris
colored muscle around pupil
Natural Experiments
comparisons are made between preexisting conditions or treatments
sensory neurons
connect info from sense (outside) to CNS
**on exam** cue approach
connection between cues and depth through experience, yielding 3-D perceptions
Parasympathetic System
conserves energy and decelerates heart/blood pressure
hypothalamus
controls endocrine system regulate how strongly we feel motivational emotions
Automatic Nervous System
controls glands and the muscles of the internal organs.
Broca's Area
controls language expression
Transduction
conversion of environmental energy into neural impulses brain can understand
transduction
conversion of environmental energy into neural impulses that the brain can understand
cognitive perspective
covert mental processies studies the mental processes of memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, language, and learning gesalt
hippocampus
create new explicit memories including memory (hippo>elephant>good at memory)
Habituation
decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation
Monocular cues
depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone
Binocular cues
depth cues, such as retinal disparity and convergence, that depend on the use of two eyes
Descriptive studies
describe observations about behavior case studies, surveys, naturalistic observation observer effect
operational definition
description of abstract concept in concrete, measurable terms
Hemispheric Specialization
diff brain functions tend to rely more heavily on one hemisphere or the other
MS
disease with not enough myelin
CMT
disease with too much myelin
Aphasia
disturbance in comprehension and expression of language
psychology is multiple
diverse perspective
Sympathetic System
division of the autonomic nervous system that energizes and prepares for emergencies
Spinal reflexes
do not require integration in the brain
Inhibitory
don't fire
Addiction
drug substitutes for natural NTs
Antagonists
drugs that block the function of a neurotransmitter
Agonists
drugs which mimic the activity of neurotransmitters on receptor sites -causes addiction
Gestalt Psychology
emphasizes our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes
Neurilemma
encase the axon and myelin sheath while nerve fibers repair themselves Present in PNS
***on exam*** visual accommodation
far focus near focus process by which the lens changes shape to help focus near versus far objects onto retina
myelin
fatty coating around axon that speeds up neural impulse
Myelin
fatty coating on axons speeds up electrical impulse by allowing it to skip a space
amygdala
fear and aggression (ohmygawd)
FoF
fight or flight response
cerebellum
fine motor movement that is mostly outside our awareness
Exititory
fire; depolarization
the three F's critical to resilience of maternal stress
friends family father
motor neuron
from cns to muscles
Evolutionary Perspective
focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share
opponent process theory
four primary colors happens in he lgn if you see green it shuts out red
**on exam** when adaptation happens _______
habituation will follow
Broca's Area
frontal lobe area that directs muscles movements involved in speech production
Auditory canals
funnels waves
stop pain
gate closes when large fibers are activated endorphins and their agonists kill pain by blocking pain signals
biopyschological perspective
genes hormones believes behavior is a result of biological events
Retina
have the receptors for vision -photoreceptor layer
Hippocampus
helps process explicit memories for storage
malnourished mother
higher risk for children to be malformed, develop schizophrenia, antisocial personality disorder, diabetes, obesity, liver and kidney failure ** could be eating enough food but not eating the PROPER food and not getting the right nourishment
cortex
higher thinking broken into lobes
blind spot
hole in retina where photoreceptor axons exit the eye to form the optic nerve no cones or rods
The "Blind Spot"
hole in the retina where photoreceptor axons exit the eye to form the optic nerve insensitive to light (no rods or cones)
pupil
hole that admits light into the eye -dim light vs bright light -lense accommodation supplies fine focus
law of specific nerve energies
how we perceive the meaning of a neural impulse is defined by the pathway that carries it pressing on your eye causes a visual experience (flashes of light) even though the stimulus was pressure, not light
Perception
how your brain organizes and interprets sensory info -A mental process
Trichromatic Theory
idea that color vision is based on our sensitivity to three primary colors
theory
idea-> test -> revise according to results plausible, scientific understanding that is public and testable
**on exam** (r)=+ then ____ (r)=- then ____
if + the two variables increase or decrease together if - the two variables move opposite off each other
Afterimages
in each one of those little LGN cells is for a specific part of the retina -sensory adaptation and opponent process theory is why we get this
Broca's Aphasia
inability to produce speech
Neurons
individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information
Dutch Hinger Winter
infants born to mothers in famine were much more likely to grow up obese and diabetic
GABA
inhibition, sleep (inhibitory)
Antagonists
inhibits, by blocking neurotransmitters
Case Study
intensive study of one individual -CANNOT generalize -Phineas Gage (famous example)
Mental Processes
internal, covert activity of our minds
mental process
internal, covert activity of our minds (why we do it)
Descriptive Studies
involve observing and noting behavior to analyze that behavior objectively data allows for correlational interpretations
size constancy
is the tendency to interpret a familiar object as always being the same actual size regardless of its retinal size
The more sensitive the body region, the _____ the sensory cortex area
larger
LGN
lateral geniculate nucleus
cerebral hemispheres
left and right four lobes each different functions tend to rely on more heavily on one side of the brain, but these specializations
Wernicke's Area
left temporal lobe area involved in language comprehension and expression
oldest method for studying what parts of the brain do
lesion deficit
relative size
looking at two objects we expect to be a similar size, the one that looks smaller will be judged to be farther away
psychodynamic perspective
modern version of freud focuses on the unconscious and early development , but also examines other motivations beyond sex and aggression
colorblindness
monochromats no cones cones dont work properly damage to neural pathway
Serotonin NT
mood (excitatory)
Seratonin
mood (excititory)
Tolerance
more and more of the drug is needed to achieve the same effect
Familiarity
most comfortable in places they know secure attachment means they feel safe
Acetylcholine
movement (excitatory)
Acetylcholine NT
movement (excitatory)
modern psychology
nature vs nurture
resting potential
negative charge when not firing
Limbic System
neural system located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives
sociocultural perspective
newer focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture; the effects of group dynamics nuture's influence
reflex arc
no brainer brain creates pain later
MS
not enough myelin cells get lost
interposition
objects closer to us may block part of our view of more distant objects
lesion deficit can only be
observational, can only find patterns that lead to hypothesis
receptor sites
on dendrite shaped to fit specific NT
Organ of Corti
on the basilar membrane inside the cochlea -pressure waves set basilar waves in motion -hair cells (bend and fire with motion) -auditory nerve (collection of hair cell axons that takes signals to brain)
Opponent Process Theory
opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision when one color is ACTIVATED, the opponent is INHIBITED --Happens in the Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) NOT in the retina
contralaterality
opposing side the receptor and control centers for one side of the body are in the opposite brain hemisphere
Perceptions
our brains construct our perception through: our personal experiences, expectations, beliefs, the context (framing) You can perceive something different if presented in a different context EX: A 13 C D E F vs 11 12 13 14 15
Schema
our understanding of a concept that dictates how we think about that concept
schema
our understanding of a concept that dictates how we think about the concept
Depth inversion effect (hollow face)
our visual system assumes objects are convex, esp for more familiar things like faces
Cortex
outermost layer of brain; make sense of the world
behavior
outward or overt actions and reactions (what we do)
Behavior
outward or overt actions/reactions
gate control theory
pain involves an emotional, top-down component gate opens when small fibers are activated (tissue damage)
Nociceptors
pain receptors
Endorphins
pain relief (excitatory)
endorphins
pain relief (excitatory)
Spinal Cord
pathway for neural fibers traveling to and from brain; controls simple reflexes
Spinal cord
pathway for neural fibers traveling to and from brain; controls simple reflexes
Humanistic Perspective
people have the freedom to choose their own destiny
Humanistic Perspective
people have the freedom to choose their own destiny (self-actualization)
motion parallax
perception of objects in motion where close objects appear to be moving faster than far objects
neural pathway
permanent chain of neurons that do a specific job
Sociocultural Perspective
perspective that focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture
Cones
photoreceptor responsible for color and sharpness (acuity) -fovea
Cones
photoreceptors responsible for color and acuity
cones
photoreceptors responsible for color and acuity (sharpness) only process color does not work in the dark
rods
photoreceptors responsible for noncolor and dim light vision not color but brightness at night only these work
Rods
photorecptor responsible for noncolor and dim light vision
Sensation
physical feeling caused by having the senses stimulated
sensation
physical process pns not involve brain
Withdrawal
physical symptoms resulting from the removal of an addictive drug
outer ear
pinna-outside ear auditory canal- funnels waves tympanic membrane- ear drum ossicles- amplify waves, bones
Dopamine
pleasure (excitatory)
Dopamine
pleausre (excitatory)
sensory neurons
pns carries info to cns
monocular cues
ponzo illusion- distance cues to distort size perception
population vs sample
population- entire group of people of people in which the research is interested in sample- must be random so there is no bias (sample represents population)
action potential
positive charge to fire
humanistic perspective
positive pyschology believes people have the free will to consciously choose their own destiny
white light
presence of all colors
Visual accommodation
process by which lens changes shape to help focus near vs far objects into retina as you age it gets less flexible
Visual Accommodation
process by which the lens changes shape to help focus near versus far objects onto the retina
Theory
provides a plausible explanation of a phenomenon public and can be tested
nocicepters
receptors for pain
Electrical Activity EEG
records electrical activity across the brain's surface
Color deficiency
red/green blue/yellow can see brightness differences cannot distinguish opponent pairs
Folic acid
reduced CNS abnormalities
iron
reduced cognitive, motor deficits, better emotional functioning
Sensation
registering information from the environment (detecting the sensory system) -A physical process
Thalamus
relays messages between lower brain centers and cerebral cortex
What does the somatic nervous system report to?
reports to your brain the current state of your skeletal muscles
Mental Code
represents a unique thought, perception, memory, idea, intention, etc.
reticular formation
responsible for selective attention
Amygdala
responsible for the basic emotions of aggression and fear
binocular illusion
retinal disparity- closer the object, larger the disparity (finger in front of face) convergence- eyes turn inward to view close object
behavioral perspective
revision of early behaviorism still focuses on overt, measurable, learned behaviors but also accepts that unobservable covert mental processes are also involved
photoreceptors
rods cones
synaptic knob
rounded areas on end of axon terminal contain synaptic vesicles
Synaptic Knob
rounded areas on the end of axon terminals that contain synaptic vesicles
Synaptic Knob
rounded areas on the end of the axon terminals
synaptic vesicles
sac like structures found inside synaptic knob that contain the chemical NT
Synaptic Vesicles
sac-like structures on the synaptic knob that contain chemical NT's
Synaptic Vesicles
saclike structures found inside the synaptic knob containing chemical NTs
normal curve
science trumps anecdote. people's personal experience may not be what science says the norm
frontal lobes
seat of personality motor cortex- involved in talking
**on exam** change blindness
selective attention only pay attention to fraction of sensory input @ any given point
Bottom-up processing
sensitivity decreases when an object constantly stimulates the senses - fatigued
piaget's stage theory of cognitive development stages
sensorimotor preoperational concrete operations formal operations
olfaction
smell olfactory receptors>neural impulse>olfactorys nerve> olfactory bulbs
pns two sections
somatic- voluntary autonomic- automatic
parietal lobes
spatial reasoning sematosensory cortex- all sensory signals gathered
Sensory Receptors
specialized neurons in the PNS sense organs that send messages to the CNS via sensory pathways
Hypothesis
specific prediction made by a theory can support or disprove
Hypothesis
specific statement of expectation for a relationship between two variables that is based on theory
reflexes are governed by
spinal chord
Reflex
spinal reflex; get away from damaging stimulus
Psychodynamic Perspective
still focuses on how unconscious motives influence behavior... but examines other motivations other than sex and aggression
Red
stimulates appetite -fresh meat, bright fruit
brocas area
stroke left frontal lobe speech production errors
wernicke's area
stroke left temporal lobe language comprehension and expression
What is a clinical psychologist?
studies, asses and treats mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders (need Ph.D=Data driven)
case study
study of an individual extreme detail but cannot generalize phineas gage
Neuroscience
study of the nervous system and its role in behavior, thoughts, and emotions
neuroscience
study of the structure of and function of neurons, nerves, and nervous tissue ( and how they relate to behavior and thinking
Experimental Group
subjects in an experiment to whom the independent variable is administered
Teratogen
substances that reach embryo and cause birth defects EX: Chemicals or viruses
a hypothesis can ___ or ___ a theory
support or disprove but never "prove"
autonomic nervous system
sympathetic- expends energy parasympathetic- conserves
Bottom-Up Processing
system in which perceptions are built from sensory input -sensation TRANSDUCES a physical signal into a neural impulse that the brain can understand
Critical Thinking
systematically questioning and evaluating information using well-supported evidence ERIC: examine, realize, identify, consult
Gustation
taste taste buds- housed in the papillae on the tongue
perceptual constancy
tendency to perceive objects are unchanging
overconfidence
tendency to think we know more than we actually do
Timing principle
the EARLIER in pregnancy a woman is exposed, the more SEVERE the defects
brightness constancy
the apparent brightness of an object stays the same even when the luminance changes
Soma
the cell body of the neuron responsible for maintaining the life of the cell; neural impulses decided here; hyperpolarization
split brain
the corpus callosum is severed
timing principle
the earlier in pregnancy a woman is exposed, the more severe the defects
Population
the entire group of people in which the researcher is interested; the sample being observed is representative
Pinna
the external part of the ear -captures waves
dose-response principle
the longer/ the stronger the exposure, the more severe the defects
validity
the measure is conceptually related to the property it is measuring
reliability
the measure produces the same result whenever it is used to measure the same thing
Moon illusion
the moon on the horizon appears to be larger than the moon in the sky
long-term potentiation
the neural basis of memory increase efficiency in communication by partly depolarizing the cell less energy to trigger action potential
Pupil
the opening through which light rays enter the eye
linear
the perception that parallel lines coverage as they recede into the distance
Action Potential
the positively charged state of neuron when firing a neural impulse
psychology is
the scientific study of thinking and behavior
Hemispheric Specialization
the specialized functions assumed by right and left hemispheres of the brain; not exclusive or permanent
Resting Potential
the state of the neuron when not firing a neural impulse
the further away from 0 your (r) coefficient is _____
the stronger the correlation
Hindsight Bias
the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it "I knew it all along"
shape constancy
the tendency to perceive the shape of a familiar object as being constant even when its retinal shape changes
texture gradient
the texture of "grain" of an object appears finer as distance increases
Behaviorism
theory that all behavior is learned from experience
synapse
tiny gap NT travel from axon terminal to dendrite
CMT
too much myelin
Contact comfort
touch baby, hold hands, body contact
assimilation
understanding a new experience un terms of an existing schema
Wernicke's Area
understanding language/expression
Photoreceptor layer
transduces the light stimuli into neural impulses
Photoreceptor layer
transduces the light stimuli into neural impulses -rods -cones
Photoreceptor layer
transduces the light stimuli into neural impulses visual sensory receptors accounts for nearly 3/4 of all human sensory receptors
How many components does the peripheral nervous system, and what are they?
two -Somatic Nervous System -Autonomic Nervous System
Amygdala
two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion and fear
Assimilation
understanding a new experience in terms of an existing schema
Assimilation
understanding new experience in terms of an existing schema (no change to schema) EX: typically go to McDonalds then go to Burger King. The same kind of place so it is just assimilation, do not have to change behavior when you go from one of these places to the next
Altruism
unselfish concern for the welfare of others
pruning
use it or lose it neural pathways
Structural
uses X-rays (CT scan) or radio waves and (MRI) to find abnormal issues in the brain
Structural
uses X-rays (CT scans) or radio waves and magnetic fields (MRI) to create detailed images of the living brain
Dependent variables
variables observed and measured
Tympanic membrane
vibrates when air pressure strikes eardrum mechanical vibration
occipital lobes
visual cortex- processes visual information from the eyes
Somatic Nervous System
voluntary PNS nerves that carry info from the senses to the CNS and from the CNS to voluntary body muscles
brightness
wave's amplitude dim light = low amplitude bright light= high amplitude
Brightness
wave's amplitude; dim = low; bright = high
color
wave's length reds= long wave length blues= high wave length
Color
wave's length; red = long; blue = short
color constancy
what happens to color under different types of illumination? when the light source changes will it change: perceptually? no sensationally? yes
maternal nutrition
what the woman eats, drinks, and breaths predicts infants health often for the rest of their lives
Nature
what you are born with the ability to do
placebo effect
when the expectations of the participants in a study unintentionally influence their behavior
Sensory and perception
work together to help make sense of what we are experiencing
