Psychology 110 Chapter 1-2
3. Which of the following study titles is potentially ageist?
"Improved Outcomes for Stroke Victims Through Occupational Therapy" "Pros and Cons of the Resurgence of Three-Generation Households" "Characteristics of Late-in-Life Marriages in Long-Term Care Facilities" "Adaptation to Lower Quality of Life in the Septuagenarian Community" (correct)
How does a human's genotype differ from its phenotype?
A genotype is the selection of traits influenced by genes, while phenotype is the selection of traits influenced by the environment. A genotype is a collection of potential traits found on the DNA in a person's cells, while a phenotype is a collection of expressed, observable traits. (correct) A genotype describes traits associated with the X chromosome, while a phenotype describes traits associated with the Y chromosome. A genotype contains dominant traits, while a phenotype contains recessive traits.
melatonin
A hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness.
Which of the following metaphors best represents the function of the corpus callosum?
A length of barb wire separating two areas A pipe draining one pool into another A rope binding together two barrels A telephone line between two receivers (correct)
Which of the following examples is a function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
A person feels a jolt of adrenaline when slamming on the brakes of her car. A person identifies the taste of a scoop of ice cream as being minty. A person's heart slows down after she outruns an aggressive dog. (correct) A person steps over a piece of gum on the sidewalk after spotting it.
2 Which of the following examples demonstrates the heuristic value of a psychological theory?
A psychiatrist adapts the teachings of psychoanalysis to treat his patient with talk therapy. A lecturer explicates the tenets of structuralism to argue that psychology is a false science. A scientist uses the framework of behaviorism to train a subject to become nauseated by sugar. A professor discusses the science of phrenology as a precursor to understanding different brain functions. (correct)
4. Which of the following is an example of experimenter bias?
A researcher fails to take into account the preexisting conditions of the subjects. A researcher unintentionally cues a subject for a specific response using his tone of voice.(correct) A researcher neglects to assign experimental subjects to test or control groups at random. A researcher tells a subject what the effect of a medication is supposed to be before testing.
Which of the following examples is most related to the functions of the midbrain?
A student starts taking the bus after being badly frightened by a stray dog when walking home. A camper wakes up in her sleeping bag, sweating profusely, but ends up shivering when she crawls out. A construction worker receives a jolt from an electrical outlet and makes a note to be more careful. (correct) A mailman walks down a line of mailboxes, inserting letters into slots while thinking about what he'll do after work.
How do weak stimuli and strong stimuli differ in their effects on the nervous system?
A weak stimulus causes neurons to fire only partially, whereas a strong stimulus causes many neurons to fire completely. A weak stimulus causes neurons to fire in small numbers, whereas a strong stimulus causes many neurons to fire at once. (correct) A weak stimulus causes action potential to move down the axon whereas a strong stimulus causes action potential to move up the axon. A weak stimulus shortens the refractory period whereas a strong stimulus elongates the refractory period.
2.Which of the following hypotheses would be the most reasonable to design a short-term laboratory experiment around?
If a female child is socialized only with boys, she will adopt gender norms usually associated with males. If an adolescent is taught fluency in a second language, she will improve mastery over her native language. If a person who is anxious about the state of his finances is provided with material means to solve his problems, his anxiety will be reduced. If a person who is afraid of dogs is provided with a robotic facsimile, his fear will recede over time.(correct)
imaging techniques:
CT scan- shoots x rays into the brain showing tumors or any recent injuries or strokes MRI- more detailed and more precise compared to a ct scan without x rays. Used to find errors in the central nervous system PET Scan- maps blood flow, oxygen use, glucose consumption Squid/Meg/DTI - DTi- examine individual neuron bundles, SQUID/MEg- brain activity by magnetic charges
2. Which of the following best illustrates the concept of a biased sample when trying to determine the popularity of a state's governor?
Calling people at random from the phone book Mailing questionnaires with utility bills Interviewing customers at a discount food outlet (correct) Collecting results from an open online survey
glial cells
Cells in the brain and spinal cord that support neurons. These types of cells also make up over half the brain, and they remove waste such as dead neurons
Limitations of the Experimental Method
Confounding Variables, Selection Bias, Placebo Effect, Experimenter Bias
Willingness to modify or abandon prior judgments:
Critical thinking involves evaluating new evidence, even when it contradicts preexisting beliefs.
Suspension of judgment:
Critical thinking requires gathering relevant and up-to-date information on all sides of an issue before taking a position.
Sociocognitive
Expectations and a desire to be a "good subject" motivate people to respond to the suggestions of a hypnotist.
1. Which of the following is an important limitation of case studies?
Failure to measure variables that may explain correlations discovered Lack of detailed data on subjects or groups Results that may not be generalizable due to the small number of subjects included in a study (correct) Laboratory constraints
Which of the following best describes the endocrine system?
Glands that communicate with one another via electrical signals Glands that produce signals detected via the central nervous system Glands that send substances to body parts through specialized ducts Glands that release targeted chemicals into the blood stream (correct)
5. Which of the following studies would be most suited to a correlational study?
Hours worked versus academic outcomes Aggressive behavior and violent media exposure Self-image in sufferers of glandular problems (correct) Driving precision after the consumption of marijuana
5. A new high-profile study reports a strong connection between how long people sit every day and how likely they are to develop diabetes. Which of the following questions best represents a critical examination of the research?
How did the researchers measure how many hours the subjects sat per day, and what qualifies as an official diabetes diagnosis? What are the average mortality rates associated with diabetes, and does this risk offset the benefits of sitting comfortably at work? Did the researchers try to find any common factor in its subjects that would influence both hours spent sitting and likelihood of developing diabetes? (correct) Who paid for this research, and what possible motivations would they have to skew the results in a way that would benefit them?
3. Which of the following survey topics would be best suited to a live interview?
How many undergraduates experiment with same-sex relationships? What causes spouses to snoop through email and text messages? How likely are adolescents to shoplift when unsupervised by adults? What proportion of the adult population experiences parental alienation? (correct)
Which of the following verbal statements is most likely to rely on right hemisphere processing rather than left hemisphere processing?
I'm so hungry after that workout that I could eat a horse. (correct) If we work together, we will finish the chore faster. The tree's leaves are green, but its bark is brown. It will rain tomorrow and the day after that.
Which of the following statements describes the gender disparity in processing navigational information?
Men are culturally encouraged to develop spatial cognitive skills, while women neglect these skills in favor of interpersonal bonding. Men rely on visual processing to navigate, while women depend on the interpretation of aural cues to understand spatial orientation. Men use the left hippocampus to process spatial information, while women use the right parietal and frontal cortex. (correct) Men demonstrate a greater concentration of white matter in brain structures associated with navigational tasks than do women.
microelectrode
Microelectrodes can be used to monitor the electrical activity of a single neuron or to stimulate activity within it. They are used in intracranial electroencephalograms (iEEG) that enable neurologists to pinpoint the precise neuronal origin of seizures
1.Which of the following qualifies as a theory?
My sister warned me that I wouldn't enjoy that film, and she was right. Men tend to drive faster than women do because they are less afraid of getting caught. (Correct) Some children are obedient, while others are not. Restaurant servers believe they can predict which diners will tip them and which won't.
Endorphins
Provide relief from pain and feelings of pleasure and well-being
5. How do quasi-experiments differ from experiments?
Quasi-experiments are only applicable to comparative cross-cultural research. Quasi-experiments do not allow researchers to manipulate independent variables. (correct) Quasi-experiments do not strictly adhere to the principles of the scientific method. Quasi-experiments can only demonstrate negative correlation, not positive correlation.
What advantage does an fMRI have over a PET scan?
The fMRI can detect changes over the course of a minute, while the PET scan has a one-second range. The fMRI reveals the precise locations of biochemical activity, whereas the PET scan is broader. (correct) The fMRI can be used on conscious patients, unlike the PET scan, which is only used on unconscious subjects. The injections used in an fMRI do not contain radioactive materials, unlike the PET scan.
neodissociation
The mind's planning function consciously responds to a hypnotist's suggestions while its monitoring function observes these responses unconsciously.
5. In which of the following experiments would the death of animal subjects be ethically justified?
The observation of the effects of an LSD overdose The testing of a new all-ages anti-acne medication The development of a supplement to treat male pattern baldness The replacement of kidneys with lab-grown specimens (correct)
Which of the following developmental advances in the brain could explain the cognitive differences between teenagers and adults?
The onset of hemispheric specialization A period of rapid synaptogenesis and pruning The process of myelination in the axons A growth spurt in the frontal lobes (correct)
2. How did Watson, Skinner, and other behaviorists permanently alter the study of psychology?
They adapted the abstract psychoanalytic theories of Freud into concrete, empirical study. They introduced mental models of psychological processes based on cognitive structures. They combined internal and external theories of behavior into a unified, holistic psychological model. They rejected approaches to psychology that took into consideration internal mental processes.(correct)
1 Why might psychological theories such as psychoanalysis and humanism be less useful than theories such as behaviorism?
They have proven to have no theoretical or practical value. They do not generate testable hypotheses. (correct) They have been disproven by decades of research on these topics. They have been mostly incorporated into contemporary theories.
REM rebound
This may be why, when people are deprived of REM sleep, they make up for it by getting an increased amount of REM sleep afterward
Which of the following best describes how neurons communicate with one another?
Through the exchange of fluids in the synaptic cleft between cells Through the restoration of resting potential in the refractory period Through a physical "handshake" between dendrites and axon terminals Through the receipt of electrical impulses through ion channels in the cell membrane (correct)
Action Potential
When an impulse reaches a neuron, ion channels begin to open in the cell membrane of the axon at the point closest to the cell body, allowing positive ions to flow into the axon. This inflow of positive ions causes the membrane potential to change abruptly to a positive value of about +50 millivolts
resting potential
When at rest (not firing), the axon membrane carries a negative electrical potential of about -70 millivolts (-70 thousandths of a volt) relative to the fluid outside the cell. This slight negative charge is referred to as the neuron's resting potential
Independent thinking
When thinking critically, we do not automatically accept and believe what we read or hear.
Father of Psychology
Wilhelm Wundt
Psychological drug dependence
a craving or irresistible urge for the drug's pleasurable effects; it is even more difficult to combat than physical dependence
naturalistic observation
a descriptive research method in which researchers observe and record behavior in its natural setting, without attempting to influence or control it.
experimental group
a group of participants who are exposed to the independent variable, or the treatment
limbic system
a group of structures in the brain, including the amygdala and the hippocampus, that are collectively involved in emotional expression, memory, and motivation. The amygdala plays an important role in emotion, particularly in response to potentially punishing stimuli. Heavily involved in the learning of fear responses, the amygdala helps form vivid memories of emotional events, which enable humans and other animals to avoid dangerous situations
Meditation
a group of techniques that involves focusing attention on an object, a word, one's breathing, or one's body movements in an effort to block out all distractions, to enhance well-being, and to achieve an altered state of consciousness
control group
a group that is similar to the experimental group and is also measured on the dependent variable at the end of the experiment, for purposes of comparison. The control group is exposed to the same experimental environment as the experimental group but is not given the treatment.
electroencephalograph
a machine that records the electrical activity occurring in the brain. This electrical activity, detected by electrodes placed at various points on the scalp and amplified greatly, provides the power to drive a pen across paper, producing a record of brain-wave activity called an electroencephalogram (EEG).it cannot reveal what is happening in individual neurons.
correlational method
a method used to establish the degree of relationship
3. An experiment can be tainted by a confounding variable when
a non-measured factor affects the measured outcome. (correct) the design mixes up the independent and dependent variables. a researcher follows the procedure too precisely, leaving no opportunity to observe participants' spontaneous behavior. participants are assigned randomly to experimental and control groups.
Hypnosis
a procedure through which one person, the hypnotist, uses the power of suggestion to induce changes in thoughts, feelings, sensations, perceptions, or behavior in another person, the subject
endocrine system
a series of ductless glands, located in various parts of the body, that manufacture and secrete the chemical substances known as hormones, which are manufactured and released in one part of the body but have an effect on other parts of the body.
case study
a single individual or a small number of persons are studied in great depth, usually over an extended period of time.
Neuron
a specialized cell that conducts impulses through the NS
Participant-related bias
a type of bias in which a study's participants are not representative of the population to which results will be generalized
independent variable
a variable that the researcher believes causes a change in some other variable.
Ephinephrine
affects metabolism of glucose, energy release during exercise
acetylcholine
affects movement, learning, memory, REM sleep
polysomnograms
analyses of sleep recordings
structuralism
analyzing the basic elements, or the structure, of conscious mental experience.
replication
another psychologist who is intrigued by her findings or wants to challenge the repeats the study using the same procedures. The purpose of replication is to determine whether the original results were a one-time phenomenon or evidence of a true, underlying psychological principle
variable
any condition or factor that can be manipulated, controlled, or measured
psychoactive drug
any substance that alters mood, perception, or thought
cerebral cortex
apart of the critical thinking part of the bain
circadian theory of sleep
based on the premise that sleep evolved to keep humans out of harm's way during the dark of night, possibly from becoming prey for some nocturnal predator
Interneurons
carry information between neurons in the brain and between neurons in the spinal cord.
Lesion
case studies of people who have had injure to a specific part of their system
The electroencephalogram functions by
cataloguing the firing of individual neurons. sending electricity into the brain to create resistance. recording the thoughts of subjects via complex notation. detecting brainwaves as electrical activities. (correct)
3 parts of a neuron
cell body (soma)- contains the nucleus and carries out the metabolic, or life-sustaining, functions of a neuron dendrites-the primary receivers of signals from other neurons, but the cell body can also receive signals directly axon-The axon is the slender, tail-like extension of the neuron that sprouts into many branches, each ending in a bulbous axon terminal. Signals move from the axon terminals to the dendrites or cell bodies of other neurons and to muscles, glands, and other parts of the body
altered states of consciousness
changes in awareness produced by sleep, meditation, hypnosis, or drugs
polygenic inheritance
combined effect of two or more genes on a single character
quasi-experiments
comparisons of groups that have differing degrees of exposure to a variable of interest, to study variables such as the effects of prenatal drug exposure.
Cross-cultural research
comparisons of mental processes and behaviors in different cultures, is also quasi-experimental
The Scientific Method
consists of the orderly, systematic procedures that researchers follow as they identify a research problem, design a study to investigate the problem, collect and analyze data, draw conclusions, and communicate their findings.
substance abuse
continued use of a substance after several episodes in which use of the substance has negatively affected an individual's work, education, and social relationships
pituitary gland
controls growth and regulates other glands "master gland"
Medula
controls heartbeat and breathing, BP, and swallowing
Thymus
controls immune system and white blood cells
thyroid
controls metabolism
substantia nigra
controls unconscious motor actions
Efferent (motor) neurons
convey signals from the central nervous system to the glands and the muscles, enabling the body to move
depressants
decrease activity in the central nervous system, slow down bodily functions, and reduce sensitivity to outside stimulation
An EEG will typically detect ______ when a person is asleep and ______ when a person is awake.
delta waves; beta waves (correct) beta waves; alpha waves alpha waves; delta waves beta waves; delta waves
survey
descriptive research method in which researchers use interviews and/or questionnaires to gather information
dyssomnias
disorders that involve the timing, quantity, or quality of sleep. Their effects are also more severe than those of parasomnias.
3.The replication process advances the pursuit of knowledge under the scientific method by
disproving research that is based on erroneous theories. determining whether a true psychological principle caused the results of a specific experiment. (correct) applying the data collected from an experiment to a new hypothesis. ensuring the results of an experiment will be published in a respected journal.
dominat genes vs recessive genes
dominate chapters go through while recessive can be a hit or miss
cognitive theory of dreaming
dreaming is simply thinking while asleep
activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming
dreams are simply the brain's attempt to make sense of the random firing of brain cells during REM sleep
hallucinogens, or psychedelics
drugs that can alter and distort perceptions of time and space, alter mood, and produce feelings of unreality
"All or none law"
either a neuron fires or does not fire at all
evolutionary theory of dreaming
emotionally charged REM dreams serve a protective function
2. Which of the following represents a participant-related bias?
esearchers select a group of depressed participants for a trial of a new antianxiety drug. Researchers test the effects of contact sports on aggression but do not establish a control group. Researchers publish the results of research on heart disease but do not disclose that their subjects were compensated. Researchers select a group of unmarried men to examine stress associated with childcare. (correct)
1.Functionalism altered the development of the science of psychology by
establishing the specialized functions of different brain structures. introducing the analysis of the basic elements of consciousness. taking seriously the self-reported mental experience of subjects. focusing on how humans and animals use mental processes to adapt to their environments.(correct)
consciousness
everything of which we are aware at any given time—our thoughts, feelings, sensations, and perceptions of the external environment.
Spinal cord
extension of the brain, transmits messages between the brain and the PNS
Neurotransmitters
facilitate or inhibit the transmission of impulses from one neuron to the next.
GABA
facilitates neural inhibition in the central nervous system
1. Psychological research came under criticism in the 1990s for
focusing on issues that only affected minority populations. employing descriptive rather than experimental methodologies. relying heavily on nonrepresentative participants. (correct) oversampling women in health studies.
synaptogenesis
formation of synapses
4 lobes
frontal-motor cortex, attitude, body movements parietal- body awareness, spatial orientation, touch, temp, pain occipital- vision temporal-hearing
nodes of Ranvier
gaps in the myelin sheath
Genotyoe
genetic makeup
Pons
influences body movement and sleep and dreams
Dopamine
influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion
The primary function of the soma is to
insulate the neuron from strong signals. carry out metabolic functions. (correct) receive signals from other neurons. transmit signals to other neurons.
correlation coefficient
is a numerical value that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. A correlation coefficient ranges from +1.00 (a perfect positive correlation) to .00 (no relationship) to −1.00 (a perfect negative correlation).
sample
is a part of a population that is studied to reach conclusions about the entire population.
synapse
junction where the axon terminal of a sending (presynaptic) neuron communicates with a receiving (postsynaptic) neuron across the synaptic cleft
heuristic value
makes people think and spurs their curiosity and creativity.
Fragile X Syndrome
mental retardation
representative sample
mirrors the population of interest
4.The psychoanalytic perspective holds that
most observable behaviors derive from primitive survival instincts. physiological factors in the brain determine psychological responses. behavioral differences can be explained by divergent mental processes. people's actions are heavily influenced by the subconscious.(correct)
experimental method
only research method that can be used to identify cause-effect relationships.
Phenotype
physical characteristics of an organism
4. The APA amended its code of ethics in 2010 to
prevent professors from punishing students for nonparticipation. ensure a higher human rights standard than dictated by law. (correct) allow psychologists to participate in military interrogations. prohibit researchers from intentionally deceiving subjects.
The reticular activating system is responsible for
processing physical movements that have become unconscious. constructing neural maps of the environment that let us remember where we've been. routing sensory information according to its immediate importance. (correct) the automatic functions of heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure.
Researchers use CT scans to
produce clear and detailed brain images with magnetic impulses. map the patterns of blood flow with positron emissions. measure magnetic changes to examine neuron bundles. build cross-sectional models of the brain with X-rays.(correct)
ovaries and testes
produce sex hormones
Myelination
production of the myelin sheath around axons
receptors
protein molecules on the surfaces of dendrites and cell bodies that have distinctive shapes and will interact only with specific neurotransmitters
parathryoid
regulates calcium
Hypothalamus
regulates hunger, thirst, and temperature
Cerebellum
regulates muscle tone and posture
afferent (sensory) neurons
relay messages from the sense organs and receptors—eyes, ears, nose, mouth, and skin—to the brain or spinal cord
Thalamus
relays messages
Introspection
research method involves looking inward to examine one's own conscious experience and then reporting that experience
Physical drug dependence
results from the body's natural ability to protect itself against harmful substances by developing a drug tolerance. That is, the user becomes progressively less affected by the drug and must take increasingly larger doses to achieve the same effect or high
two cerebral hemispheres
right and left
pineal gland
secretes melatonin (sleep/wake)
The neurotransmitters _________ and _________ are both involved in movement.
serotonin; glutamate acetylcholine; dopamine (correct) glutamate; dopamine dopamine; serotonin
1. An independent variable in an experimental study
shows a negative correlation with a second factor. is measured to see how it has been affected. is used as a control element to compare against causation. might cause a change in another variable. (correct)
parasomnias
sleep disturbances in which behaviors and physiological states that normally occur only in the waking state take place during sleep
NREM (non-REM) sleep
sleep stages 1 through 4 without rapid eye movements
PNS 2 divisions
somatic-sensory and motor nerves autonomic- operates without conscious control Apart of automatic (sympathetic nervous system automatically mobilizes the body's resources, preparing you for action. This physiological arousal produced by the sympathetic nervous system was named the fight-or-flight response)(parasympathetic nervous system brings these heightened bodily functions back to normal. As a result of its action, your heart stops pounding and slows to normal, your pulse rate and breathing slow down, and your digestive system resumes its normal functioning. )
Broca's area
speech production
Stimulants
speed up activity in the central nervous system, suppress appetite, and can make a person feel more awake, alert, and energetic
3. A scientist skilled at critical thinking reads a new blockbuster study about cholesterol and heart disease, but does not automatically accept the findings. This is an example of
suspension of judgment. willingness to modify prior judgments. independent thinking. (correct) anecdotal consideration.
adrenal glands
sympathetic NS, salt, puberty
circadian rhythms
that is, they fluctuate regularly from a high to a low point over a 24-hour period
sociocognitive theory of hypnosis
the behavior of a hypnotized person is a function of that person's expectations about how subjects behave under hypnosis
cortisol
the biochemical substance that ramps up our bodies' alertness in emergencies
nucleus accumbens
the brain's "pleasure center"
Plasticity
the brain's capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage (especially in children) and in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development
manifest content
the content of the dream as recalled by the dreamer
population
the entire group of interest to researchers, to which they wish to apply their findings
Men suffer from a higher instance of sex-linked disorders because
the genes determining male gender can also cause disease. the Y chromosome contains little genetic information. (correct) their genes are more vulnerable to environmental triggers. of a higher likelihood of chromosomal imbalance.
The peripheral nervous system is composed of
the lengthy axons that deal with involuntary bodily functions. neural firing processes that allow voluntary control of muscle contractions. nerves connecting the central nervous system to the rest of the body. (correct) sensory receptors that carry information from the brain to the other parts of the body.
Synaptogenesis describes a process in which
the mix of neurotransmitters in the brain changes. the brain eliminates unnecessary or redundant synapses. new connections between dendrites and axons are established. (correct) the establishment of new connections between neurons is limited to the early years of life.
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
the nerves connecting the central nervous system to the rest of the body
reuptake
the neurotransmitter is taken back into the axon terminal, intact and ready for immediate use.
dependent variable
the one that the hypothesis states is affected by the independent variable. It is measured at the end of the experiment and is presumed to vary
Pruning
the process of eliminating unused synapses
gene counseling
the process of informing a person or couple about their genetic makeup
Psychology
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
behavioral genetics
the study of the effects of heredity on behavior
latent content
the underlying meaning of the dream
observer bias
which is a distortion in researchers' observations. Observer bias can result when researchers' expectations about a situation cause them to see what they expect to see or to make incorrect inferences about what they observe
myelin sheath
white fatty coating wrapped around axons and act as insulation.
descriptive research methods
yield descriptions of behavior
4. Which of the following statements represents a judgment based on anecdotal evidence?
"These findings about childhood obesity are shocking, but I guess they must be true if they're in the leading journal." "This new longitudinal study seems convincing, but I don't believe it because I've known people to lie on questionnaires to feel better about themselves." (correct) "I suspect the methodology of my rival's experiment was flawed, and my colleagues share my suspicions, so I'm dismissing the results." "The new data about violent media's effects on children flies in the face of everything we've learned in the last two decades; the findings can't be accurate."
3.A subject reports persistent feelings of fear and anxiety. Which of the following questions would reflect a researcher practicing humanistic psychology?
"What was your relationship with your parents like as a child?" "Do the expectations of your family members clash with the values of your workplace?" "How does your fear and anxiety inhibit you from pursuing your goals?" (correct) "What stimuli in your environment accompany your negative feelings?"
excitatory
(influencing the neurons to fire)
inhibitory
(influencing them not to fire)
4. A study finds that the older people get, the fewer books they read in a year. Which of the following correlation coefficients could represent this relationship?
-0.34 (correct) 0.0 +0.34 +0.78
Steps of the Scientific Method
1. Observation 2. Hypothesis 3. Design Study 4. Collect Data 5.Apply Results
cerebral cortex has 3 areas
1. Sensory input- vision, hearing, touch, pressure, temp 2. motor areas- controls voluntary movement 3. association areas- house memories
Which of the following is a function of the pineal gland?
Activation of the sympathetic nervous system Regulation of sleep hormones (correct) Activation of secondary glands Regulation of food metabolizing hormones
Glutamate
Active in areas of the brain involved in learning, thought, and emotion
Norepinephrine
Affects eating, alertness, wakefulness
Serotonin
Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal
Which of the following scenarios is most indicative of a hereditary effect on behavior?
An adopted child develops a high degree of self-consciousness about having a different skin color than her adoptive parents. An adopted child has a closer gait to his adoptive father than either his biological father or mother. A pair of fraternal twins is found to share speech patterns more closely than a pair of identical twins. A pair of identical twins demonstrates more similar anxiety responses than a pair of fraternal twins. (correct)
laboratory observation
Another method of studying behavior involves observation that takes place not in its natural setting but in a laboratory.
Seven Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
Behavioral-The role of environment in shaping and controlling behavior Psychoanalytic-The role of unconscious motivation and early childhood experiences in determining behavior and thought Humanistic-The importance of an individual's subjective experience as a key to understanding his or her behavior Cognitive-The role of mental processes—perception, thinking, and memory—that underlie behavior Evolutionary-The roles of inherited tendencies that have proven adaptive in humans Biological-The role of biological processes and structures, as well as heredity, in explaining behavior Sociocultural-The roles of social and cultural influences on behavior
Which of the following describes a spinal reflex?
Declan reaches into a drawer, but jerks his hand back when he encounters a sharp object. (correct) Andrea begins to sweat when she notices a stranger following her out of the grocery store. Abdu runs backward while watching a ball fly through the air and makes the catch. Curline takes a bite of cake and feels an allergic reaction begin in her throat.
Goals of Psychologist
Description: Identifying and classifying behaviors and mental processes as accurately as possible Explanation: Proposing reasons for behaviors and mental processes Prediction: Offering predictions (or hypotheses) about how a given condition or set of conditions will affect behaviors and mental processes Influence: Using the results of research to solve practical problems that involve behavior and mental processes
5. A researcher conducts a study trying to determine which type of desk arrangement in a classroom best facilitates learning. Which specialty is this researcher likely practicing?
Developmental psychology Educational psychology(correct) Industrial/organizational psychology School psychology
random sample
Individuals are selected in such a way that every member of the larger population has an equal chance of being included in the sample.
4.Researchers design an experiment to test the hypothesis that people who leave above-average tips at restaurants do so because they are in good moods at the time. This is an example of which fundamental goal of psychology?
Influence Description Prediction Explanation (correct)
synaptic vesicles
Inside the axon terminal are many small, sphere-shaped containers with thin membranes called synaptic vesicles, which hold the neurotransmitters. (Vesicle comes from a Latin word meaning "little bladder.") When an action potential arrives at the axon terminal, synaptic vesicles move toward the cell membrane, fuse with it, and release their neurotransmitter molecules.
Which of the following cases could be useful to investigate using a combination of virtual reality and fMRI scanning?
Investigating light sensitivity in patients suffering from epilepsy Discovering the precise boundaries of a malignant brain tumor Mapping out how autistic brains process glucose Examining the neural processes behind the fear of flying (correct)
Which of the following best describes the executive processing function of the prefrontal cortex?
It coordinates the reception and interpretation of auditory stimuli. It coordinates voluntary body movements into smooth motions. It translates neural impulses into controlled cognition. (correct) It coordinates jaw, lip, and tongue movements into speech.
How does the study of split brain patients inform our understanding of the cerebral hemispheres?
It implies that many types of mental illness are tied to poor cross-hemisphere communication. It demonstrates that the hemispheres have various methods of communication. It suggests that each hemisphere has specialized areas of expertise.(correct) It proves that the function of each hemisphere mostly overlaps with the other.
A patient goes in for an annual checkup and feels uncomfortable when his blood pressure is taken with the standard pump sleeve. Which cerebral cortex lobe is most responsible for this perceived discomfort?
Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Frontal lobe Parietal lobe (correct)
REM (rapid eye movement) sleep
Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.
Which of the following analogies best describes how neurotransmitters and receptors interact?
Receptors are elastic socks that can fit different foot sizes of the same shape.(correct) Receptors are pools that can fit many different swimmers at the same time. Receptors are rigid locks with only one key that can open them. Receptors are blank puzzle pieces that can fit any given second piece.
Pancreas
Regulates the level of sugar in the blood
Which of the following experiments is an example of applied research?
Scientists investigate which color pairings increase the recall of a list of digits. Scientists investigate why certain teenagers join groups while others do not. Scientists investigate which note-taking strategies are most helpful to college students. (correct) Scientists investigate how vivid dreams affect sleep quality.
Which of the following statements best describes how the brain changes as a human ages?
The brain steadily loses its ability to adapt to change after age 30. The brain maintains a similar level of plasticity from adolescence to old age. The brain gradually sheds more synaptic connections than it creates.(correct) The brain accumulates damage over time from blood clots and fat plugs.
2. Which of the following represents a control group in a study about social cooperation?
Subjects are assigned to sit at individual desks with either broken or unbroken pencils to complete a math test. Subjects are assigned to sit at a large table to complete math tests and must share a small pool of pencils. Subjects are provided with sharpened pencils and assigned to sit at a large table to complete math tests. (correct) Subjects are assigned to sit at individual desks to complete a math test and must fetch pencils from a small supply at the front of the room.
Dissociated control
Subjects respond to a hypnotist's suggestions because hypnosis weakens the influence of the executive control system over other aspects of consciousness.
synaptic clefts
The axon terminals are separated from the receiving neurons by tiny, fluid-filled gaps called synaptic clefts.
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
The biological clock that controls circadian rhythms
subjective night
biological clock is telling them to go to sleep
neurotrophic factors
biomolecules that support the growth and health of neurons, into damaged tissues
withdrawal symptoms
both physical and psychological, are usually the exact opposite of the effects produced by the drug
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
Men's brains _________ while women's brains
have equivalent proportions of white matter in both hemispheres; have more gray matter in the left hemisphere. have more white matter in the right hemisphere; have equivalent proportions in both hemispheres. (correct) have more gray matter in the left hemisphere; have more white matter in the right hemisphere. have more gray matter in both hemispheres; have more white matter in both hemispheres.
3 divisions of the brain
hindbrain-control heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, and many other vital functions. The part of the hindbrain known as the brain stem begins at the site where the spinal cord enlarges as it enters the skull. The brain stem handles functions that are so critical to physical survival that damage to it is life threatening. The medulla is the part of the brain stem that controls heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, coughing, and swallowing. midbrain- contains structures linking the physiological functions of the hindbrain to the cognitive functions of the forebrain. forebrain-largest part of the brain where cognitive functions and motor functions are carries out.
restorative theory of sleep
holds that being awake produces wear and tear on the body and the brain, whereas sleep serves the function of restoring body and mind
Functionalism
how humans and animals use mental processes in adapting to their environment
neodissociation theory of hypnosis
hypnosis induces a split, or dissociation, between two aspects of the control of consciousness: the planning function and the monitoring function.
