Psychology 11&12
What are three values that Freud's work in psychoanalytic theory has contributed? What are three ways in which Freud's work has been criticized? Answer: (1,2,3) Freud first drew attention to (1) the importance of childhood experiences, (2) the existence of the unconscious mind, and (3) our self-protective defense mechanisms. Freud's work has been criticized as (1) not scientifically testable-drawing on after-the-fact explanations, (2) focusing too much on sexual conflicts in childhood, and (3) based upon the idea of repression, which has not been supported by modern research.
1,2,3
Moderate exercise has been found to increase the average life expectancy by an average of _____ years.
2
According to Hans Eysenck and Sybil Eysenck, variations in human personality can be reduced to _____ dimensions.
2 or 3
Happiness: nature or nurture? Suppose 1 = completely nature and 10 = completely nurture. Where would you place happiness on this scale?
5
According to the text, in one survey, _____ percent of university students believed that painful experiences commonly get pushed out of awareness and into the unconscious.
88
According to the text, several studies have shown that _____ percent of business managers and more than _____ percent of college professors rated their performance as superior to that of their average peer.
90, 90
_____ is to inferiority as Horney is to anxiety.
Adler
_____, a prominent Neo-Freudian, proposed the popular idea of the inferiority complex and believed that much of our behavior is driven by efforts to conquer childhood feelings of inferiority.
Adler
What are some of the tactics we can use to manage the stress we cannot avoid?
Aerobic exercise, relaxation procedures, meditation, and religious engagement
People who are easygoing, relaxed, and don't let things get to them are classified as Type _____.
B
_____ proposed the social-cognitive perspective.
Bandura
This Swiss neo-Freudian, _____, worked closely with Sigmund Freud, but he placed less emphasis on social factors and agreed with Freud that the unconscious exerts a powerful influence.
Carl Jung
With respect to the Big Five theory, helpful is to high Agreeableness as careless is to low _____.
Conscientiousness
Some research finds that people with companionable pets are less likely than those without pets to visit their doctors after stressful events (Siegel, 1990). How can the health benefits from social support shed light on this finding?
Feeling social support-even from a pet-might calm people and lead to lower levels of stress hormones and blood pressure.
_____ is a psychoanalytic method for exploring the unconscious. With this method, patients are told to relax and say whatever comes to mind.
Free Association
______________ ______________ provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine. ______________ focuses on mind-body interactions, including the effects of psychological, neural, and endocrine functioning on the immune system and overall health.
Health psychology; Psychoneuroimmunology
This neo-Freudian countered Sigmund Freud's assumptions that women have weak superegos and suffer "penis envy."
Karen Horney
_____ is to addressing work problems with a colleague as _____ is to talking to your hair stylist about all of the problems at work.
Problem-focused coping; emotion-focused coping
Which alternative best captures the relationship between repression and the other defense mechanisms, according to Freud?
Repression is fundamental to the other defense mechanisms.
What general effect does stress have on our overall health? ________ tends to reduce our immune system's ability to function properly, so that higher stress generally leads to a greater incidence of physical illness.
Stress
_____ lymphocytes attack foreign substances.
T
_____ is linked with a higher incidence of heart disease, whereas _____ is linked with a lower incidence of heart disease.
The Type A personality type; the Type B personality type
How does the social-cognitive approach differ from the other perspectives on personality discussed in your textbook?
The social-cognitive view emphasizes the role of the environment to a greater extent than do the other perspectives.
_____ about our situation refers to the cognitive part of the social-cognitive perspective.
Thinking
According to the text, psychology's concern with people's sense of self dates back at least to _____.
William James
Which of the following factors do NOT predict self-reported happiness? Which factors are better predictors? a. Age b. Personality traits c. Close relationships d. Gender e. Engaging work and leisure f. Active religious faith Answer: Age and gender (a. and d.) ( ____ & _____) do NOT effectively predict happiness levels. Better predictors are personality traits, close relationships, "flow" in work and leisure, and religious faith (b., c., e., and f.).
a. & d.
An actress experiences ever-increasing levels of acclaim following each successful movie role. Yet with each success, she experiences only a temporary surge of subjective well-being. This is best explained in terms of the _____-level phenomenon.
adaption
Because it consumes oxygen, power-walking is an example of _____.
aerobic exercise
Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory focuses on:
an unconscious region of the mind, psychosexual stages, and defense mechanisms.
The danger in resorting to catharsis as a way of dealing with anger is that:
anger leads to further anger
The emotional stability vs. instability dimension in the Eysencks' personality theory:
appears as Neuroticism in the Big Five theory.
Psychologists use the term stress _____ to refer to the psychological filter by which people interpret events as challenging on the one hand or threatening on the other.
appraisal
Which one of the following IS an effective strategy for reducing angry feelings? a. Retaliate verbally or physically. b. Wait or "simmer down." c. Express anger in action or fantasy. d. Review the grievance silently.
b.
Examples of emotion-focused coping include:
both partying and relaxation training.
In a psychology class debate on the social-cognitive perspective, you need to take the opposing view and rebut its positive aspects. Which of the following criticisms of the social-cognitive perspective can you cite? a. This perspective focuses too much on the personality traits and fails to consider the situation. b. People do not act with predictable consistency and behavior varies from one situation to the next. c. This perspective focuses too much on the situation and fails to appreciate a person's inner traits. d. This perspective has not built on psychological research on learning and cognition.
c.
Expressing anger can be temporarily _____ if it does not leave us feeling guilty or anxious.
calming
Superstorm Sandy is to a _____ as a traffic jam is to a _____.
catastrophe, hassle
Emily believes that hitting her younger brother will calm her feelings of anger toward him. Her belief is most clearly consistent with the concept of _____.
catharsis
The idea that anger is reduced through aggressive action or fantasy is known as _____.
catharsis
Many researchers believe that the unconscious is not a repository of seething emotions, but rather a cooler information-processing center. This notion best reflects the _____ perspective in psychology.
cognitive
Adler is to inferiority as Jung is to ______. anxiety penis envy collective unconscious hierarchy of needs
collective unconscious
Social-cognitive theorists believe we learn many of our behaviors either through _____ or by observing and imitating others.
conditioning
The Big Five personality factor _____ involves the following endpoints: organized versus disorganized and careful versus careless.
conscientiousness
Many studies reveal a positive association between religious activity and life expectancy. Because the investigators aimed to assess the potential relationship between variables, these studies exemplify _____ research.
correlational
Although fear can have negative consequences, it can also be adaptive. Which of the following is an example of an adaptive fear response? a. fear that marriage will be stifling b. fear that sexual intercourse will lead to pregnancy c. fear that our close friends will abandon us d. fear that leads us to flee from danger
d.
Since 1900, sexual inhibition has _____ in Europe and North America; psychological disorders have _____.
decreased; not
According to Freud's ideas about the three-part personality structure, the _________ operates on the reality principle and tries to balance demands in a way that produces long-term pleasure rather than pain; the_________ operates on the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification; and the _________ represents the voice of our internalized ideals (our conscience).
ego; id; superego
The humanistic perspective of personality:
emphasizes the growth potential of "healthy" individuals.
Aerobic exercise increases the body's production of serotonin and also increases its production of _____.
endorphins
Recent research seems to indicate that high stress and associated stress hormones _____ memory.
enhance
Walter Cannon confirmed that the fight-or-flight response was associated with the release of the hormones norepinephrine and _____ into the bloodstream.
epinephrine
The third phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is _____.
exhaustion
Gordon Allport was concerned less with _____ individuals than with _____ them.
explaining; describing
Veda is sociable, fun-loving, and affectionate. She would likely score very highly on a personality test that measures:
extraversion
Your textbook notes that "people who . . . break speed limits . . . think many others do likewise." Your textbook states that this is an example of what contemporary psychologists call the _____effect.
false consensus
In the psychoanalytic view, conflicts unresolved during the first three psychosexual stages may lead to _________ at that stage.
fixation
The proper order of Sigmund Freud's psychosexual stages is oral, anal, phallic, latency, and _____.
genital
The feel-good, do-good phenomenon refers to the impact of:
happiness on helpfulness
Dr. Harper is studying the effects of HIV awareness campaigns on the reduction of new HIV cases within a particular population. In his attempts to determine what is effective in stemming the tide of the disease, he also looks at rates of medication compliance and wellness examinations. Dr. Harper is a:
health psychologist
According to Sigmund Freud, the _____ contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy the basic sexual and aggressive drives.
id
Sigmund Freud suggested that there are three interacting systems that can explain the dynamics of the human mind: the _____, the ego, and the superego.
id
Individuals who believe they control their own fate display a(n) _____ locus of control.
internal
A cross-country move is an example of a type of stressor referred to as a(n) _____.
life-change
The psychologist Julian Rotter introduced the concept of internal versus external _____.
locus of control
Today's psychodynamic theorists still accept Freud's idea that:
much of our mental processing occurs unconsciously.
Drew is a young man who considers himself to be very successful, and who enjoys the finer things in life. He does make a lot of money, and spends it on clothes, cars, gambling, and women. Most psychologists would agree that Drew seems to display a high level of _____.
narcissism
As theorists, Alfred Adler, Carl Jung, and Karen Horney are all considered to be _____.
neo-Freudians
The Big Five personality factors include conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, _____, and extraversion.
openness
The proper order of Sigmund Freud's psychosexual stages is:
oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.
Tending-and-befriending is to _____ as fight-or-flight is to epinephrine.
oxytocin
A questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors and is used to assess selected personality traits is known as a(n) _____ inventory.
personality
Rorschach Inkblot Test is the MMPI as projective test is to _____.
personality inventory
Starke Hathaway is to _____ as Alfred Binet is to _____.
personality measurement; intelligence measurement
_____ is characterized by a general expectation of a low degree of control and of a lack of ability.
pessimism
The process of forming a gender identity takes place mainly in the _____ stage of psychosexual development.
phallic
A friend remarks that she is intrigued by the potential relationship between happiness and physical health. You suggest that she learn more about the field of _____ psychology.
positive
Modern psychological researchers criticize Sigmund Freud's ideas because they claim they offer after-the-fact explanations, but fail to _____ behavior and traits.
predict
_____ coping is to getting a deadline extended as emotion-focused coping is to binge drinking.
problem focused
To cope with stress, we tend to use ___________ -focused (emotion/problem) strategies when we feel in control of our world, and _____________ -focused (emotion/problem) strategies when we believe we cannot change a situation.
problem; emotion
Although Ike has accumulated many tickets for a wide range of traffic infractions, he complains all the time to family and friends about other peoples' driving. Sigmund Freud would describe this as_____, while today researchers would describe this as false consensus effect.
projection
The defense mechanism known as _____ occurs when people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others.
projection
Hermann Rorschach introduced what has since become the most widely used _____ test.
projective
Because it requires people to tell stories about ambiguous pictures, the Thematic Apperception Test is a(n) _____ test, _____ the Rorschach test.
projective; like
The _____ perspective emphasizes the role of repressed childhood conflicts in personality disorders.
psychoanalytic
The role of repressed childhood conflicts in personality disorders is most clearly emphasized by the _____ perspective.
psychoanalytic
Today's ______________ theories still rely on the interviewing techniques that Freud used, and they still tend to focus on childhood experiences and attachments, unresolved conflicts, and unconscious influences. However, they are not likely to dwell on fixation at any psychosexual stage, or the idea that resolution of sexual issues is the basis of our personality.
psychodynamic
According to Sigmund Freud, fixation refers to a difficulty in the process of _____ development.
psychosexual
According to your text, evidence confirms defense mechanisms that defend self-esteem. One such mechanism is _____.
reaction-formation
Albert Bandura proposed the social-cognitive perspective on personality, which emphasizes the interaction of people with their environment. To describe the interacting influences of behavior, thoughts, and environment, he used the term _____.
reciprocal determinism
Anxious people tend to be on the lookout for potentially threatening events; that is, they perceive the world as threatening. Their personalities shape how they interpret and react to events. This is known as:
reciprocal determinism
Support groups, cognitive therapy, and _____ training can help slow down the progression of AIDS in a HIV-positive person.
relaxation
The _____ response is a 10- 20-minute procedure that involves a state of calm marked by relaxed muscles, slowed breathing and heart rate, and decreased blood pressure.
relaxation
Children who have witnessed a parent's murder report memories that most clearly challenge Sigmund Freud's concept of _____.
repression
Ultimately, the defense mechanisms protect conscious awareness from anxiety-provoking thoughts. They, depend, therefore on the mechanism of _____.
repression
Emotion-focused and problem-focused coping strategies are probably most useful in the _____ phase of Selye's general adaptation syndrome.
resistance
Critics of the psychoanalytic perspective believe that the unconscious involves the _____ and stereotypes that automatically and unconsciously influence how we process information about ourselves and others.
self-concept
People are more likely to perceive themselves favorably. This is known as a(n) _____ bias.
self-serving
According to Abraham Maslow, the desire for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self refers to the motive for _____.
self-transcendence
Feeling liked and encouraged by intimate friends and family is termed _____.
social support
Reciprocal determinism involves environmental, behavioral, and internal cognitive factors that are proposed by the _____ perspective.
social-cognitive
This perspective sees behavior as being influenced by the interaction between people's traits and their social context.
social-cognitive
Two dimensions mentioned by Hans Eysenck and Sybil Eysenck include extraversion-introversion and emotional _____.
stability-instability
Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the _____, or the way we interact with the situation, is known as problem-focused coping.
stressor
According to Sigmund Freud, the _____ represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment and for future aspirations.
superego
Stress response system: When alerted to a negative, uncontrollable event, our ______________ nervous system arouses us. Heart rate and respiration ______________ (increase/decrease). Blood is diverted from digestion to the skeletal ______________. The body releases sugar and fat. All this prepares the body for the ______________-______________-______________response.
sympathetic; increase; muscles; fight-or-flight
Around the world, people describe others' personality traits in terms that seem to be consistent with a set of factors called:
the Big Five
Religiously active people tend to live longer than do people who are not religiously active. This is termed:
the faith factor
As a psychologist, you ask one of your clients to complete the MMPI. After you score the MMPI, you notice that the client endorsed answers that make her seem healthier than she seems to be. These answers may be detected on:
the lie scale
When you noticed that you had spilled coffee on your new shirt, you overestimated that other people at the meeting would notice. Your reaction best illustrates:
the spotlight effect
T lymphocytes are to the _____ as B-lymphocytes are to the bone marrow.
thymus
A(n) _____ describes a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.
trait
According to Gordon Allport, personality should be described in terms of _____.
traits
An attitude of total acceptance toward another person is known as:
unconditional positive regard.
Based on decades of psychological research, most psychologists agree with the psychoanalytic perspective that much of our mental life is:
unconscious
Many researchers believe that the _____ is not a repository of seething passions and repressive censoring, but rather a cooler information-processing center that works without human awareness.
unconscious
The _____ involves the right-hemisphere activity that enables the split-brain patient's left hand to carry out an instruction the patient cannot verbalize.
unconscious
Freud believed that our defense mechanisms operate _________ (consciously/unconsciously) and defend us against _________.
unconsciously; anxiety
According to your text, the Rorschach Inkblot Test diagnoses many normal adults as pathological. The Test does not seem to measure what it is supposed to measure. In a word, the test is not _____.
valid
In individualistic cultures like the United States, people, when angry, are generally encouraged to:
vent their anger