Psychology 120 Chapter 10 Memory

20) Conscious, intentional recollection of an event or of an item of information is called:

a. Explicit memory.

21) Sarah enjoys playing games such as Jeopardy! and Trivial Pursuit, which require her to answer questions based on her ability to recall facts. These types of games test Sarah's:

a. Explicit memory.

108) Jeanie had a brain injury that severely affected her memory. Her doctors have taught her how to use a smartphone to help cope with her problem. What type of memory seems to have been unaffected by her injury?

a. Implicit memory. Procedural memory is a type of implicit memory and Jeanie is following a procedure.

57) Memories for the performance of actions or skills are called:

a. Procedural memories.

55) Which of the following is considered to be an implicit memory?

a. Procedural memory. Procedural memory is an example of implicit memory. Many researchers consider procedural memories to be implicit, because after skills and habits are learned well, they do not requires much conscious processing. The other options are all types of explicit memory.

61) ___________ could be called "knowing how to do something" memories.

a. Procedural.

88) According to the _____________ theory of forgetting, one's original memory of an event can be erased by new and misleading information.

a. replacement. The replacement theory holds that new information entering memory can wipe out old information.

90) Mr. Musselman is the head coach of the high school football team. He notices that, after learning the names of the players on the team this year, he has trouble remembering the names of the players from the previous year. In fact, he sometimes says the name of a current player when he is referring to a player from the previous year. This is an example of:

a. retroactive interference. New information interferes with past infromation.

43) In the 1950s, George Miller estimated the capacity of short-term memory to be the magical number:

b. 7 plus or minus 2. 7 +/- 2.

46) For most Canadians, which of the following would be considered a chunk?

b. CBC. A chunk may be a word, phrase, sentence or visual image that is meaningful to an individual.

99) The inability to remember events and experiences that occurred during the first two or three years of life is termed ________________.

b. Childhood amnesia.

70) The process by which a long-term memory becomes durable and stable is called:

b. Consolidation.

86) The _______ theory of forgetting proposes that memory fades with time and lack of use.

b. Decay.

66) According to the serial-position effect, if you are shown a list of items and then asked to immediately recall them, you will most easily recall items:

b. From the beginning and the end of the list. This is an example of the serial-position effect.

27) Unconscious retention in memory, as evidenced by the effect of a previous experience or previously encountered information on current thoughts and actions is called:

b. Implicit memory. Memory that we are not aware of.

89) According to the _______ theory of forgetting, information may get into memory, but it becomes confused with other information.

b. Interference.

31) Which memory system has an unlimited capacity and can keep information for hours or decades?

b. Long-term memory LTM lasts for hours or decades.

69) _______________ is thought to be a biological mechanism of long-term memory.

b. Long-term potentiation.

68) A long-lasting increase in the strength of synaptic responsiveness is called:

b. Long-term potentiation. A long-lasting increase in the strength of synaptic responsiveness is called: long-term potentiation.

1) __________ refers to the capacity to retain and retrieve information

b. Memory

58) Memories of general knowledge, including facts, rules, concepts, and propositions, are called:

b. Semantic memories.

59) On a TV game show, Janet is asked to name the provincial capital of Manitoba. This information is most likely stored in:

b. Semantic memory. Semantic memory is general knowledge and facts.

53) Declarative memories include __________________ memories and ________________ memories.

b. Semantic; episodic memories are both parts of declarative memories. Declarative memories are the memories of facts, rules, concepts, and events.

44) Although there is some debate, ___________ is generally thought to have a capacity of seven plus or minus two units of information.

b. Short-term memory.

47) Which component of memory has been referred to as a "leaky bucket"?

b. Short-term memory. Short-term memory is referred to as a leaky bucket because it has a limited capacity and information is quickly lost if it is not rehearsed.

14) Chad remembers the feeling of excitement in his house when his mother stepped through the door with his new baby sister. He can still picture the tiny little baby with a stocking cap on her head! his parents can't convince him that he actually stayed with his grandparents for two weeks after his sister was born and that his memory never happened! Chad's memory is an example of:

b. confabulation.

104) When psychological scientists examined 40 cases where wrongful conviction had been established beyond doubt, they found that _______________ of these cases had involved a false identification by one or more eyewitnesses.

d. 90 percent.

93) Deja vu may occur when:

a. cues in the present context overlap with those from the past, so there is an eerie experience of having been there before.

34) One objection to the three-box model of memory is that:

b. The brain performs many independent operations simultaneously.

110) A man is talking about his earliest memory to a bank teller while Jake is in line at the bank. The man describes eating candy he received as a gift. What country did the man most likely grow up in?

a. Canada. People from an individualistic country, such as Canada, tend to remember personal memories. People from collectivist cultures, like China, India and Japan tend to have early memories that relate to group interactions.

12) Confusion of an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you, or a belief that your remember something when it never actually happened is called ______________.

a. Confabulation.

87) "Use it or los it" would most likely be associated with:

a. Decay theory.

83) _________________ occurs when, instead of encoding just the physical or sensory features of the information, the meaning of information is analyzed.

a. Deep processing.

71) During short-term memory tasks, the ____________ is especially active.

a. Frontal lobe. STM = Frontal lobe.

42) The case study of Henry Molaison (H.M.) is discussed throughout Chapter 10 in your textbook. Careful study of H.M.'s memory after his surgery revealed that:

a. H.M.'s memory problems were primarily the result of an unusually small STM capacity.

101) Lucio is two years old and doesn't seem to recall meeting his aunt a few months earlier. This is likely because he:

a. Has little ability to encode episodic memories.

2) Memory is critical to our lives because:

a. It confers a sense of personal identity, which enhances our sense of coherence. Each of us is the sum of our recollections. Memory also gives us our sense of who we are.

22) Maria wrote a shopping list prior to the grocery store. Unfortunately, when she arrived at the store she realized she had left the list at home. If she is to purchase the items on her list, Maria must rely on which memory task?

a. Recall. Recall is the ability to retrieve and reproduce information previously encountered.

23) Which of the following ways of measuring explicit memory are usually the easiest for the person being tested?

a. Recognition: Under most circumstances, recognition is easier than recall. The other two options are not ways o measuring explicit memory.

25) Under most circumstances, when you are intentionally trying to remember an item of information, _____________ is easier than ___________.

a. Recognition; recall. Recognition is generally easier than recall.

64) When you recall the names of the days of the week, you are relying on __________________ memory.

a. Semantic.

30) Which memory system has a limited capacity and stores items for 30 seconds?

a. Short-term memory. STM lasts for about 30 seconds.

94) If you are afraid or angry at the time of an event, you may remember that event best when you are once again in the same emotional state. This phenomenon is called:

a. State-dependent memory.

40) ______________ acts as a holding bin, retaining information in a highly accurate form until we can select for attention.

a. The sensory register.

37) Visual images remain in the sensory register for a maximum of:

a. a half second. Visual images remain in a visual subsystem for a maximum of a half second.

76) Moderate amounts of hormones are released by the adrenal glands during stress and emotional arousal tend to:

a. enhance memory. Stress and emotional arousal enhance memory.

102) Contemporary memory researchers would be most likely to agree that childhood amnesia:

a. occurs because the prefrontal cortex and other key brain structure aren't developed yet.

26) The multiple-choice question that you are reading at this moment requires _________________ to answer correctly.

a. recognition. Multiple choice questions utilize recognition to test for memory.

98) Research on autobiographical memory indicates that most adults cannot recall any events unil about:

b. 2 years of age. A curious aspect of autobiographical memory is that most adults cannot recall any events from earlier than age 2; and even after that, memories are sketchy at best until about age 6.

7) _____________________ is an especially vivid memory of an emotional event.

b. A flashbulb memory.

8) Casey was visiting a friend in New York City on September 11, 2001, the day of the attack on the World Trade Centre. To her, that day seems frozen in time. She remembers exactly where she was doing, and what she felt as the morning transpired. This vivid recollection is known as:

b. A flashbulb memory.

95) Amnesia can be organic--for example resulting from _________________--- or psychogenic (i.e. from ____________).

b. A head injury; emotional shock. Organic = head injury Psychogenic = emotional shock.

79) Robert is making a conscious effort for prolonged retention of his homework by processing its meaning fully. This strategy is called:

b. Deep processing. Deep processing = processing its meaning fully.

82) ________________ involves associating new items of information with material that has already been stored.

b. Elaborative rehearsal.

100) Most researchers agree that the memories people say they have of their first three years of life are based on:

b. Family stories, photographs and imagination.

62) Shannon is currently a college professor. Which memory from Shannon's fourth grade experience would most likely be an episodic memory?

b. For the last two months of school, she shared her NHL mechanical pencil with Nick. The personal experience of sharing her NHL pencil with Nick is an example of episodic memory.

4) According to Frederic Bartlett:

b. Memory is largely a reconstructive process, like putting together a puzzle when you are missing some pieces. Reconstruction = Sir Frederic Bartlett.

35) The _________ model represents the contents of memory as connections among a huge number of interacting processing units.

b. Parallel distributed processing.

92) __________ is defined as forgetting that occurs when previously stored material interferes with the ability to remember similar, more recently stored material.

b. Proactive interference.

9) The inability to distinguish an actual memory from an event from information you learned about the event elsewhere is called ____________________.

b. Source misattribution.

73) The ____________ is the part of the brain that is involved with the formation and consolidation of memories associated with fear and other emotions.

b. The amygdala.

74) __________ plays a critical role in the formation of long-term declarative memories.

b. The hippocampus. H.M showed that the hippocampus is necessary for placing new declarative information into long-term storage.

33) Critics of the three-box model of memory are likely to agree that:

b. The human brain does not operate like the average computer. The human brain does not operate sequentially like a computer does. The human brain does sequential processing but it also uses parallel processing that is distributed across many areas of the brain.

38) Auditory images remain in the sensory register for about:

b. Two seconds. Auditory images stick around slightly longer than visual images in the sensory register.

49) _____________ holds and operates on information that has been retrieved from long-term memory for temporary use.

b. Working memory.

78) In order to help her music students learn the lines of the treble clef in musical notation, Susan has them learn the sentence "Every Good Boy Does Fine," in which the starting letter of each word represents the name of a note. This is an example of:

b. a mnemonic.

91) Mood-congruent memory and state-dependent memory are examples of:

b. the use of cues in retrieval. Both are examples of the use of cues in the retrieval process. Mood-congruent memory and state-dependent memory are examples are the use of cues in retrieval.

17) Which of the following examples is a question that would most likely reduce the chance of false reporting by a child?

c. "Can you tell me the reason you came to talk to me today?" This statement does not lead or suggest.

45) Telo convinces a woman he finds attractive to give him her telephone number. Unfortunately, the number is ten digits long with the area code, and Telo cannot find a place to write it down. As he looks for a pen and paper, what can Telo help himself remember the number?

c. "Chunking" the numbers into smaller units will help Telo.

36) Another name for the parallel distributed processing (PDP) model of memory is the:

c. Connectionist model. - Conncectionist model or PDP model represents the contents of memory as connections among thousands of interacting processing units that operate in parallel.

60) Steffi remembers going to the zoo with her parents and her best friend on her 10th birthday. She can even recall the look on her friend's face when she dropped her ice cream cone into the grizzly bear enclosure. Steffi's recollection is an example of:

c. Episodic memory.

10) ___________________ memory refers to a vivid, detailed recollection of an emotional event.

c. Flashbulb.

105) Ned needs to remember that the hippocampus is situated in the midbrain and involved in memory. What strategy for remembering would be MOST likely to allow Ned to answer questions about the hippocampus on an upcoming test?

c. Imaging a hippo holding a flash drive standing in the middle of a person's head.

5) In the 1930s, the research of the British psychologist Sir Frederic Bartlett provided evidence to support the view that memory is:

c. Like a journalist trying to reconstruct an interview from incomplete notes.

84) According to the decay theory, forgetting occurs because:

c. Memories simply fade with time if they are not accessed now and then. Decay theory asserts that memories eventually disappear if they are not accessed.

65) A practiced juggler relies on _________________ memory to keep balls in the air.

c. Procedural memories are memories for the performance of actions or skills.

52) When researchers investigated the organization of long-term memory, they found that:

c. Semantic categories help organize memories involving words and concepts. Upon investigating the organization in long-term memory, scientists found that works and concepts are usually organized semantically; that is, in association with other items whose meaning is similar. Semantic = grouping them together.

97) Given the current research on recovered memories, one should be skeptical if a person says that:

c. She now has memories of her experiences as an infant, thanks to therapy. It is impossible for a therapist to implant a false memory in a client.

80) Most people seem to favour ___________ for encoding and rehearsing the contents of short-term memory.

c. Speech. Speech either aloud or silently, seems to be preferred for encoding and rehearsing information in short-term memory.

75) Which of the following parts of the brain is most likely to form and retain procedural memories?

c. The cerebellum.

32) In the "three-box model of memory," which memory system holds information for no more than a few seconds, until it can be processed further?

c. The sensory register. Sensory register holds information for just a few seconds.

24) Which of the following activities involving memory would require recognition?

c. True-false exams. True-false exams involve recognition of correct or incorrect statements rather than recall.

107) Brad and Jane have perfect memories; they can recall exact events from their entire lives using just a date as cue. Both Brad and Jane complain that their excellent memory is exhausting and interferes with their ability to function. What do Brad and Jane's reports about what it's like to have a perfect memory tell us about typical memory?

c. We all could recall every event from our lives with the correct cue.

50) Sarah is doing an arithmetic problem. The numbers and instructions for doing the necessary operations for each step will be held in her ________ memory as she solves the problem.

c. Working Working memory includes the short-term stores for memories, and the processes for working with those memories.

48) ___________ is a memory system that includes short-term memory and executive processes that control attention and retrieval.

c. Working memory.

13) When six-year-old Sven's parents overhear him describing his third birthday party, they look at each other in surprise. Sven appears to remember that the birthday cake his father was baking burned and his aunt had to run out and buy one from a bakery, even though Sven was not present when those events occurred. Sven's memory illustrates the concept of ________________.

c. confabulation.

16) In addressing the debate regarding children's memories of sexual abuse, it has become clear that:

c. preschoolers are more vulnerable to suggestive questions that are school-aged children. Preschoolers are more vulnerable than older children.

77) As she studies her physics textbook, Marilyn wants to make sure that she remembers the sound intensity is measured in units called decibels and that each deibel is one-tenth of a bel, which is a unit named after Alexander Graham Bell. Marilyn creates a visual image of ten little elf-like bell figures trying to turn up the volume of a huge stereo. Her strategy is called:

d. A mnemonic. A formal strategy for encoding and storing information.

72) In his work with rabbits, Richard Thompson showed that classical conditioning of the eyeblink repsonse on activity in the ___________________.

d. Cerebellum.

103) Which of the following factors is true of cognitive development and may contribute to childhood amnesia?

d. Children's limited language skills prevent them from narrating aspects of experiences to themselves.

109) Megan overheads a woman speaking in a restaurant about her earliest memory. She tells her friend that she can clearly remember arguing with her cousin over whose turn it was to do a favourite jigsaw puzzle and her father suggesting that they take turns adding pieces. What country did the woman most likely grow up in?

d. China. People from collectivist cultures like China often report community events, like conflict resolutions as their earliest memories.

85) According to the ____________ theory of forgetting, information in memory eventually disappears if it is not accessed.

d. Decay.

54) ________________ memory refers to recollection of a personally experienced event and the context in which it occurred.

d. Episodic.

19) Which of the following is a test for recall?

d. Essay questions. Recall refers to the ability to retrieve and reproduce information encountered earlier. Essay questions test recall memory, whereas the other types of questions all test recognition memory.

28) Jannell solved a crossword puzzle on Thursday, and by Saturday she doesn't recall the words in the puzzle. But Saturday night, when she is playing Scrabble with her brother, she unconsciously tends to form words that were in the puzzle. Jannell has _________________ memory for some of the words.

d. Implicit. This is memory that we are not aware that we have.

96) Critics of repression as a mechanism of forgetting argue that:

d. In real life, the problem is usually that people cannot forget traumatic experiences.

15) Eyewitness testimonies by victims are most likely to contain errors when the suspect:

d. Is of a different ethnic background than the victim. - Research has shown that when a suspect of a different ethnic background than a witness, the witness is less likely to accurately remember the appearance of the suspect.

63) Patty reminisces about her wedding. Which of the following would be among Patty's semantic memories?

d. Knowing that it is appropriate to stand when the bride walks down the aisle. Recall that semantic memories include general knowledge of facts.

51) In accordance with the three-box model of memory, the memory system involved in the prolonged storage of information is known as _______________.

d. Long-term memory. As the name implies, long term memory is held for long periods of time.

106) Asif is disappointed withe the grade he received on the last midterm in his psychology course. His sister suggested that he try doing the practice tests in the back of his text book. What is the term for this type of study method?

d. Retrieval practice. Practice tests involve retrieving information from memory.

67) Margeaux is introduced to the following people when she arrives at the party: Derek, Kayla, Calvin, Debbie, Rose, Melanie, Farrett, Tom, Francis, Jane, John, and Vincent. According to the serial-position effect, it will be most difficult to remember the names of:

d. Rose, Melanie, Garrett and Tom. This is because they are found in the middle of the list.

39) Ambassador McKenzie was about to ask a French diplomat to repeat his last comment, but then his ________________ enabled him to "select" what had been said while ignoring all the extraneous sounds in the reception room.

d. Sensory register. The sensory register acts as a holding bin, retaining information in a highly accurate form until we can select for attention from the stream of stimuli bombarding our senses. It gives us a moment to decide whether information is extraneous or important.

6) The inability to distinguish what you originally experienced from what you heard or were told later about an event is called:

d. Source misattribution. (AKA source confusion). In source misattribution we recall a memory but not how it was established or where it came from.

11) Irene swears that she was there the night her best friend got into a fight with her ex-boyfriend. It takes several of her friends to convince her that she was not. Which of the following likely made Irene's fake memory seem so real to her?

d. The fight was easy to imagine. If imagining an event takes little effort, then we tend to think that our memory is real.

81) Maintenance rehearsal involves:

d. The rote repetition of material in order to maintain its availability in memory.

18) Research suggests that the best way to encourage truthful testimony by children is to:

d. Try to avoid leading questions.

29) What are the components of the information-processing model, in order of occurrence?

d. encoding, storage, retrieval. 1. Encoding 2. Storage 3. Retrieval

56) Memories of personally experienced events and the contexts in which they occurred are called:

d. episodic memories.

3) Retrieving a memory is most like:

d. watching unconnected frames of a movie and figuring out what the rest of the scene was like. Recall that memory involves reconstruction.

41) In general, information in short-term memory is retained for about _____________ if it is not rehearsed.

b. 30 seconds. Without rehearsal information is stored in the short term memory for about 30 seconds.