Psychology 120 Chapter 5: Body Rhythms and Mental States

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2) When scientists use the term "biological rhythm," they are referring to:

a. A periodic, more or less regular, fluctuation in the physiological functioning of a living organism.

98) Which of the following is a depressant?

a. Alcohol. Alcohol inhibits the Central nervous system.

83) When alcohol is abused, the resulting effects may include:

a. Blackouts, cirrhosis of the liver, mental and neurological impairment, psychosis and possibly death. These are all associated with heavy alcohol use.

50) Many researchers believe that sleep is necessary for ___________, a process by which recently stored memories become durable and stable.

a. Consolidation. Consolidation refers to the strengthening of recently formed long-term memories.

79) Ernerst Hilgard argued that hypnosis involves:

a. Dissociation. Hilgard viewed hypnosis as an example of dissociation.

52) According to Sigmund Freud:

a. Dreams are "the royal road into the unconsciousness."

94) Stimulants are:

a. Drugs that speed up activity in the central nervous system. Stimulants are drugs that speed up activity of the CNS.

77) The dissociation theory of hypnosis was proposed by:

a. Ernest Hilgard. Ernest Hilgard proposed the dissociation theory of hypnosis.

99) The effects of stimulant drugs include:

a. Feelings of excitement, confidence, and euphoria.

20) Research on premenstrual syndrome indicates that _____________ of women have PMS symptoms, such as irritability and depression, predictably over their cycles.

a. Fewer than 5 percent.

16) Dennis just started working at a factory where he will be expected to work varying shifts. What recommendation should you make to him about shift choices?

a. He should change shifts as seldom as possible once he makes his choice. With a schedule that always stays the same, people often adapt to night work. However, many swing-shift and night-shift assignments are made on a rotating basis, so a worker's circadian rhythms never have a chance to resynchronize.

14) The experience of "jet lag" is the result of a phenomenon called:

a. Internal desynchronization.

36) When researchers studied whether or not dreaming occurs in non-REM sleep, they found that:

a. It does, but the dreams are shorter and less vivid than in REM sleep.

49) Kyle and Yoko spent the same amount of time studying for a big exam. Kyle slept between studying and taking the exam, whereas Yoko did not. All other things being equal, which of the following is most likely to be true?

a. Kyle has an advantage, because sleeping after learning is believed to strengthen the memories.

96) Which of the following drugs is a psychedelic?

a. Mescaline. Mescaline is a psychedelic drug.

40) In ________________, a person experiences sudden unpredictable and irresistible attacks of sleepiness during the day.

a. Narcolepsy. Excessive daytime sleepiness is one of the symptoms of narcolepsy.

19) Controlled studies indicate that ______________ reduce symptoms in people with SAD.

a. Phototherapy. When people with SAD were exposed to either a brief period (ex: 30 minutes) of bright light after waking, or to light that slowly became brighter, simulating the dawn, their symptoms were, in fact, reduced.

59) The ________________ dream theory states that the purpose of dreaming it to express ongoing concerns of waking life.

a. Problem-focused.

55) The _______________ theory of dreaming has no convincing empirical support.

a. Psychoanalytic.

57) During his lecture on dream theories, Professer Hundt points out that a weakness of the __________ approach to dreaming is that no reliable rules exist for interpreting the supposedly latent content of dreams and there is no objective way of determining whether an interpretation is correct.

a. Psychoanalytic. A problem with the psychoanalytic theory of dreaming is that there is no reliable to understand the hidden meaning of dreams.

35) During the night:

a. REM sleep periods become longer.

18) __________________ is a disorder in which depression occurs in the winter months.

a. SAD Seasonal affective disorder

34) REM sleep has been called "paradoxical sleep" because:

a. The brain is very active, yet the body is entirely inactive.

53) The psychoanalytic theory of dreaming states that:

a. The purpose of dreaming is to express unconscious wishes, thoughts, and conflicts.

38) What can sleep scientists say about people who do not get enough sleep?

a. Their cortisol levels increase. Chronic sleep deprivation increases levels of the stress hormone cortisol, which may damage or impair brain cells that are necessary for learning and memory.

4) When we say that biological rhythms are endogenous, we mean that:

a. They are generated by an internal biological clock.

46) Narcolepsy sometimes involves:

a. Unpredictable attacks of muscle paralysis.

85) The common effects of amphetamines are:

a. Wakefulness, alertness, raised metabolism, and elevated mood.

69) The activation-synthesis theory proposes that:

a. the cortex tries to make sense of random neural activity by creating dream narratives. The activation-synthesis theory views dreams as an attempt by the cortex to make sense of the random firing of neurons in the brain stem.

81) The sociocognitive approach to hypnosis suggests that:

a. the hypnotized person is unconsciously playing a role.

39) Chronic insomnia affects about _____________ of all adults.

b. 10 percent.

26) On average, REM sleep periods last about _________.

b. 20 minutes.

27) Periods of REM sleep alternate with periods of non-REM sleep in a cycle that recurs about every _________ minutes.

b. 90 minutes. During sleep, periods of REM alternate with periods of non-REM sleep in a cycle that recurs every 90 minutes or so.

1) Which of the following provides the best definition of consciousness?

b. Awareness of ourselves and the environment.

3) _____________ Rhythms reflect the adaptation of organisms to the many changes associated with the rotation of the earth on its axis.

b. Circadian.

63) The _____________ theory of dreaming suggests that dreaming is simply a continuation of our daytime thinking.

b. Cognitive.

91) Psychedelic drugs:

b. Disrupt normal thought processes.

60) The problem-focused explanation of dreaming suggests that:

b. Dreams are usually about our everyday problems and may even help us to solve those problems.

86) The common effects of cocaine are:

b. Euphoria, excitation, a boost of energy, and suppressed appetite.

75) Which of the following is true about hypnosis?

b. Hypnotized people cannot be forced to do something against their will.

74) Which of the following statements is true of hypnosis?

b. It is a procedure in which a practitioner suggests changes in the sensation or behaviour of the subject, who cooperates by altering cognitive functioning in accordance with the suggestions.

29) Delta waves occur during:

b. NREM sleep.

61) Which approach to explaining dreams is best supported by the fact that students who are worried about getting a good grade in class often have recurring dreams of running out of time on exams, oversleeping and missing class, or suddenly realizing that a paper deadline was just missed.

b. Problem-focused.

72) During his lecture on dream theories, Professor Grant points out that some theorists are skeptical about the ability to resolve concerns during sleep. Which theory's weakness is Professor Grant talking about in this scenario?

b. Problem-focused.

82) Shateesh takes a moderate dose of a tranquilizer. She is likely to experience:

b. Reduced anxiety and tension, and sedation. Tranquilizers are considered depressants and may be used to reduce anxiety and tension.

92) ______________ drugs can cause convulsions, heart failure, and death when taken in large doses.

b. Stimulant.

67) The activation-synthesis theory of dreaming states that:

b. There is no purpose to dreaming, dreams occur because of random brain stem signals.

64) According to the cognitive approach, our dreaming thoughts are more unfocused and diffuse than our waking thoughts because:

b. We have no sensory input or feedback from our bodies during dreams. According to the cognitive approach, dreams from waking thoughts because there is no sensory input or feedback from our bodies.

15) Which of the following statements is accurate according to the studies of internal desynchronization?

b. When people fly across several time zones, temperature and hormone cycles can take several days to return to normal.

80) A "hidden observer" is:

b. a part of the mind of the hypnotized person that watches but does not participate. According to Hilgard, Dissociation results in a part of the person that responds to the hypnotist and a separate part, "the hidden observer." that sits back and observes what is happening.

22) Traditionally, there are _______________ stages of NREM sleep.

b. four There are 4 stages of non REM sleep.

11) Melatonin is a hormone that:

b. is secreted largely during hours of darkness.

100) ______________ mimic the action of endorphins.

b. opiates. Opiates mimic the action of endorphins.

71) One of the weaknesses of the problem-focused theory of dreaming is that:

b. some theorists are skeptical about the ability to resolve ongoing concerns during sleep.

41) Sleep apnea is a disorder in which:

c. A person periodically stops breathing during sleep. This causes a person to choke and gasp and momentarily awaken.

33) REM sleep normally occurs for the first time:

c. About 70 to 90 minutes after sleep onset.

95) Which of the following drugs is a stimulant?

c. Amphetamines Amphetamines are stimulants .

73) The theory that currently seems to be the leading contender in explaining dreaming is:

c. Cognitive approach to dreaming. The cognitive approach to dreaming is a leading contender because it incorporates many elements of other theories and fits what we currently know about waking cognition and cognitive development.

76) Which of the following statements about hypnosis is correct?

c. Hypnosis has been used successfully in anesthetizing women during childbirth.

21) Your cousin Brenda says she is suffering several symptoms and claims they are due to premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Which of the following symptoms that she cites is the most questionably linked to the menstrual cycle?

c. Irritability and depression.

51) People are aware that they are dreaming and feel as though they are conscious during ____________.

c. Lucid dreams.

87) The common effects of tobacco are:

c. Mood variation from alertness to calmness depending on mental set, setting, and prior arousal.

44) _______________ is a sleep disorder involving sudden and unpredictable daytime sleepiness or attacks of the paralysis commonly associated with REM sleep.

c. Narcolepsy.

45) When Larry was a teenager, he began experiencing periods when he had a lot of trouble staying awake during the day, even though he was getting enough sleep each night. He also would experience sudden "attacks" where he would collapse to the floor in the middle of an activity Larry suffers from:

c. Narcolepsy. A disorder involving excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden attacks of REM paralysis.

66) According to the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming, the source of a dream is neuronal firing in the:

c. Pons According to the activation-synthesis theory, dreams are the result of the cortex trying to make sense of the spontaneous signals originating from the pons.

58) The _____________ dream theory states that the purpose of dreaming is to express unconscious wishes, thoughts and conflicts.

c. Psychoanalytic.

23) During the night, which two types of sleep alternate with each other in cycles that take approximately 90 minutes.

c. REM sleep and NREM sleep.

17) _________________ is a controversial disorder in which a person experiences depression during the winter and an improvement of mood in the spring.

c. Seasonal Affective Disorder. SAD.

54) Who said that dreams are "they royal road to the unconscious"?

c. Sigmund Freud.

56) Who said that sometimes, "A cigar is only a cigar"?

c. Sigmund Freud. Freud admitted that not everything in dreams is symbolic.

43) ______________________ is a disorder in which a person briefly stops breathing many times during a night's sleep.

c. Sleep apnea.

24) ___________ are the short bursts of rapid, high-peaking waves that the brain emits in the second stage of non-REM sleep.

c. Sleep spindles.

30) The sleeper stages of NREM sleep are characterized by:

c. Slow brain waves called delta waves.

62) Which approach to dreaming suggests that our dreams are simply a modification of the thinking that goes on when we are awake?

c. The cognitive approach.

90) What effect do depressants have on the body?

c. They slow down activity in the central nervous system. Depressants decrease activity in the brain and spinal cord.

88) When opium and heroin are abused, the resulting effects may include:

c. loss of appetite, nausea, constipation, withdrawal symptoms, and possibly death.

28) During sleep, periods of rapid eye movement (REM) alternate with non-REM sleep in a cycle that recurs about every:

d. 90 minutes.

70) In his dream, Andy is an infant crawling through a dark tunnel looking for something he has lost. Which theory would be most receptive to an explanation that, while Andy was sleeping, neurons in his pons that stimulate leg-muscle movement were active?

d. Activation-synthesis theory. According to Activation-synthesis theory the signals originating in the pons have no psychological meaning.

65) Research suggest that we typically forget our dreams upon waking because:

d. Cortical neurons that control the initial storage of new memories are turned off during sleep.

25) _____________ are occasionally emitted by the brain in the third stage of non-REM sleep.

d. Delta Waves.

93) _____________ are drugs that slow down the central nervous system.

d. Depressants.

31) Judith is startled when her six-year old daughter, Laura, sleepwalks into the family room. It is most likely the Laura is experiencing the _______________ stage of the sleep cycle.

d. Fourth. Sleep walking = fourth stage of nonrem sleep.

97) Which of the following drugs is an opiate?

d. Heroin. Heroin is an opiate because it comes from opium.

78) Which of the following statements about hypnosis is true?

d. Hypnosis can be used successfully in anesthetizing women during childbirth. The one true choice is that hypnosis can be used for pain during childbirth.

10) Circadian rhythms are controlled by a biological clock, located in a teardrop-shaped cluster of cells in the _______________.

d. Hypothalamus.

9) The body's biological clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus is located in the:

d. Hypothalamus.

5) The word "circadian" indicates that a circadian rhythm:

d. Is about 24 hours in length.

32) James has been sleeping for about 90 minutes when his brain shows rapid, irregular waves. His blood pressure rises, his heart rate increases, and his skeletal muscles go limp. Which of the following is the most likely conclusion?

d. James is experiencing physiological changes that are normal during REM sleep.

12) ____________________, a hormone involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms, is secreted by the pineal gland.

d. Melatonin.

7) __________________, a hormone secreted by the pineal gland, helps to keep the biological clock in phase with the light-dark cycle.

d. Melatonin. Melatonin is the hormone secreted by the pineal gland.

68) During REM sleep, neurons that fire spontaneously are present in the:

d. Pons. During REM sleep, neurons in the pons fire spontaneously.

84) When LSD and psilocybin are abused, the resulting effects may include:

d. Psychosis, paranoia and Panic attacks. These are all attributed to the abuse of psychedelics.

47) Ernie's msucles are not paralyzed when he is dreaming. As a result, he literally acts out his dreams, sometimes injuring himself in the process. Ernie appears to suffer from:

d. REM behaviour disorder. REM behaviour disorder is a disorder in which muscle paralysis that normally occurs during sleep is absent or incomplete, and the sleeper is able to act out his or her dreams.

48) Why might studying all night for an exam the next day be a bad approach?

d. Studies indicate that a good night's sleep after learning can improve memory performance.

42) Jennifer has been studying day and night for so many weeks that she is chronically sleep deprived. Which of the following symptoms is Jennifer at the greatest risk of developing?

d. The loss of mental flexibility and creativity.

89) What effect do opiates have on the body?

d. They relieve pain and produce euphoria.

37) The reason that REM sleep occurs is:

d. Unknown.

13) Melatonin treatments have been useful in the treatment of:

d. disturbed sleep-wake cycles in blind people who lack light perception.

8) The structure that serves as our biological clock and controls our circadian rhythms is ____________.

d. the Suprachiasmatic nucleus. SCN is a tiny cluster of cells in the hypothalamus that is an overall coordinator of the biological clock.