Psychology 1215 - What Drives Us/Motivation

What are the motivators within Herzberg's theory?

-Job content which satisfy someone's higher order needs that lead to satisfaction. Motivators encourage someone to exert more effort. -No Satisfaction - Satisfaction.

What is the Herzberg Motivator-Hygiene Theory?

-2 Factor theory. -Certain factors cause job satisfaction and others cause dissatisfaction. -Motivation-Hygiene = Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic -Motivators are regarding job content. -Hygiene are regarding job context. -Factors which lead to positive job attitudes are different from factors leading to negative job attitudes. *Concludes that certain factors in the workplace cause job satisfaction and a separate set of factors cause dissatisfaction.

What is McClelland's Need for Achievement Theory?

-3 Need Theory - Achievement/Power/Affiliation -Need for Achievement: Excel/Drive to succeed. -Need for Power: To control others/Get things done. -Need for Affiliation: Friendship/Good relationships. -All motives are learned from experience in which environmental cues became paired with positive/negative consequences. -Need for achievement (nAchievement), is a motive that is commonly learned in our culture interpretation.

What is Vroom's Expectancy Theory?

-Behavioral choices are aimed at maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain. -Motivational force is a multiplicative function of Expectancy x Instrumentality x Valence.

What are some additional characteristics of achievement-motivated people?

-Desire for mastery. -Like moderate tasks where outcome is a result of their effort rather than luck. -Value lots of feedback. -Has a strong need to set and accomplish challenging goals. -Takes calculated risks to accomplish their goals. -Often likes to work alone. -Motive to avoid failure (Ex: Will choose a very easy or very difficult task.)

What are the characteristics of Affiliation Motivated people?

-Desire to create/maintain social relationships. -Need group belonging. -Need for love and acceptance. -Want to be liked, and will often go along with whatever the rest of the group wants to do. -Favors collaboration over competition. -Doesn't like high risk or uncertainty.

What are the characteristics of Power Motivated people?

-Desire to teach, influence and encourage others. -High value on discipline. -May take zero-sum approach - for one to win, one must lose. -Likes to win arguments. -Enjoys competition and winning. -Enjoys status and recognition.

What are the hygiene factors within Herzberg's theory?

-Features of the job's context which satisfy lower-order needs and prevent dissatisfaction. -Dissatisfaction - No Dissatisfaction.

What is Locke's Goal Setting Theory?

-Human behaviour results from goals and intentions. -Goal Setting has 4 motivational mechanisms: Clarity, Challenge, Complexity, Commitment & Feedback. 1) Goals serve to focus attention on what is important/relevant. 2) Goals regulate effort. 3) Goals increase persistence. 4) Goals encourage people to develop strategies and action plans. *Goals and intentions are cognitive and willful. They serve as mediators of human action. Our needs/goals are mediated by our values, which determine what's beneficial to us.

What are Intrinsic Motivators within Herzberg's Theory?

-Less tangible. -More emotional needs. -Include challenging work, recognition, relationships and growth potential. -Tend to create motivation when they're present. -Motivators. *They are higher levels within Maslow's Hierarchy or "Relatedness/Growth" in Alderfer's Theory.

What are Extrinsic Motivators within Herzberg's Theory?

-More tangible. -Basic needs. -Include status, job security, salary and fringe benefits. -Hygiene. -Tend to reduce motivators when they're absent. *They are lower levels within Maslow's Hierarchy or "Existence" within Alderfer's Theory.

What is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

-Motivation is a function of 5 basic categories of needs. -Arranged in a hierarchy. -Higher order needs become more important determinants of behavior once the lower-order needs have been reasonably satisfied. -Physiological, Safety, Belongingness, Esteem, Self-Actualization.

What is Adam's Equity Theory?

-People strive for fairness and justice in their social exchanges. -Feelings of equity or inequity on the job stem from evaluation; whether they're receiving adequate rewards (outcomes) from the job to compensate for their contributions to the job (inputs). -Evaluation is performed by comparing the perceived "fairness" of employment exchange (inputs/outputs) with that of a comparison other. -Feel you're treated fairly if your inputs are equivalent to your outputs.

What is Alderfer's ERG Theory?

-Similar to Maslow's theory using a similar set of needs to explain behavior. -Doesn't assume needs are related to each other in a prepotent fashion. -Frustration of higher order needs is thought to influence the desire for lower order needs. -Growth (Self Esteem/Actualization) -Relatedness (Belongingness) -Existence (Safety/Physiological)

What are the biological influences regarding sexual orientation?

-There is presence of same-sex attraction in animal species. -Straight-gay brain differences. -Higher rates in certain families and in identical twins. -Exposure to certain hormones during critical periods of prenatal development. -The fraternal birth order effect.

What are the 4 stages of the human sexual response cycle?

1) Excitement 2) Plateau 3) Orgasm (Similar feelings and brain activity) 4) Resolution

What factors contribute to teens sexual restraint?

1) High intelligence. 2) Religious engagement. 3) Participation in service learning programs. 4) Father presence.

What factors influence teens sexual behaviour and use of contraceptives?

1) Minimal communication about contraceptives. 2) Guilt related to sexual activity. 3) Alcohol use. 4) Impulsive sexuality. 5) Mass media norms.

What are the 3 common characteristics that achievement-motivated people share?

1) Prefer tasks of moderate difficulty. 2) Prefer situations in which successful performance is due to their own efforts. 3) Desire more feedback on their successes and failures than do other people in low achievement motivation.

What is Oxerin?

A hunger triggering hormone secreted by the hypothalamus.

What is the premise behind Alderfer's ERG Theory?

3 Need Theory. Existence, Relatedness, Growth. Priorities can change depending on the person and situation. They're not fixed needs. Ex: If esteem isn't being met, you'll go back and develop that need. If a need remains unsatisfied at a higher level, you'll become frustrated and go back to pursue the lower level need.

What is the Sexual Response Cycle?

4 stages of sexual responding described by Masters & Johnson. Excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

What is Instinct?

A complex behaviour that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.

What is PYY?

A digestive tract hormone. Says "I'm Hungry" signals to the brain.

What is Ghrelin?

A hormone secreted by an empty stomach. Says "I'm Hungry" signals to the brain.

What is Insulin?

A hormone secreted by the pancreas; controls blood glucose.

What is an incentive?

A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.

What is Incentive?

A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behaviour.

What is Leptin?

A protein hormone secreted by fat cells; when abundant they cause the brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger.

What is Homeostasis?

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant state, regulation of an aspect of body chemistry around a particular level.

What are some motivators within Herzberg's theory?

Achievement Recognition The Work Itself Responsibility Advancement Growth

What is Achievement Motivation?

Achievement motivation is the capacity for taking pride in accomplishment. A desire for significant accomplishment. A mastery of skills and high standard attainment. Closely related to GRIT. Ex: Getting a basket or Obtaining an A.

What is Erotic Plasticity?

Alternating periods of high sexual activity with periods of low sexual activity. Women more so than men.

What is Sexual Orientation?

An enduring sexual attraction toward members of one's own sex (homo), other sex (hetero), or both sexes (bi).

What is Extrinsic Motivation?

An individual engages in an activity to achieve some goal external to task engagement (ex: Grades, Money, Praise, Fame). Refers to behavior that is driven by external rewards. This type of motivation arises from outside the individual.

What is Intrinsic Motivation?

An individual performs an activity because they enjoy it/personal meaning from it.

What is the body's resting rate of energy expenditure?

Basal metabolic rate.

What do Cognitive Motivation Theorists propose about behavior?

Behaviour is a function of beliefs, expectations, values, and other mental functions. Viewed as the result of rational and conscious choices among alternative courses of action.

What is Drive Reduction?

Behaviour is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension by unmet biological needs that push us to behave in certain ways.

What is Relatedness within Alderfer's Theory?

Belonging.

What is Challenge within Locke's Goal Setting Theory?

Challenge is: -The level of challenge. -People are motivated by achievement and judge a goal based on the significance of the anticipated accomplishment. -When setting goals, they should be a challenge.

What is Clarity within Locke's Goal Setting Theory?

Clarity is: -Clear and measurable goals. -When clear and specific with a time set, there is less misunderstanding about what behaviors will be rewarded. -You know what is expected, you use the specific result as a source of motivation.

What is Commitment and Feedback within Locke's Goal Setting Theory?

Commitment and Feedback is: -Goals must be understood and agreed upon to be effective. -People will "buy in" to a goal if they feel they're a part of creating the goal. -Feedback is an opportunity to clarify expectation, adjust difficulty and gain recognition. -Benchmark targets to people can determine for themselves their own performance.

What is Complexity within Locke's Goal Setting Theory?

Complexity is: -Understandable for the person, not overwhelming.

What are Paraphalias?

Conditions that can be classified as disorders, in which sexual arousal is related to non-human objects, the suffering of self or others, and/or non-consenting partners.

What has increased the acceptance of rape?

Depictions of sexual coercion and sexually explicit material.

What is Neophobia?

Dislike of unfamiliar things.

What is Female Orgasmic Disorder?

Distress due to never or infrequently experiencing orgasm.

What are "Inputs" within Adam's Equity Theory?

Effort, time, loyalty, tolerance, flexibility, integrity, commitment, and personal sacrifice.

What does sexually explicit material lead people to see in their partners?

It leads them to see their partners as less appealing/compelling and to devaluate their relationships.

What is Growth within Alderfer's Theory?

Esteem and self-actualization.

What is Narcissism?

Excessive self-love and self-absorption.

What is Drive Reduction Theory?

Explores how physiological need creates aroused tension states (drives) which direct us to satisfy needs. Its goal is homeostasis, maintaining a steady internal state.

What does feeling "loved" provide for humans?

Feeling loved activates brain regions associated with reward and safety systems.

What factors predispose some people to become and stay obese?

Genes and environment interact to produce obesity. Genes correlate with depression in women. Twin/adoption studies indicate body weight is influenced by genes. Environmental influences are lack of exercise, high-calorie intake, and social influence

When hungry what are the levels of Glucose and Gherlin in the body?

Glucose - Low Gherlin - High

What is Asexual?

Having no sexual attraction to others.

What is AIDS?

Life-threatening STD. Depletes immune system leaving the person vulnerable to infections.

How does someone evaluate their work situation as equitable?

When their ratio of perceived outcomes to inputs is equal to the perceived ratio of outcomes to inputs for the comparison other.

What is Erectile Disorder?

Inability to develop or maintain an erection due to insufficient blood flow to the penis.

How can people be motivated within Vroom's Expectancy Theory?

Individuals have different sets of goals and can be motivated if: -There's a positive correlation between efforts and performance. -Favorable performance will result in a desirable reward. -The reward will satisfy an important need. -The desire to satisfy the need is strong enough to make the effort worthwhile.

What happens to males during the sexual resolution phase?

Males experience a "refectory period" in which renewed arousal and orgasm are impossible.

What is a characteristic of people who are especially active on social networking websites?

Narcissism

What is Self-Esteem within Maslow's Hierarchy?

Need for self-esteem, achievement, competence and independence; need for recognition and respect from others.

What are Safety Needs within Maslow's Hierarchy?

Need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable.

What is Self-Transcendence within Maslow's Hierarchy?

Need to find meaning and identity beyond the self.

What is Self-Actualization within Maslow's Hierarchy?

Need to life up to your fullest and unique potential.

What are Belongingness and Love Needs within Maslow's Hierarchy?

Need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and separation.

What are Physiological Needs within Maslow's Hierarchy?

Need to satisfy hunger, thirst, sleep, breath.

What psychological factors produce hunger?

Neural areas of the brain monitor blood chemistry and incoming information about the bodies state. Appetite hormones are secreted by the empty stomach, fat cells, and hypothalamus. Insulin levels and secretions from the digestive tract.

What evidence is there that environmental influences determine sexual orientation?

None.

What is the hunger-producing hormone secreted by the hypothalamus?

Orexin

What cultural and situational factors influence hunger?

Our memory of when we last ate and our expectation of eating again. Individual preferences are influenced by our culture, conditioning, and stimulation. For survival, we recall disliking foods that made us ill. Ex: more spices in hot countries.

What are Sexual Dysfunctions?

Problems that consistently impair sexual arousal or functioning. They include erectile disorder and female orgasmic disorder. They can be treated by drug or behavior therapy.

What does Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs propose?

Proposes a pyramid of human needs from basic hunger and thirst to higher levels such as self-actualization and self-transcendence.

What is the Refractory Period?

Resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.

What is Existence within Alderfer's Theory?

Safety and physiological needs.

What are "Outputs" within Adam's Equity Theory?

Salary, perks, bonus, job security, reputation, recognition, praise, and responsibility.

What is Set-Point?

When the human body "weight thermostat" is set. When it falls below this weight, increased hunger and lower metabolic rate may combine to restore lost weight.

What is Arousal Theory?

Seeking the right level of stimulation. Some behaviours like curiosity don't reduce physiological needs, but they are prompted by a search for an optimum level of arousal. We need to maintain an optimal level of arousal.

What is Estrogen?

Sex hormones (estradiol), secreted in greater amounts by women than men; contributing to female sex characteristics. In non-human female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.

What is Glucose?

Sugar that circulates in the blood and provides a major source of energy for body tissues.

What are some hygiene factors within Herzberg's theory?

Supervision Supervisor Relationship Work Conditions Salary Peer Relationships Personal Life Subordinate Relationships Status Security

What is a women's sexuality more responsive to?

Testosterone levels over estrogen levels.

Describe Instrumentality within Vroom's Theory

The belief that if performance expectation is met, you'll be rewarded by a pay increase, bonus, promotion, or recognition. Instrumentality increases if a person feels they have control over how, when, and why rewards are distributed. *The perception of people's belief that they'll get what they desire.

What is Instrumentality within Vroom's Expectancy Theory?

The belief that if performance expectations are met, you'll be rewarded. This increases if you feel you have control over how reward is distributed. Ex: "If I have a good publication record, will I get tenure?"

What is Expectancy within Vroom's Expectancy Theory?

The belief that one's efforts lead to desired outcomes. Ex: "If I perform this experiment, will it likely be published in a reputable journal."

Describe Expectancy within Vroom's Theory

The belief that one's efforts lead to desired performance goals. In order for expectancy to be high people must believe they have control over the expected outcome. *People have different levels and expectations of confidence about what they're capable of doing.

What is Basal Metabolic Rate?

The bodies resting rate of energy expenditure.

What is Set-Point?

The body weight thermostat that is somewhat flexible and is influenced by environmental as well as biological factors.

What is Ostracism?

The deliberate exclusion of individuals or groups. Social isolation can put people at risk mentally and physically.

What is Testosterone?

The most important male sex hormone. Men and women have it. The additional testosterone in men stimulates the growth of male sex organs during the fetal period and development of male sex characteristics during puberty.

What is Affiliation Need?

The need to build relationships and be a part of a group.

What is Motivation?

The psychological processes that cause the arousal, direction, and persistence of voluntary actions that are goal directed. Motivation is the need or desire that energizes or directs behavior. Motivations arise from a push-pull thought process.

When does the refectory period begin within the sexual response cycle?

The resolution phase.

What is Valence within Vroom's Expectancy Theory?

The value one places on rewards based on motivation, needs, wants, etc. Ex: How much does someone want tenure?

Describe Valence within Vroom's Theory

The value one places on rewards based on their needs, goals, values, and motivation. It's affected by the person's values, needs, goals, and preferences. *Emotional orientations people hold with respect to outcomes and rewards. The depth of want for extrinsic rewards; money, time-off, promotions, etc.

What happens when someone perceives their work relationship as inequitable?

They will become distressed. Underbenefitted - Angry Overbenefitted - Guilty

What is the Yerkes-Dodson Law?

Within Arousal Theory. Performance increases with arousal, but only to a certain point, then decreases. Performance "peaks" at lower levels of arousal for difficult tasks and at higher levels for easier tasks. MODERATE arousal for optimal performance.

After an eight-hour hike without food, your long-awaited favorite dish is placed in front of you, and your mouth waters in anticipation. Why?

You have learned to respond to the sight and aroma that signal the food about to enter your mouth. Both psychological cues (low blood sugar) and physiological cues (anticipation of the tasty meal) heighten your experienced hunger.