Psychology

The average cost of caring for a victim of Alzheimer's disease, from first diagnosis to death, is:

$174 thousand

Basic trust as a tenet of social development was proposed by:

Erik Erikson.

_____ is the orderly sequence of biological growth.

Maturation

Scientists have found that nicotine can be passed through the placenta. For the unborn children of mothers who smoke heavily, nicotine is a(n):

teratogen.

object permanence

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived. Conservation. the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.

Humans have the MOST brain cells they will ever have at:

birth.

developmental psychology

branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social changes throughout a life span

Jean Piaget proposed a stage theory of _____ development.

cognitive

Schemas are:

concepts or mental molds into which we pour our experiences.

According to Piaget, at which stage do children become capable of true logical thought?

concrete operational

Which of the following is NOT identified as a mechanism of moral disengagement related to sense of responsibility? - group decision making - diffusion of responsibility - dehumanization - confirmation bias

confirmation bias

Compared to a century ago, menarche now occurs _____ in life and adult independence begins _____ in life.

earlier; later

The textbook states that "after high school, those who enter the job market or go to college may be managing their own time and priorities. Yet they may be doing so from their parents' home, unable to afford their own place." These individuals are in a phase of life many developmental psychologists call _____ adulthood.

emerging

The MOST immediate and direct function of the rooting reflex is the facilitation of:

feeding.

Zygote

fertilized egg

Nutrients and oxygen are transferred from a mother to her developing fetus through the _____.

placenta

What are the four main parenting styles?

- Authoritarian or Disciplinarian. - Permissive or Indulgent. - Uninvolved. - Authoritative.

Alzheimer's disease was first identified as a real disease in:

1907.

In round figures, the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder is just over 1 in _____ children.

70

2. critical period

A critical period is a specific period in development during which an organism is most vulnerable to the deprivation or absence of certain environmental stimuli or experiences.

Why was it good to account for confounding variables in your study?

It gave you more information about the relationship between having children and happiness.

puberty

The period of early adolescence when children grow very rapidly and experience maturation in their sexual reproductive organs.

"Those who can get you to believe absurdities, can get you to commit atrocities." Who originally stated this?

Voltaire

intimacy

a strong, emotional bond between two people who share common interests and concern for each other's well being and a sense of trust and comfort amongst each other.

Piaget used the term _____ to denote the ability to change one's mental frameworks on the basis of new information and experiences.

accommodation

basic trust

according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers. self-concept.

Cross-sectional studies are those in which:

people of different ages are compared with one another.

Which of these major issues is NOT among those emphasized by developmental psychologists? - stability and change - nature and nurture - person and situation - continuity and stages

person and situation

Adolescence is marked by the onset of

puberty

Neurochemically, a slow _____ response has been found in abused children who became aggressive teens and adults.

serotonin

Stephanie is 33 years old. She has a full-time career and is not married. She does not have any children. Stephanie's grandmother keeps asking her when she will get married and have children, insisting that Stephanie should be married and a mother by now. She also insists that Stephanie should not focus on her career because once she is married she should not be working. Stephanie's grandmother is referring to the _____ clock of her generation.

social

Children's anxiety over parental separation peaks around _____ months of age.

13

Leanne is 5 months old. Chastity is 8 months old. Dominique is 25 months old. Which infant should show the MOST evidence of stranger anxiety?

Chastity

_____ includes all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Cognition

What are three possible ways to explain the correlation between parenting style and children's traits?

(1) Parenting may shape (influence) children. (2) Parents may be responding to children's traits (children may influence parenting). (3) Parents and their biological children may share traits (because they share genes) that influence social competence and other outcomes.

What are some newborn abilities, and how do researchers explore infants' mental abilities?

- Babies born with sensory equipment and reflexes that facilitate their survival and social interactions with adults (ex; they quickly learn to discriminate their moms smell, and prefer sound of human voices) - Researchers use techniques that test habituation (novelty-preference procedure to explore infants abilities)

what is the course of prenatal development, and how do teratogens affect that development?

- Begins at conception, when a sperm cell meets a zygote - Zygote inner cells become embryo - Outer cells become the placenta - Next 6 weeks, body organs begin to form and function - By 9 weeks, fetus is recognizably human - teratogens, potentially harmful agents that can pass through placenta and harm developing embryo or fetus (fetal alchohol syndrome)

How does childhood neglect or abuse affect children's attachments?

- Children are very resilient, but those who are severely neglected by their parents, or otherwise prevented from forming attachments at an early age, may be at risk for attachment problems.

What 3 issues have engaged developmental psychologists?

- Developmental psychologists study physical, cognitive, and social changes through life spans - focus on; (1) Nature and Nurture- interactions bw genetic inheritance and our experiences (2) continuity and stages- aspects of development that are gradual and continuous which change relatively abruptly (3) stability and change- whether our traits endure or change as we age

What outcomes are associated with each parenting style?

- authoritive; associated with great self esteem, rely reliance, self regulation and social competence - authoritian parenting; lower self esteem, less social skill, and a brain that overreacts to mistakes - permissive; greater aggression and immaturity - negligent; poor academic and social outcomes

A loved one's death triggers what range of reactions?

- ppl don't grieve in predictable stages, as was once supposed, and bereavement therapy is not significantly more effective than grieving without such aid. Life can be affirmed even at death, especially for those who experience what Erikson called a sense of integrity- a feeling that ones life has been meaningful.

In the United States, about _____ percent of all babies are walking by age 11 months, _____ percent are walking within a week after their first birthday, and about _____ percent are walking by age 15 months.

25; 50; 90

Adolescents are taking more time to finish their education and establish careers. The average age for a first marriage in the United States has increased more than five years since 1960, to:

29 for men and 27 for women.

Which individual is matched with the correct stage of adult development? - 37-year-old Wright—middle adulthood - 57-year-old Jack—middle adulthood - 42-year-old Lorna—early adulthood - 61-year-old Abigail—late adulthood

57-year-old Jack—middle adulthood

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

A disorder characterized by impairment in: (1) social interaction and social communication. (2) restricted repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, and activities. Etiology.

How have psychologists studied attachment differences, and what have they learned?

Attachment has been studied in strange situation experiments, which show that some children are securely attached and others are insecurely attached. Infants' differing attachment styles reflect both their individual temperament and the responsiveness of their parents and child-care providers. Adult relationships seem to reflect the attachment styles of early childhood, lending support to Erik Erikson's idea that basic trust is formed in infancy by our experiences with responsive caregivers.

How do each of these four parenting styles tend to correlate with children's traits?

Authoritarian parents tend to have less socially skilled children. Permissive parents tend to have aggressive and less-controlled (immature) children. Negligent parents tend to have underachieving children. Authoritative parents tend to have self-reliant, socially competent children with high self-esteem.

sensorimotor stage

Birth to nearly 2 years--experience world through senses and actions. Object permanence, stanger anxiety.

Which of the following statements is true? - A child's mind is a miniature version of an adult's mind. - Children are capable of adult logic. - Children are passive learners. - Children are actively engaged in making sense of the world.

Children are actively engaged in making sense of the world.

If someone asked you whether personality runs in our genes, how might you respond based on what you learned in this activity?

Compared with fraternal twins, identical twins score more similarly on measures of extraversion and agreeableness. We also learned that identifying and controlling for certain confounding variables, such as whether the twins shared the same environment as they grew up, can increase confidence in our study results.

social clock;

Culturally preferred timing of important transitions in life (for example marriage, parenthood, and retirement). This will vary in different cultures and societies that have different values.

How do parents and peers influence adolescents?

During adolescence, parental influence diminishes and peer influence increases, in part because of the selection effect—the tendency to choose similar others. But adolescents also do adopt their peers' ways of dressing, acting, and communicating. Parents have more influence in religion, politics, and college and career choices.

What are the social tasks and challenges of adolescence?

Erikson theorized that each life stage has its own psychosocial task, and that a chief task of adolescence is solidifying one's sense of self—one's identity. This often means "trying on" a number of different roles. Social identity is the part of the self-concept that comes from a person's group memberships.

egocentrism

In the realm of cognitive development, it refers to a lack of differentiation in some area of subject - object interaction. Self-Awareness. Understanding that you are a self, that exists and is different from others is an important milestone to develop in the first two years of life.

Why did you choose NOT to use an experimental design? - It is not possible to assign people to have high or low genetic similarity. - It is too difficult to assign people to be identical twins. - It is too difficult to assign people to be fraternal twins. - A correlational study can imply a causal relationship when it concerns genetics.

It is not possible to assign people to have high or low genetic similarity.

What physical changes occur during middle and late adulthood?

Muscular strength, reaction time, sensory abilities, and cardiac output begin to almost imperceptibly decline in the mid-20s; this downward your directory accelerates the middle in late adulthood. Women's Fertility issues with menopause around age 50; men experience more a gradual decline. In late adulthood; the immune system weakens, increase susceptibility to life-threatening illnesses but longevity-supporting genes, low stress and helpful having to make enable good health even in late life

Jason is 16 years old. One day he has blonde hair; the next day it is green. One day he looks goth, and the next he looks like a jock. He recently asked his parents if he could get a tattoo. Should Jason's parents be worried?

No, this is just Jason trying to find his identity.

identity

Overall sense of who you are (and where you're going and how you fit into society)

How did Piaget, Kohlberg, and later researchers describe adolescent cognitive and moral development?

Piaget theorized that adolescents develop a capacity for formal operations and that this development is the foundation for moral judgment. Lawrence Kohlberg proposed a stage theory of moral reasoning, from a preconventional morality of self-interest, to a conventional morality concerned with upholding laws and social rules, to (in some people) a postconventional morality of universal ethical principles. Other researchers believe that morality lies in moral intuition and moral action as well as thinking. Some critics argue that Kohlberg's postconventional level represents morality from the perspective of individualist, middle-class people.

Although Piaget's stage theory continues to inform our understanding of children's thinking, many researchers believe that

Piaget's stages begin earlier and development is more continuous than he realized.

The field of cognitive development is greatly indebted to the seminal work of the Swiss scholar:

Piaget.

With respect to the pioneering theorists of cognitive development _____ emphasized the child's interaction with the _____ environment.

Piaget; physical environment, whereas Vygotsky emphasized the child's interaction with the social

Which statement BEST exemplifies the influence of continuity rather than stages? - The first two years of life provide a poor basis for predicting a person's eventual traits. - Most people's temperament remains the same across the life span. - Adolescents must figure out who they are before they can form intimate relationships with other people. - Students learn new facts about history from taking a school course.

Students learn new facts about history from taking a school course.

assimilation

The process of taking in new information and fitting it into and making it part of an existing mental idea about objects or the world. Explanation of Assimilation. Through assimilation, we make sense of new information by drawing on our existing knowledge and understanding.

A local high school is running an experiment with a colony of infant rats. Half of the infant rats are isolated in barren cages and the other half live together in an enriched environment with lots of rat toys and exercise equipment. What would the expected outcome be at the end of the school year?

The rats in the enriched environment will have significantly larger cerebral cortices

Which of the following is true of motor-skill development? - It is determined solely by genetic factors. - The sequence, but not the timing, is universal. - The timing, but not the sequence, is universal. - It is determined solely by environmental factors.

The sequence, but not the timing, is universal.

What is emerging adulthood?

The transition from adolescence to adulthood is now taking longer. Emerging adulthood is the period from age 18 to the mid-twenties, when many young people are not yet fully independent. But critics note that this stage is found mostly in today's Western cultures.

Three-year-old Sam is talking to his grandmother on the phone. He says, "Look what I got today." Sam's mom explains that his grandmother cannot see him. Is Sam's mom wasting her time explaining?

Yes, Sam has not developed a theory of mind yet.

emerging adulthood

a distinct period of development. -between 18-25 years old. -independent role. exploration and frequent change.

schema

a framework of knowledge about an object, event or a group of people that can affect our perception and help us to organise information and recall what we have seen. visual illusion. conflict between reality and what we perceive.

An infant is most likely to be at risk for FAS if her mother is:

a heavy drinker.

temperament

a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity. Basic trust. according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers. Self-concept.

Thirteen-year-old Ariana is getting more involved in risky behaviors, which has her mother very worried. Ariana is also more impulsive and emotionally volatile than she used to be. What is the MOST likely explanation for Ariana's behavior?

a pubertal hormonal surge

Teratogens

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children that are the result of a pregnant woman's heavy drinking reflect a condition known as fetal _____ syndrome.

alcohol

cognition

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

attachment

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.

Temperament and emotionality studies have demonstrated that these characteristics:

are very stable over time.

Viv's father demands total obedience from his children. When he speaks, he expects his children to listen. There is no discussion and no arguing. He has zero tolerance for anyone breaking the rules he has decreed. Viv's father has a(n) _____ parenting style.

authoritarian

Which of Baumrind's parenting styles is associated with the BEST developmental outcomes for children?

authoritative

In a series of experiments, the Harlows found that monkeys raised with artificial mothers tended, when afraid, to cling to their cloth mother, rather than to a wire mother holding the feeding bottle. Why was this finding important?

before these studies, many psychologists believed that babies simply become attached to those who nourished them

During infancy and childhood, how do the brain and motor skills develop?

brain cells are sculpted by heredity and experience. Neural connections grow more numerous and complex. Experiences trigger pruning process, where unused connections weaken and heavily used ones strengthen. Early childhood is important period for shaping brain, plasticity modifies in response to learning through life. In childhood, motor skills (sitting, standing, walking) develop a predictable sequence, though timing of that sequence is a function of individual maturation and culture. Some skills, have a critical period. We have few or no conscious memories of events occurring before age 4. This infantile amnesia occurs in part bc major brain areas have not yet matured

Which of the following is NOT one of the three main methods of moral disengagement as described by Bandura? - moral justification - euphemisms - bystander effect - sanitizing comparisons

bystander effect

The Swiss scholar Jean Piaget made groundbreaking contributions to the study of _____ development.

cognitive

Mark thinks that language development over the life span requires a slow but steady shaping process. His belief is MOST directly relevant to the issue of:

continuity and changes

the 3 major issues that interest developmental psychologists are nature/nurture, stability/change, and ____________/______________

continuity, stages

A(n) _____ period is an optimal time early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli must take place to facilitate proper development.

critical

Habituation

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation

Dr. Grove studies how obesity rates change from childhood through old age. Dr. Grove is MOST likely a _____ psychologist.

developmental

Dr. Matsuko's major research interest is the long-term effects of child-raising practices on the psychological adjustment of offspring. It is MOST likely that Dr. Matsuko is a _____ psychologist.

developmental

Marjorie has just completed an introductory course in psychology at a local community college. She would like to take another psychology course next semester. The college offers courses in developmental psychology, social psychology, personality psychology, and industrial-organizational psychology. Marjorie is especially interested in change and growth across the life span. Based on this information, Marjorie should consider the course in _____ psychology.

developmental

An introductory psychology student expresses an interest in growth and change during childhood and adolescence. Which psychology course should the student consider taking next semester? - the psychology of personality - industrial-organizational psychology - developmental psychology - social psychology

developmental psychology

What is autism spectrum disorder?

disorder marked by social deficiencies and repetitive behaviors, w differing levels of severity. Children with this have impaired theory of mind. By age 8, 1 in 68 US kids now get diagnosed with this. Increase in diagnoses has been offset by decrease in number of kids with cognitive disability or learning disability. Genetic influences, abnormal brain development, and the prenatal environment (when altered by infection, drugs, or hormones likely to contribute)

Marla is 25 years old. Which stage of development is she currently in?

either emerging adulthood or early adulthood, depending on her level of independence

From the late teens into the mid-twenties, individuals are in a transitional phase that developmental psychologists call _____ adulthood.

emerging

Some developmental psychologists refer to the period that occurs in some Western cultures from age 18 to the mid-twenties and beyond (up to the time of full adult independence) as_________________ .

emerging adulthood

preoperational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic. schemas. concepts or mental frameworks that organize and interpret information. self-awareness.

In your study, socioeconomic status was a confounding variable because:

it could affect the relationship between having children and happiness.

What factors should couples consider when asking if having children could increase their happiness?

it is especially true for those over age 25 who are in a stable marriage and who have established a comfortable income level.

With respect to adolescence, biology determines:

its beginning, but not its end.

A researcher secretly puts a dab of rouge on a child's nose before placing him in front of a mirror. The child points to the rouge on the mirror's reflected image. From this example one can conclude that the child:

lacks self-recognition.

The initiative to have infants sleep on their back, rather than their stomach, has been associated with:

later crawling.

Like infants all over the world, Jonah could sit before he could stand, and stand before he could walk. This orderly sequence of motor milestones reflects:

maturation

The orderly sequence of biological growth is referred to as _____.

maturation

As is typical of infants and young children everywhere, Janae first produced one-word sentences, then two-word sentences, and, finally, sentences of several words. This orderly sequence of language acquisition reflects:

maturation.

The orderly sequence of biological growth is called:

maturation.

Bernice is 62. She is in a life stage known as _____ adulthood.

middle

Faruq believes that choosing to violate government laws is morally justifiable if it is done to protect the lives of innocent people. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates _____ morality.

postconventional

During the _____ stage of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children are able to represent things with words and images and use intuitive rather than logical reasoning.

preoperational

maturation

process of learning to cope and react in an emotionally appropriate way. It does not necessarily happen along with aging or physical growth, but is a part of growth and development. A situation a person must deal with at a young age prepares them for the next and so on into adulthood.

By age 65, a person would be most likely to experience a cognitive decline in the ability to - recall and list all the important terms and concepts in a chapter. - select the correct definition in a multiple-choice question. - recall their own birth date. - practice a well-learned skill, such as knitting.

recall and list all the important terms and concepts in a chapter.

theory of mind

refers to an understanding of mental states - such as belief, desire, and knowledge - that enables us to explain and predict others' behaviour."

accommodation

refers to changing an existing schema to incorporate new information that cannot be assimilated.In Piaget's theory.

Stroke a newborn's cheek and the infant will root for a nipple. This illustrates

reflex

When an infant gazes more intently at a new stimulus compared to an older stimulus, researchers conclude that the infant recognizes that stimulus as being new. It follows that the infant:

remembers the older, original stimulus, thus making the new stimulus seem different.

The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement is known as the _____ clock.

social

Developmental psychologists have found that one's general level of emotionality, called _____, remains fairly constant from childhood into adulthood.

temperament

Although development is lifelong, there is stability of personality over time, for example,

temperament tends to remain stable throughout life

stranger anxiety

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.

imprinting

the process by which certain animals form attachments early in life, usually during a limited critical period. intimacy. in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood.

Research has shown that among European, Canadian, and American couples who live together before marriage:

there are higher rates of divorce.

Autism is NOT related to:

vaccinations.

Maya is 15 years old and has a close, affectionate relationship with her mother. Which statement is MOST likely? - Her relationship with her mother causes her to avoid other girls her age. - Her relationship with her mother causes her to have tense relationships with her peers. - She has close relationships with several other girls her age. - She has tense relationships with other adults.

She has close relationships with several other girls her age.

How does our well-being change across the life span?

Surveys show that life satisfaction is unrelated to age until terminal decline phase. Positive emotions increase after midlife and negative ones decrease; with age come fewer extremes of emotion and mood.

How do cross-sectional and longitudinal studies differ?

The difference between cross-sectional and longitudinal research is that in cross-sectional research groups of people of one age are compared with a similar group of people of another age whereas in longitudinal research data is repeatedly collected on the same individuals at different stages of their aging and development. While cross-sectional research is the most convenient way to study developmental change over time it is adversely affected by a changing time periods effect on an age group. The biggest problem in longitudinal research comes from changing historical context.

adolescence

The period of life beginning at puberty and ending in early adulthood. Puberty. Physiological development, capable of reproduction.

cross-sectional study;

A research design in which investigators compare groups of subjects of differing age who are observed at a single point in time. Longitudinal design. a research design in which the same people are studied or tested repeatedly over time.

_____ is the transition period from childhood to adulthood, that is, from puberty to independence.

Adolescence

How is adolescence defined, and how do physical changes affect developing teens?

Adolescence is the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to social independence. Boys seem to benefit from "early" maturation, girls from "late" maturation. The brain's frontal lobes mature and myelin growth increases during adolescence and the early twenties, enabling improved judgment, impulse control, and long-term planning

What themes and influences mark our social journey from early adulthood to death?

Adults don't progress through orderly sequence of age-related social stages. Chance events can determine life choices. The social clock is a cultures preferred timing for events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement. Adulthoods dominant themes are love and work (Erikson's intimacy and generativity)

How would you separate the four parenting styles into "too hard," "too soft," "too uncaring," and "just right" categories, and what allows you to make these judgments?

Consideration of children's outcomes allows us to suggest that authoritarian parents may be considered "too hard," permissive parents "too soft," negligent parents "too uncaring," and authoritative parents "just right."

At 19, Celia is beginning to plan for her future. She no longer lives for the moment. She wants to become a doctor, so she knows she has to buckle down in school. What is MOST likely happening to Celia? - Her frontal lobes are growing. - She is in the middle of a growth spurt. - Her neurons are ready for pruning. - She is experiencing a hormonal surge.

Her frontal lobes are growing.

A grandmother is in her early eighties and is beginning to seem frail. Which of these is likely noticeable about her abilities?

Her hearing, distance perception, and sense of smell are diminishing.

menopause;

The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

Amanda is pregnant. Her baby's intestinal system is beginning to develop. The baby is in the _____ stage of prenatal development.

embryo

body organs 1st begin to form and function during the period of the __________; within 6 months, during the period of the _______________, organs are sufficiently functional to provide a good chance of surviving and thriving

embryo, fetus

Based on the results of your study, is the following statement true or false: "Compared with identical twins, fraternal twins score more similarly on measures of extraversion and agreeableness."

false

The second and third trimesters of pregnancy occur entirely within the _____ period of prenatal development.

fetal

In Erikson's stages, the primary task during adolescence is

forging an identity.

According to Jean Piaget, during the _____ stage of cognitive development, abstract logic and the potential for mature moral reasoning are formed.

formal operational

According to Piaget, a person who can think logically about abstractions is in the ______________stage.

formal operational

According to Piaget, during which stage of cognitive development do abstract logic and the potential for mature moral reasoning form?

formal operational

Between ages 3 and 6, the human brain experiences the greatest growth in the ____________ lobes, which enable rational planning and aid memory.

frontal

Children start to gain control over their attention beginning in preschool. This control is related to a growth spurt in the brain's _____ lobe.

frontal

From ages 3 to 6, the brain's neural network is sprouting MOST rapidly in the _____ lobes.

frontal

Freud defined the healthy adult as one who is able to love and work. Erikson agreed, observing that the adult struggles to attain intimacy and ___________.

generatively

Marcia is 48. She has the intense desire to create a mentoring program at her company. According to Erik Erikson, she is likely experiencing:

generativity

The textbook refers to the nature-nurture issue as a debate regarding:

genes and experience.

What do developmental psychologists seek to understand?

growth and change across the life span

Sixteen-year-old Jake is trying out different clothes and hairstyles. His father is confused and sometimes shocked by his combinations of shirts and pants, earrings, chains, and hair colors. His mother, on the other hand, just laughs. Jake is in the stage of development called:

identity versus role confusion.

Latoya is 3 years old and her favorite book is Are You My Mother?, a children's book about a baby bird that hatches while its mother is away. The baby bird then leaves the nest in search of its mother. The baby bird approaches the first animal it sees. When it is told that the animal is not its mother, it then approaches the second animal it sees, and so on. Which of the attachment concepts is an aspect of this story?

imprinting

concrete operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

formal operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.

From the perspectives of Piaget, Vygotsky, and today's researchers, how does a child's mind develop?

in his theory of cognitive development; Jean piaget proposed that kids construct and modify understanding of world through processes of assimilation and accommodation. They form schemas that help organize their experiences. Progressing from simplicity of sensorimotor stage of 1st 2 years, in which they develop object permanence, children move to more complex ways of thinking. In preoperational stage ( age 2 to ab 6 or 7), they develop a theory of mind. In preoperational stage, children are egocentric and unable to perform simple logical operations. By age 7, they enter concrete operational stage and able to comprehend the principle of conservation. By age 14, they enter formal operational stage and can reason systematically. Research support sequence piaget proposed, but also shows young kind are more capable, and their development more continuous, than he believed. Vygotsky's studied of child dev. Focused on ways of kids mind grows by interacting w the social environment. In his view, parents, and caretakers provide temporary scaffolds enabling children to step to higher levels of thinking.

In the strange situation, an infant with _____ attachment will remain distressed when his or her mother returns after a brief absence.

insecure

social identity

is an individual's self-image that is based on being members of a particle group. -The theory claims that people do not have a single personal self; instead, they have numerous identities that are both social and personal.

scaffold

is not simply another word for help: - It is a special kind of help that assist learners to move forward new skills, concepts, or levels of understanding. - It is the temporary assistance by which a teacher helps a learner know how to do something.

Contrary to what many people assume, - older people are significantly less happy than adolescents are. - we become less happy as we move from our teen years into midlife. - positive feelings tend to grow after midlife. - those whose children have recently left home—the empty nesters. —have the lowest level of happiness of all groups.

older people are significantly less happy than adolescents are.

fetal alcohol syndrome

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking, noticable symptoms include facial mis-proportions

Susie does not eat cookies before dinner because her parents will send her to her room for the rest of the night. In Kohlberg's terms, Susie is at the _____ level of moral reasoning.

preconventional

conservation

principle that certain properties of matter (e.g. mass, volume, number) remain the same despite changes in appearance; exhibited during the concrete operational phase. object permanence. awareness that things continue to exist even though they are not perceived; develops at 6-8 months of age

Reflecting a use-it-or-lose it approach, unused synaptic connections are eliminated during infancy and childhood in a process called:

pruning.

How does memory change with age?

recall begins to decline, especially for meaningless info, but recognition memory remains strong. Developmental researchers study age-related changes such as in memory with cross-sectional studies (comparing ppl of dif. ages at one point in time). "Terminal decline" describes the cognitive decline in the final few years of life.

Three-year-old Isaiah happily explores the attractive toys located in the dentist's waiting room while his mother is sitting nearby. However, if she goes up to the reception desk for a few moments, he will return to her side before going off to explore the toys again. Isaiah most clearly displays signs of:

secure attachment.

In your study, you also found that: - shared growing-up environment strongly affects personality. - being raised in separate environments strongly affects personality. - being raised in separate environments is a genetic trait. - shared growing-up environment could be a confounding variable.

shared growing-up environment could be a confounding variable.

Anthony has signed up for a horticulture class. When he walks into the classroom on the first day he realizes that all the students in the class, including the teacher, are women. He is aware of his:

social identity.

An 8-month-old infant who reacts to a new babysitter by crying and clinging to his father's shoulder is showing ___________________ .

stranger anxiety

Chemicals that the placenta isnt able to screen out that may harm an embryo or fetus are called,

teratogens

Fetus

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

Embryo

the developing human organism from ab 2 weeks after fertilization through the 2nd month

In your study, you found that: - the personality traits extraversion and agreeableness did not have a genetic component. - fraternal twins were more similar in personality traits than were identical twins. - the personality traits extraversion and agreeableness had a genetic component. - participants' attitude about being a twin could be a confounding variable.

the personality traits extraversion and agreeableness had a genetic component.

One of the defining characteristics of Alzheimer's disease is _________ in the brain.

the presence of amyloid plaques

Why can't we consciously recall learning to walk?

we recall little before age 4, bc major brain areas have not yet matured

In one study described in the textbook, infants with difficult temperaments were randomly assigned to either a condition in which their mothers received sensitivity training or a condition in which their mothers received no training. In this study, infants whose mothers received sensitivity training were in the _____ group.

experimental

According to Erik Erikson, the two fundamental themes that dominate adult development are:

intimacy and generativity.

Dr. Towne believes that genetics is primarily responsible for personality traits. Dr. West believes that experiences are primarily responsible for personality traits. The two psychologists are on different sides of the _____ debate.

nature and nurture

Five-year-old Ling is beginning to show signs of being able to plan ahead in a somewhat rational manner. At her age, this development is likely due to:

neural networks sprouting in her frontal lobes.

longitudinal study;

researchers repeatedly examine the same individuals to detect any changes that might occur over a period of time. Longitudinal studies are a type of correlational research in which researchers observe and collect data on a number of variables without trying to influence those variables

Studies similar to the one you set up have shown that having children is related to higher levels of happiness. These studies have also shown that:

the relationship found between having children and happiness was not due only to socioeconomic status, age, or marital status.

Use Piaget's first three stages of cognitive development to explain why young children are not just miniature adults in the way they think.

- Infants in Piaget's SENSORIMOTOR STAGE tend to be focused only on their own perceptions of the world and may, for example, be unaware that objects continue to exist when unseen. - A child in the PROPORTIONAL STAGE is still egocentric and incapable of appreciating simple logic, such as the reversibility of operations. - A preteen in the CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE is beginning to think logically about concrete events but not about abstract concepts.

Which of the following statements is TRUE? - You can never know whether having children relates to greater happiness. - You cannot use an experimental design to know whether having children causes greater happiness, because you can't randomly assign people to have children or not have children. - You should account for confounding variables, because they will let you know whether you chose an interesting research question. - After accounting for confounding variables, a correlation can imply a causal relationship between two factors.

- You cannot use an experimental design to know whether having children causes greater happiness, because you can't randomly assign people to have children or not have children.

How do parent-infant attachment bonds form?

- at age 8 mths; after object permanence develops, children separated from caregivers who gratify biological needs but who are comfortable, familiar, and responsive. - imprinting that occurs during a critical period.