Psychology 2040 Test 3 Chapter 9

Empathy

7) ________ is a complex emotional and cognitive response to another's distress.

E

25) The first step involved in deciding whether or not to offer assistance in an emergency is ________. A) to assess one's ability to take needed action B) to determine whether one will benefit from acting C) to interpret the situation as an emergency D) to assume responsibility for the outcome of the situation E) to notice that something unusual is happening

C

27) A common factor that increases the likelihood of helping behavior irrespective of the bystander's emotional state is ________. A) an interesting or fun quality to the helping task B) a sense of independence and control C) an unambiguous need for help D) a sense of power E) a feeling of being personally responsible for one's own mood

E

10) The empathy-altruism hypothesis suggests that ________. A) at least some prosocial behavior is driven by our motivation to engage in any behavior that provides the greatest satisfaction to us B) at least some prosocial behavior is driven by genetic attributes that evolved because they enhanced the probability of genetic success C) at least some prosocial behavior is motivated by our desire to appear moral without our having to pay the costs involved in actually being moral D) at least some prosocial behavior is caused by the desire to reduce our own discomfort in the presence of negative emotions E) at least some prosocial behavior is motivated solely by the desire to help someone in need

D

24) The bystander effect is ________. A) an exclusive concern with one's own personal needs and welfare B) the relatively equal sharing of responsibility to help by all of the bystanders present during an emergency C) a helpful action that benefits other people without necessarily providing direct benefit to the bystanders D) the observation that the probability of a prosocial response to an emergency is influenced by the number of bystanders present E) cooperative behavior among unrelated individuals that provides benefit to both individuals

B

26) Allen is running late for his social psychology class. He is hurrying across campus and is thinking about the instructor's reaction to his tardiness on an exam day. He passed by a small group of students clustered around someone who is lying on the ground, clutching his chest and gasping for breath. Allen did not stop to help because he simply was not aware of what was happening at the time. This failure to engage in prosocial behavior was probably due to ________. A) Allen's assumption that other bystanders would help B) Allen's not paying attention to the situation C) Allen's lack of training in emergency medical procedures D) Allen's desire to remain uninvolved with others' problems E) Allen's incorrectly interpreting the situation

decreases

3) More witnesses to an armed robbery ________ the amount of help the victim receives after the robber leaves the scene.

D

32) Before offering help, a bystander must decide that she or he has a responsibility to provide help. This is UNLIKELY to occur if ________. A) the emergency represents a clear danger to the bystander B) there is only one bystander present C) the emergency is relatively severe or serious D) an authority figure, or emergency personnel, is present E) a family relationship exists between the bystander and the person in need of help

E

58) During the Nazi Holocaust, it was more likely for (non-Jewish German) ________ to help rescue Jews. This fact is ________ with contemporary gender differences of empathy. A) men; inconsistent B) women; inconsistent C) families; inconsistent D) men; consistent E) women; consistent

B

69) Jeremy tends to look for the potential costs and benefits for him in almost every situation. He prefers to take those actions that provide a direct benefit to himself, without considering the impact his behaviors may have on others, and he enjoys competing with others. Jeremy could be described as ________. A) socially responsible B) egocentric C) empathic D) having an internal locus of control E) generative

C

79) Angela tells her friends that the reason she volunteers is that is "makes me feel better about myself." For Angela, volunteering serves a(n) ________ function. A) protective B) social C) self-enhancement D) understanding E) values

A

1) After a young man helped the author negotiate the Paris Metro, an act of kindness that may have earned the helper a negative response from other Parisians (who may not like Americans), the momentary guide left after receiving nothing more than a handshake from the author. This is best explained by ________. A) the empathy-altruism hypothesis B) a negative-state relief explanation C) empathic joy D) competitive altruism E) kin selection theory

prosocial behavior

1) Someone who engages in behaviors to help others without directly benefiting him- or her-self from that act is engaged in ________.

Machiavellianism

10) ________, an aspect of personality involving distrust, cynicism, egocentricity, and the desire to manipulate and control others is negatively related to helping.

D

11) The idea that we sometimes engage in helping behaviors to reduce negative emotions that we might be experiencing from any cause is known as ________. A) reciprocal altruism B) empathy-altruism hypothesis C) implicit bystander effect D) the negative-state relief model E) empathic joy hypothesis

C

19) A basic ________ with kin selection theory is that we ________ help people ________ to. A) advantage; do; we are not related B) problem; don't; we are related C) problem; do; we are not related D) advantage; don't; older than our oldest parent E) advantage; don't; we are related to

kin selection theory

2) The fact that people are more willing to risk their own lives to save a family member than to save a stranger provides support for ________.

E

89) Two motivation factors that are often in conflict are ________ and ________. A) self-interest; altruism B) moral integrity; moral hypocrisy C) moral hypocrisy; self-interest D) egoism; self-interest E) self-interest; moral integrity

B

12) The empathic joy hypothesis suggests ________. A) we help others because of genetic attributes that evolved in response to natural selection pressures B) we help others because of the positive emotions we anticipate experiencing as a result of our helping behaviors C) we help others because we expect to be helped by them or someone similar at some time in the future D) we help others solely because we want to help someone in need E) we sometimes engage in helping behaviors to reduce negative emotions that we might be experiencing from other causes

D

13) Ruth volunteers at a homeless shelter two days a month. She finds that she looks forward to her volunteer days because she feels good when helping others. Her mood is elevated before she reaches the shelter and for a few days afterwards. This situation best represents the ________. A) altruistic personality B) implicit bystander effect C) empathy-altruism hypothesis D) empathic joy hypothesis E) negative-state relief model

A

14) Emily, who is always slightly depressed, helps a child find its mom at the mall. Emily is surprised to find her mood has improved. This is likely because A) helping a person often relieves a negative mood. B) helping a person can lead to a reward. C) empathy led Emily to help the child. D) the child was able to articulate how much he was helped. E) the child's mom was not a relative of Emily's.

D

15) Raphael helps Lisa carry her groceries up the stairs. Lisa comes by 15 minutes later and says, "Thank you. The frozen food would have melted if you hadn't helped me." Because of her response to his help, Raphael is motivated to help others later. This scenario is MOST consistent with the A) inclusive fitness model. B) empathy-altruism hypothesis. C) negative state relief model. D) empathic joy hypothesis. E) genetic determinism.

D

16) In Hardy and Van Vugt's experiment, participants made "contributions" to a "group fund." All contributions were either made known to all participants or not made known. Which of the following best states the results? A) Participants felt empathy for those they thought would get the group fund. B) The status of participants was greater in the known condition. C) The size of contributions made no difference in the status of participants in the not known condition. D) The size of contributions made a difference in participant status in the known condition, but not in the not-known condition. E) Greater contributions resulted in higher status overall.

B

17) Kin selection refers to ________. A) the idea that natural selection favors those who engage in prosocial behavior and disfavors those who do not B) the idea that natural selection applies to behaviors that benefit other individuals with whom we share genes C) the idea that behavior is based on both our genetic endowment and our past learning experiences D) the idea that behavior is driven by genetic attributes that evolved because they enhance the probability of transmitting one's genes to future generations E) the idea that cooperative behavior among unrelated individuals may sometimes enhance the probability of transmitting one's genes to future generations

D

18) Based on Burnstein's research, if a person were confronted with rescuing a person or animal in a burning building, s/he would more likely rescue a ________ than a ________. A) a non-relative; distant relative B) young male; young female C) dog; young male human D) young female close relative; middle-age female close relative E) young male non-relative; older female close relative

D

2) Actions that benefit others without providing any direct benefit to the actor are known as ________. A) heroism B) self interest C) kin selection D) prosocial behavior E) reciprocal altruism

E

20) Popular opinion suggests that people do not help others because they ________. A) do not recognize emergencies B) are unaware of the need for help C) are embarrassed to help D) are afraid to help E) are apathetic

C

21) Which statement BEST describes the decision making model of helping behavior developed by Latane and Darley? A) Fallacies in our thinking make it difficult for us to make rational decisions regarding prosocial behavior. B) People are more likely to help during an emergency when there are relatively few bystanders. C) The person confronted by an emergency situation must make five crucial decisions before helping. D) Whether we perform prosocial behavior depends on whether we have been primed to do so. E) Diffusion of responsibility is the reason that helping is inhibited in groups.

A

22) When there are many bystanders during an emergency, the probability of receiving help is reduced. This is because of ________. A) the diffusion of responsibility that occurs B) selective altruism C) inclusive fitness D) the empathy-altruism hypothesis E) moral hypocrisy

C

23) As the number of bystanders who are present at an emergency increases, the probability that any one bystander will help ________, and the length of time that passes before help occurs ________. A) increases; remains the same B) decreases; decreases C) decreases; increases D) increases; decreases E) increases; increases

C

28) Bystanders frequently fail to respond to an emergency because no one else is responding. We tend to rely on what others say and do when we are not sure of the nature of the situation or of what behaviors to engage in. This is known as ________. A) diffusion of responsibility B) the altruistic personality effect C) pluralistic ignorance D) selective altruism E) the implicit bystander effect

C

29) Wayne and Cheryl were at a restaurant eating dinner when he noticed a faint smell of smoke coming from the air conditioning vent. No one else in the busy restaurant seemed to be concerned about the odor, and Wayne was not sure if it was the result of an electrical problem or of food scorching in the kitchen. Wayne's uncertainty, combined with the observation that others were not taking action, means that Wayne will probably ________. A) quietly suggest to Cheryl that they leave immediately B) ask the people at nearby tables if they have noticed an odor C) do nothing D) ask a waiter to check on the smell E) scream "Fire!" and run for the door

D

3) Jason is the owner of a furniture store in a small Southern town. He donated several hundred mattresses to the Red Cross immediately after hearing about the devastation caused in a neighboring state by a hurricane. He was motivated to do so by his desire to help others, by thoughts of the income tax deduction he could take, and by the recognition his store would receive from his act of charity. This is an example of ________. A) altruism B) self-interest C) egoism D) prosocial behavior E) heroism

A

30) The inhibiting effect of multiple bystanders to an emergency is lessened if ________. A) the group of bystanders are friends B) the group of bystanders are unlikely to encounter each other again C) the group of bystanders are certain that an emergency exists D) the group of bystanders are casual acquaintances E) the group of bystanders are strangers

C

31) The consumption of moderate amounts of alcohol ________ the probability that people will try to help in an emergency because ________. A) does not effect; alcohol has no effect on anxiety level B) decreases; bystanders who have consumed alcohol are impaired in their judgment C) increases; alcohol reduces anxiety about the reactions of others D) decreases; alcohol increases anxiety about the reactions of others E) sometimes increases and sometimes decreases; has mixed effects on anxiety levels

B

33) A bystander can offer effective direct help only if ________. A) the person in need of help accepts the offer of assistance B) the bystander has the knowledge and or skills to act in a helpful way C) the person in need of help asks the bystander for assistance D) the bystander and the person in need of help are related in some way E) the bystander is part of a larger group of helpful individuals

E

34) Oscar is alone resting on a beach when he notices someone who appears to be floundering in the ocean. Since he does not know how to swim, Oscar realizes that he cannot help this individual himself. This example illustrates that ________. A) people often fail to recognize emergency situations as such B) people usually want to be left alone and not deal with other's predicaments C) people often do not help others when they are alone D) people who are poor swimmers should not go to the beach alone E) people often decide that they cannot help when they do not know what to do

E

35) A bystander may ultimately decide not to help when confronted with an emergency situation if ________. A) the bystander believes the person who needs help is not responsible for the situation B) the person who needs help has the same facial expression as the bystander C) the bystander likes the person who needs help D) the bystander was in a particularly positive mood before encountering the emergency E) the bystander fears potential negative consequences of trying to help

C

36) Jeanette's best friend, Ellen, notices that Jeanette's right eye is badly bruised. When Jeanette tells her that her boyfriend hit her, Ellen offers to provide help. This example BEST illustrates that ________. A) the five step bystander intervention process often does not explain why a person decides to help B) only women are inclined to help others C) people are much more inclined to help a close friend than a stranger D) people - both males and females - are more likely to help females than males E) people tend to realize the importance of helping domestic abuse victims

B

37) Suppose Roger, a religious fundamentalist, is told that three individuals - a homosexual, an unwed mother, and a college student - are in need of aid due to employment problems. Roger would be MOST likely to believe that aid should go to ________. A) all three individuals equally B) the college student C) none of these three individuals D) the homosexual E) the unwed mother

D

38) Ron and Elaine are walking down the street when they see someone helping an old man across the road. On the next block, they see a woman having difficulty in trying to get across the street. Elaine says, "We'd better give her a hand." The woman who initially helped the old man ________. A) decreased the diffusion of responsibility B) due to self-monitoring effects C) helped increase other directed affect D) acted as a role model E) acted as a boost to egocentrism

C

39) David sees a homeless person and thinks that "this guy has no one to blame but himself." Thus, David appears to believe that this homeless man's misfortunes are ________. A) tied to external factors B) uncontrollable C) controllable D) the end result of chance factors E) the end result of a just world

E

4) Behavior that is motivated by an unselfish concern for the welfare of others is known as ________. A) reciprocal prosocial behavior B) self interest C) kin selection D) heroism E) altruism

less likely

4) Thinking about being part of a group makes it ________ that a person will offer help, even if she or he is the only person around.

B

40) Children who watch TV shows that depict prosocial themes are ________. A) neither more nor less likely to help in other situations B) more likely to help in other situations C) confused by what they see on TV in many cases D) less likely to help in other situations E) more likely to help only in situations that are similar to the ones depicted on TV

E

41) Frank is a young musician who sometimes earns extra money by playing guitar on a down-town street corner during the lunch hour . He sometimes puts a dollar and a few coins in his open guitar case before he starts playing. Frank does this because ________. A) he thinks the presence of the money will encourage those who are unwilling to donate to walk away more quickly B) he believes this will influence the way his listeners perceive his music C) he feels the money in the guitar case is an incentive to encourage him to give better performances than he otherwise might D) he believes the money will increase the number of people who are attracted to the music he is playing E) he believes the presence of the money will act as a model for prosocial behavior for his audience

C

42) Jenny, a five year old, may be MOST likely to exhibit helping behavior after watching ________. A) a humorous TV show B) a violent TV show C) a TV show with prosocial content D) no television at all E) any TV show at all

C

43) If a bystander is in a particularly good mood for some reason, that bystander is ________ to offer help in an ambiguous situation because the bystander may ________. A) more likely to help if the person needing help vocalizes their need; the effect of the good mood is amplified by verbal requests for assistance B) more likely; interpret the situation as a more immediate emergency C) less likely; interpret the situation as a nonemergency D) less likely to help if the person needing help is markedly different from the bystander; the lack of interpersonal attraction outweighs the effect of our moods E) neither likely nor unlikely; the strength of the mood does not influence how we respond to emergencies

A

44) Marian, who is wearing a distinctive and pleasant perfume, has dropped all of the contents of her purse and is in need of assistance. The fact that she is wearing perfume should ________. A) increase her likelihood of receiving help B) not affect whether she receives help or not C) decrease her likelihood of receiving help from other women only D) increase her likelihood of receiving help from men only E) decrease her likelihood of receiving help

E

45) Negative emotions in bystanders can increase the probability of helping behaviors if the emergency is not ambiguous, ________, and ________. A) empathy for the person needing help is relatively weak; the helping behaviors are relatively easy to perform B) the negative emotions are partially offset by positive emotions; empathy for the person needing help is relatively weak C) the helping behaviors are relatively simple, not requiring much thought; the individual who needs help is relatively interesting D) the negative emotions are strongly felt; the helping behaviors are relatively uninteresting E) the negative emotions are not too intense; the helping behaviors are relatively interesting and satisfying

D

46) A New York City taxi cab driver once intervened and stopped what he perceived to be a mugging in progress-even though it actually was a group of actors performing a scene for a television sketch. The taxi driver probably intervened due to ________. A) pure stupidity B) the absence of the bystander effect C) the fact that he is a New Yorker D) his feelings of empathy E) a high level of egoism

D

47) Two aspects of empathy are ________ and ________. A) sympathizing with another person; the presence of aggressive tendencies B) sympathizing with another person; belief in a just world C) an internal locus of control; not being egocentric D) taking another's perspective; sympathizing with another person E) taking another's perspective; mistrust of other people

B

48) One component of empathy involves perspective taking. One type of perspective taking involves ________. A) imagining how you would behave if you were in the other person's position B) imagining how another person perceives an event and feels about it as a result C) imagining how the other person might resolve the problem that they are facing D) imagining how you would feel if you were the cause of the other's distress E) imagining how the other person would behave if they were in your position

E

49) Research has indicated that individuals are more likely to help a ________ victim as compared to a ________ victim. A) unattractive; attractive B) dissimilar; attractive C) crime; non-crime D) dissimilar; similar E) similar; dissimilar

E

5) A local couple frequently makes fairly large anonymous donations to several charities in the town where they live. Although it is true that they receive some benefit on their income tax returns for their donations, they are motivated primarily by an unselfish concern for other people's welfare. This is an example of ________. A) self-interest B) the bystander effect C) egoism D) heroism E) altuism

implicit

5) Diffusion of responsibility can be triggered not only by the presence of others but also by cognitive processes induced in an experimental setting, leading to an ________ bystander effect.

D

50) People who imagine how another person both perceives an event and how that person must feel as a result tend to ________. A) be motivated by generativity B) tend to be motivated by the emotional responses of fictional characters C) tend to be motivated by self-interest D) be motivated to perform altruistic behaviors E) tend to be somewhat more egocentric

E

51) Samantha is watching a movie on TV. The story is about a young boy who had lost his brother in a traffic accident. Samantha says that she knows just how the boy feels and even guesses many of the character's lines before he says them. This situation illustrates ________. A) the type of perspective taking involved with a cognitive understanding of how others must feel in a particular situation B) the type of perspective taking involved with an emotional reaction to the emotions experience by a close significant other individual C) the type of perspective taking involved with imagining how you would feel if you were in the same situation as another individual D) the type of perspective taking involved with imagining how another individual perceives an event E) the type of perspective taking involved with feeling empathy for - and identifying with - a fictional character

D

52) After seeing a motion picture where the lead character is tragically killed, Sharon feels a deep amount of sorrow for him. This is an example of ________. A) the self-interest perspective B) the "imagine other" perspective C) the "imagine self" perspective D) the fantasy perspective E) the feeling sympathetic process

C

53) Empathy develops ________. A) from biological factors only B) from several different aspects of our personality C) from a combination of biological and environmental factors D) from environmental factors only E) from adolescent learning experiences

E

54) Recent research into the biological basis for empathy suggests that two affective aspects are hereditary: ________ and ________. A) sympathetic concern; perspective taking B) attempting to solve the problem; personal distress C) perspective taking; attempting to solve the problem D) perspective taking; personal distress E) personal distress; sympathetic concern

C

55) Research suggests that cognitive empathy, involving perspective taking, is due to ________. A) genetic factors only B) unknown factors C) environmental factors, such as early childhood experiences D) genetic factors and environmental factors E) hormonal influences before the time of birth

D

56) Empathic responses to the needs of others are more common in children who ________. A) have emotionally cold, distant mothers B) have fathers who use anger to control their children's behavior C) have friends who feel alienated D) have a secure attachment style E) have families that avoid discussion of emotions

E

57) Paul, an active two-year-old, has developed a very secure attachment to his mother. In addition, his parents encourage Paul to watch TV shows such as Barney. As a result, Paul is likely to grow up ________. A) to have a relatively low need for achievement B) to feel a strong need to control his environment C) to be somewhat more aggressive than other people D) to be slightly mistrustful of others and cynical E) to be a kind, empathetic person

A

59) Sarah was always a very gentle child who displayed a great deal of empathy for others. Her parents, as a major influence in her life, were a positive influence on her. As she enters the teen years, ________. A) the negative influence of her peers may replace positive parental influence B) she is likely to become an increasingly rude, unpleasant person C) she will become increasingly cynical until she reaches early adulthood D) her parents will continue to be the most important influence in her life E) she will come to resent the influence her parents exert on her

prosocial behaviors

6) Some television programs have a positive influence on young children in that they sometimes increase some children's ________.

B

6) Steven sees an emergency and then his empathy is aroused; he then provides help simply because the victim needed help and it felt good to provide help. This example illustrates the ________. A) selective altruism model B) empathy-altruism hypothesis C) empathic joy hypothesis D) negative state relief hypothesis E) genetic determinism model

B

60) Bad feelings can come from being socially excluded. When this happens, people are more likely to ________. A) make themselves feel better by helping others B) not feel much empathy for others C) feel empathy only for those people who had previously excluded them D) feel empathy for others who were similarly rejected E) become extremely helpful toward person of lower status

D

61) Aspects of personality that tend to influence prosocial behavior are ________. A) weak determinants of our behavior, not having much effect on the things we do B) the result of prior learning experiences from conditioning or observation C) relatively temporary characteristic ways of responding to the environment D) relatively stable characteristic behavioral tendencies E) strongly influenced by genetically determined temperament factors

A

62) An altruistic personality includes five major components, including ________. A) empathy, belief in a just world, acceptance of social responsibility, having an internal locus of control, and not being egocentric B) empathy, belief that the world is frequently unfair, acceptance of social responsibility, having an external locus of control, and being somewhat egocentric C) empathy, belief in a just world, denial of social responsibility, having an external locus of control, and not being egocentric D) empathy, belief in a just world, acceptance of social responsibility, having an external locus of control, and being somewhat egocentric E) empathy, belief that the world is frequently unfair, denial of social responsibility, having an internal locus of control, and not being egocentric

B

63) Lisa believes she can help the world and that if she does, she will eventually be rewarded. Lisa is showing characteristics of ________. A) an external locus of control B) an altruistic personality C) an internal locus of control D) an empathic personality E) an internally motivated personality

C

64) Donna is a very egocentric person who has a tendency to manipulate others. As such, she appears to show ________. A) a high need for affiliation B) a high need for approval C) Machiavellianism D) an external locus of control E) a fragmented altruistic personality

B

65) Belief in a just world involves ________. A) perceptions that the world is unfair and unpredictable, and that good behavior is rewarded while bad behavior is punished B) perceptions that the world is fair and predictable, and that good behavior is rewarded while bad behavior is punished C) perceptions that people sometimes need assistance in overcoming obstacles and that people are basically good and worthy of our help D) perceptions that the world is unfair and unpredictable, and that good behavior is sometimes punished while bad behavior can be rewarded E) perceptions that people tend to get what they deserve over the long run, and that their help will benefit the person who receives assistance

D

66) Justin believes that good behavior is usually rewarded and bad behavior is generally punished. He also believes that helping others is the right thing to do. Justin displays ________. A) social responsibility B) an external locus of control C) low egocentrism D) a belief in a just world E) empathy for those who are less fortunate

B

67) Susan believes that each individual is responsible for trying to help anyone who needs assistance. This attitude is associated with ________. A) an internal locus of control B) social responsibility C) empathy D) belief in a just world E) low egocentrism

B

68) Joyce believes that she can choose to act in ways that maximize positive outcomes and minimize negative ones. Penny believes that her behaviors do not usually influence the outcomes of various situations to any great extent, but that most things are determined by luck or things that are beyond her control. Joyce has ________ and Penny has ________. A) a socially proactive attitude; a socially reactive attitude B) an internal locus of control; an external locus of control C) high egocentrism; low egocentrism D) an external locus of control; a fatalistic attitude E) a high degree of empathy for others; a low degree of empathy for others

C

7) In a Batson experiment that illustrates one aspect of the empathy-altruism hypothesis, participants watched a "fellow student" receiving an (fake) electric shock. When the "student" complained, and said she had had a bad experience with electricity as a child, the participant was asked if the participant wanted to help by trading places with her. Participants were more willing to trade places if the student was ________. A) an older student B) a new student C) similar to themselves D) wearing nice clothes E) attractive

C

70) Egocentric people tend ________. A) to have an external locus of control B) to be committed to the well being of future generations C) to be self-absorbed and competitive D) to believe in a just world E) to accept responsibility for others

D

71) Sam's younger brother has just given him $400.00 to pay for repairs to his (Sam's) car. Sam is very unhappy about accepting the money from his brother and intends to repay the money with interest over the next few months. Sam is now also planning to switch to a higher-paying job, even if it means working somewhere that he doesn't like as well as his current job, because he is determined to never be in a position to have to accept help from his brother again. This situation represents ________. A) diffusion of responsibility B) a wish to be in better financial condition C) genetic determinism D) the motivating aspect of receiving help from someone else E) the negative-state relief model

D

72) Oliver is experiencing a major financial crisis and is in need of help. Given this information, which of the following statements is MOST accurate? A) If Oliver receives help from a governmental agency, he will likely develop a negative self-image. B) Oliver is just as likely to work hard to avoid such problems in the future irrespective of the source of help. C) If Oliver receives help from a governmental agency, he will likely become dependent on governmental aid. D) Oliver is more likely to work hard to avoid such problems in the future if he gets assistance from his family rather than from governmental aid. E) Oliver is more likely to work hard to avoid such problems in the future if he gets assistance from governmental aid rather than from his family.

B

73) The recipients of help may be motivated to help themselves if ________. A) the helper is motivated by self-interest B) the helper and the recipient are similar C) the helper feels incompetent D) the recipient does not feel worthy of the help being given E) the helper wants to appear moral while attempting to avoid the costs involved

D

74) Receiving help can cause a negative emotional response if ________. A) the recipient has a high level of self-esteem B) the helper feels incompetent C) the helper is motivated by self-interest D) the helper and recipient are similar E) the recipient does not feel worthy of the help being given

E

75) In general, people doing volunteer work tend to help AIDS victims ________. A) if they have fundamentalist religious training B) irrespective of how the victim contracted the disease C) if the victim contracted the disease due to drug use as opposed to sexual practices D) regardless of their political views E) with a greater degree of willingness if the victim contracted the disease as a result of a blood transfusion

B

76) Colleen works for a social services agency as a volunteer services coordinator. In this capacity, she is attempting to recruit new volunteers. She is searching particularly for volunteers who are motivated to enhance their self-esteem and to take part in their own personal development. This is because ________. A) these volunteers are known to work harder and more persistently with difficult cases B) these volunteers are known to serve as volunteers for longer periods of time C) these volunteers are known to volunteer more hours per week than do others D) these volunteers are known to help recruit additional volunteers from their friends E) these volunteers are known to spend more time on important tasks

B

77) Recent research on volunteerism has shown that ________. A) volunteers who feel more satisfaction tend to strengthen their social relationships and tend to reduce their negative feelings B) volunteers who feel more satisfaction tend to volunteer more hours per week, but satisfaction is unrelated to continued volunteerism C) volunteers who feel more satisfaction tend to grow and develop psychologically through their activities and tend to learn more about the world around them D) volunteers who feel more satisfaction tend to be more committed to the particular cause for which they have volunteered and tend to volunteer for a longer period of time E) volunteers who feel more satisfaction tend to volunteer fewer hours per week, but tend to continued volunteering for a longer period of time

B

78) Volunteers who continue their volunteer work for more than two years tend to be motivated by ________. A) the need to gain career-relevant experience and to strengthen social relationships B) the need to gain understanding and enhance their own self-esteem C) the need to act on values such as humanitarianism D) the need to strengthen social relationships and to gain career-related experiences E) the need to reduce negative feelings, such as guilt, and to exercise skills that are often unused

moral intelligence

8) A book by psychiatrist Robert Coles suggests that ________ can be taught in childhood.

B

8) Jenny was deeply touched by a television appeal to help the homeless, starving children in Africa whose parents had died of AIDS. She feels overwhelmed by the size of the problem, however, and doesn't believe that she can help all who need assistance. She has agreed to "adopt" one single orphan whose picture she saw. This illustrates ________. A) the bystander effect B) selective altruism C) the understanding function D) inclusive fitness E) reciprocal altruism

E

80) Volunteerism is likely to be maintained if the major motivational element is ________. A) not self-centered B) protective C) due to interpersonal influence D) empathy E) self-enhancement

B

81) Generativity is ________. A) the motivation for prosocial behavior that is caused by positive emotions experienced by a helper B) an adult's concern for and commitment to the well-being of future generations C) the motivation to be moral and to engage in moral behavior D) a combination of dispositional factors correlated with prosocial and altruistic behaviors E) an adult's concern for whatever behavior provides the greatest satisfaction for him- or herself

B

82) Hal has spent much of his life raising his children to the best of his abilities and providing for their needs and wants. Now that he is approaching retirement age, Hal finds that he is becoming increasingly concerned with the kind of world and environment that will be left for future generations. This reflects Hal's ________. A) generationality B) generativity C) egoism D) self-interest E) moral integrity

C

83) Self-interest is ________. A) an adult's concern for and commitment to the well-being of future generations B) a combination of dispositional factors correlated with prosocial and altruistic behaviors C) the motivation to engage in whatever behavior provides the greatest satisfaction for oneself D) the motivation to be moral and to engage in moral behavior E) the motivation for prosocial behavior that is caused by positive emotions experienced by a helper

C

84) When asked to donate a substantial amount of money to either a new homeless shelter being built in her town or an expansion for the local animal shelter, Sue's first impulse is to ask what she will receive in return. This represents her concern for ________. A) her self-esteem B) her locus of control C) her self-interest D) her moral integrity E) her generativity

A

85) Egoism is ________. A) an exclusive concern with one's own personal needs and welfare rather than with the needs and welfare of others B) the motivation to be moral and to engage in moral behavior C) an adult's concern for and commitment to the well-being of future generations D) the motivation for prosocial behavior that is caused by positive emotions experienced by a helper E) the motivation to appear moral while attempting to avoid the costs associated with actually being moral

B

86) Robert never donates to charities, nor does he ever give anything to panhandlers. When asked about this behavior, Robert says "Charity begins at home. Besides, I work hard for my money. Besides, I can put the money to better use buying something for myself." This reflects his ________. A) altruism B) egoism C) moral hypocrisy D) empathy E) generativity

B

87) Moral integrity is ________. A) the motivation for prosocial behavior that is caused by positive emotions experienced by a helper B) the motivation to be moral and to actually engage in moral behavior C) an adult's concern for and commitment to the well-being of future generations D) the motivation to appear moral while attempting to avoid the costs associated with actually being moral E) an exclusive concern with one's own personal needs and welfare rather than with the needs and welfare of others

E

88) Evelyn has just graduated high school and wants to attend college in a different state. She knows her parents are hard-working and relatively poor people, who can't easily afford out-of-state tuition. Evelyn can't earn enough at her part-time job to pay the out-of-state tuition herself. She decides the only ethical thing for her to do is to change her plans and attend a local community college while saving for the college she wants to attend. This behavior reflects her ________. A) ethical ambiguity B) generativity C) self-interest D) egoism E) moral integrity

self-help

9) Receiving help that generates feelings of incompetence or helplessness may cause a recipient to avoid similar situations in future by engaging in ________.

A

9) Selective altruism occurs when we ________. A) choose to help only one individual from a large group of individuals in need B) choose to cooperate with unrelated individuals in anticipation of receiving help from those individuals in the future C) help others in order to reduce our own uncomfortable negative emotions D) help others in order to experience positive emotions as a result of having helped someone else E) help other people without necessarily receiving any direct benefit from the help ourselves

D

90) Moral hypocrisy is ________. A) an exclusive concern with one's own personal needs and welfare rather than with the needs and welfare of others B) an adult's concern for and commitment to the well-being of future generations C) the motivation for prosocial behavior that is caused by positive emotions experienced by a helper D) the motivation to appear moral while attempting to avoid the costs involved in being moral E) the motivation to be moral and to actually engage in moral behavior