Psychology 2301 Quiz 2

In the context of the effects of media violence, most organizations of health professionals agree that:

media violence contributes to aggression among people.

Behavior that is rewarded by partial reinforcement is ________ resistant to extinction.

more

Which of the following is true about anterograde amnesia?

It is the failure to remember the events that occurred after a physical trauma.

Which of the following statements is true about secondary reinforcers?

They acquire their value through association with established reinforcers.

Operant conditioning is essentially learning __________.

an association between two stimuli

Teachers can learn to use __________ to reinforce children when they are behaving appropriately and, when possible, to extinguish misbehavior by ignoring it.

behavior modification

People seem to be ready to fear thunder, threatening faces, sharp objects, darkness, and heights. According to Arne Öhman and Susan Mineka, this is referred to as __________.

biological preparedness

Consider an experiment in which a pigeon is placed in a Skinner box with a button on the wall. The cage contains a small green light that is turned on and off intermittently throughout the day. When the pigeon pecks the button when the green light is on, the behavior is reinforced with food. When it pecks the button when the green light is off, the behavior is not reinforced. The pigeon soon learns that button pecking will be rewarded only when the green light is on. In this scenario, the green light is a(n) __________.

discriminative stimulus

A schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of correct responses is known as a fixed interval schedule.

false

Flooding and counterconditioning are techniques for inducing fears.

false

Ivan Pavlov proved that reflexes cannot be learned by association.

false

Media violence and aggressive video games decrease viewers' level of emotional arousal.

false

Short-term memory is also known as semantic memory.

false

With a ________, an organism's response rate falls off after each reinforcement and then picks up again as the time when reinforcement will occur approaches.

fixed-interval schedule

In the context of reinforcement schedules, if you were only paid for every individual webpage that you create you are being paid on a __________.

fixed-ratio schedule

B. F. Skinner taught pigeons and other animals to engage in behavior that manipulates the environment. This kind of behavior is called __________.

operant behavior

Ally was in a severe car accident. As a result of her injuries she can no longer remember events that occurred prior to the accident. This is an example of _________.

retrograde amnesia

Carole walked into a Moroccan restaurant and was surprised that she did not see any utensils (i.e., fork, knife, & spoon). Her surprise stems from the fact that she has never eaten without utensils before. This is an example of a(n) __________.

schema

Justin is teaching young children to play soccer. Each time they make a good move, he praises them.. In this scenario, Justin is training the children by _________.

shaping

If the __________ is damaged, a person can form visual memories but not verbal memories.

thalamus

B.F. Skinner was known for training animals in operant conditioning.

true

Behavioral psychologists believe learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior that arises from practice or experience.

true

In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning, salivation of the dog in response to the meat powder is an unlearned or unconditioned response.

true

You had not heard the song that you and your previous boyfriend used to listen to in years. Upon hearing it again you were surprised by all of the mixed emotions that you were experiencing. This is an example of spontaneous recovery.

true

__________ is a behavior therapy method in which fear-evoking stimuli are presented continuously in the absence of actual harm so that fear responses are extinguished.

Flooding

Mr. Rupp's memory has always been spectacular. He can see an image, like a painting or a page in a book, and recall exactly all of the details of either one. Mr. Rupp's ability to remember these specific details is known as _________.

eidetic imagery

Michaela works as waitress and she knows that the more tables that she waits on the better the likelihood of more tips. This schedule is a__________.

variable-ratio schedule

When we look at a visual stimulus, our impressions may seem fluid enough; however, they consist of a series of eye fixations referred to as _________.

saccadic eye movements

_________ states that pleasant events stamp in responses, and unpleasant events stamp them out.

Thorndike's law of effect

Which of the following illustrates continuous reinforcement?

Clara getting a chocolate bar from her father every time she completes a household chore.

Which of the following statements is true of shaping?

It reinforces progressive steps toward the behavioral goal.

The thalamus is a structure of the limbic system that is involved in the storage of memories and does not become mature until we are about two years old.

false

__________ is the process by which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occur.

Extinction

In the context of behavior therapy methods, which of the following statements is true of flooding?

It involves continuous exposure to fear-evoking stimuli.

Benjamin entered a pizza-eating contest when he was in college. He finished five large pizzas by himself, but he felt nauseated and threw up a few hours later. For several years, the sight and smell of pizza made him feel sick. In this scenario, Benjamin's aversion toward pizza occurred through ________.

classical conditioning

__________ are mental representations of an auditory stimulus that are held briefly in sensory memory.

eoches

Consider a child who is burned by touching a hot stove. The sight of the stove may evoke fear, and because hearing the word stove may evoke a mental image of the stove, just hearing the word may evoke fear. The child shows discrimination towards the hot stove.

false

Retrograde amnesia stems from incomplete myelination of brain pathways during the first few years of a child's development process, contributing to the inefficiency of information processing and memory formation.

false

Albert was once awoken from his sleep by a white rat that fell on him. Following this incident, he began fearing all furry white objects including white fur coats and white stuffed animals. In this scenario, Albert's fear of all furry white objects is due to _____.

generalization

In Pavlov's experiment, he conditioned his dog to salivate when it was shown a circle. Later, the dog salivated when it was shown other closed geometric figures including squares. Through his experiment, Pavlov demonstrated _________.

generalization

How to perform different skills and actions is a component of _________.

implicit memory

According to ________, when we see modeled behavior being reinforced, we are vicariously reinforced.

observational learning

Although Crystal had practiced her presentation several times before class, she struggled in the middle part of the speech when she gave it in class. This pattern of forgetting illustrates __________.

the serial-position effect

In classical conditioning. Extinction is the process by which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occur.

true

Which of the following is true of negative reinforcers?

They increase the probability that a behavior will occur when they are removed.

In Pavlov's famous experiment, the dog salivated in response to the tone because the tone became mentally connected with the meat powder. The meat powder is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

True

The evolutionary perspective suggests that animals are biologically prepared to develop taste aversions that are adaptive in their environments.

true