Psychology 3 exam (F)

What is considered the normal range of body mass index (BMI) for adults?

18.5-24.9

The DSM-5 includes _________ clusters of personality disorders.

3

Al must build 25 radios before he receives $20. What schedule of reinforcement is used?

A fixed-ratio schedule

Which disorder has produced controversy within the field of psychology to where some psychologists don't believe it is a real disorder?

Dissociative identity disorder

Joanne has been diagnosed with a psychological disorder characterized by the existence of two or more personalities, marked with periods of memory impairment, and amnesia for certain events. Joanne has the symptoms of which disorder?

Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

Which neurotransmitter has been linked to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

Dopamine

What is it called when learning has taken place but has not yet been demonstrated?

Latent learning

Which of the following scenarios best represents a cognitive explanation of psychological symptoms?

Lila doesn't like to exercise because every time her heart rate increases she starts to think she is going to have a heart attack.

What is it called when a person experiences a period of euphoria (excessive happiness), elevated self-esteem, increased talkativeness, enhanced energy, and a decreased need for sleep?

Mania

Dad is watching a home improvement show about how to install a new sink. He really wants to do it and watches the show intently. He knows his wife will reward him when he is done. However, when he tests the new sink, water spurts everywhere. Taking the new sink apart, he finds that he has left out the crucial washers in the faucet assembly even though this was emphasized in the TV show. What part of Bandura's theory of the necessary components of observational learning is most likely the reason for this disaster?

Memory

Michael grows up in a home where his father is generally unloving toward his mother. He observes his father yell and degrade his mother, and he notices that his mother never resists this treatment. Based on the work of Bandura, what might we predict about Michael's own relationships when he is older?

Michael may treat women with discourtesy and disrespect, as he repeats the behavior he saw in his father

What type of neurons fire if a monkey observes another monkey engaging in an action?

Mirror neurons

Low levels of which neurotransmitters are linked with depression?

Norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin

The application of operant-conditioning techniques called ________ has been used to help children with autism.

applied behavior analysis

The application of operant-conditioning techniques to teach new responses or to reduce or eliminate maladaptive or problematic behavior is called ________.

applied behavior analysis

Rats that have never received any reinforcement for finding the end of a maze are presented with food the next time they complete the maze. According to the theory of latent learning, the next time the rats enter the maze, their performance will be________________.

as fast as rats who have always received reinforcement

Reflexive learning is related to _____________, while learning related to voluntary behaviors is known as __________.

classical conditioning; operant conditioning

Scientists like Tolman and Köhler conducted important studies to help determine the role of _________ in learning.

cognition

In Watson and Rayner's "Little Albert" study, each time the rat was presented to the boy, it was accompanied by a loud noise which eventually led Albert to cry when presented with the rat. In this experiment, Albert's reaction of fear upon seeing the rat was a(n) ________ response.

conditioned

John Watson offered a live, white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind Albert's head by striking a steel bar with a hammer. Eventually, the white rat alone made Albert cry. The white rat served as the ________ stimulus in this study.

conditioned

Sal's dog loves to go on a walk and starts spinning in circles and wagging his tail in excitement when his lead is clipped onto his collar. Eventually Sal begins to notice that his dog starts to act excited when he puts on his tennis shoes before a walk. His dog's behavior of spinning in circles and wagging his tail when Sal puts on his tennis shoes is a ___________________.

conditioned response

In the past, thunder has made you flinch because the loud noise scares you. Lightning always comes before the thunder and after time, you begin to flinch as soon as the lightning strikes. In this scenario, lightning can be interpreted as a(n) ________.

conditioned stimulus

The neutral stimulus, when paired with an unconditioned stimulus, becomes a(n) ________ in classical conditioning.

conditioned stimulus

Two common symptoms of schizophrenia include ________________, which involve fixed, rigid, and false beliefs and __________________, which are false perception-like experiences.

delusions; hallucinations

Cognitive psychologists view the development and/or maintenance of anxiety as a result of ____________.

distorted, negative thoughts

The four D's of a psychological disorder include distress, deviance, ________, and sometimes danger

dysfunction

Research on mirror neurons shows that these neurons fire when an animal________________.

either engages in a particular behavior or watches another animal engage in the behavior

Mental health professionals who view depression from a cognitive-behavioral perspective explain it as an interaction between the individual's ________ environment and their ________ thoughts and beliefs.

external; internal

In classical conditioning, ________ occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

extinction

The diathesis-stress model suggests people are ________ predisposed to schizophrenia but will only develop it if exposed to certain ________ during critical developmental periods.

genetically; stressors

John has been working on a math problem late at night without success, and he falls asleep. Upon awakening, he suddenly realizes how to answer the problem. This scenario best illustrates __________ learning.

insight

You need to remove a broken light bulb from a lamp. Without a pair of gloves, you are likely to cut yourself on the jagged glass. Suddenly, it occurs to you that you can use a cut potato to remove the light bulb from the socket. You have just demonstrated

insight learning

A __________ neuron fires not only when an animal engages in a particular action, but also if an animal observes another animal (or human) engaging in the same action.

mirror

You listened to your psychology instructor talk about the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and you wondered if you qualified for that diagnosis. You recognize that you tend to worry about things, such as passing your classes and what to wear to the party. As you think more about it, you realize you don't experience the three additional symptoms required for the diagnosis. Those three additional symptoms could include ____________.

muscle tension, fatigue, and lack of sleep

Being grounded or put in "time out" effectively removes pleasant stimuli (e.g., attention from others) from the individual. This is called________________.

negative punishment

Having your cell phone turned off because you did not pay your bill is an example of

negative punishment

When a stimulus is removed from a person or animal resulting in a decrease in the probability of response, it is known as ________.

negative punishment

Gary trains his hamster to roll a marble. First, he reinforces the hamster when it walks toward the marble, then he reinforces when it touches the marble with its nose. Finally, the hamster learns to roll the marble and is reinforced for it. This example illustrates ________.

shaping

________ is an operant-conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced.

shaping

Angelo has been in and out of prison three times for battery and assault. He recently broke into an elderly woman's home where he robbed and severely beat her. He showed no feelings of remorse or regret about his actions. Which personality disorder would be the most appropriate for Angelo?

Antisocial

Which pair of symptoms includes only negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

Avolition and flat affect

You put a dollar in a soda machine and are rewarded with a bottle of root beer. When you put in another dollar, you get another soda. Assuming that the machine has a limitless supply of root beer, which kind of reinforcement schedule does this machine operate on?

Continuous reinforcement

Phil wants to train his parrot to kick a ball into a soccer net. Which of the following should he do?

Begin by reinforcing when the parrot goes near the ball.

Linda is afraid of cats because, when she was a little girl, a cat scared her by jumping out of her closet and onto her face. As a result of this experience, Linda learned to be afraid of cats and always thinks they are going to attack her. Which approach offers the best explanation of the development of Linda's fear?

Behavioral

A person who is experiencing a delusion may:

Believe they are from the planet Mars and have special powers.

Bill hates to clean up after dinner. One night, he volunteers to bathe the dog before cleaning up. When he finishes with the dog and returns to the kitchen, his wife has cleaned everything up for him. Which of the following statements is most likely true?

Bill's wife has negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog.

____________ is the process of reinforcement of complex behaviors by rewarding the small steps in the overall sequence of behaviors.

Chaining

Which approach focuses on a person's maladaptive beliefs and negative thoughts to explain psychological disorders?

Cognitive

Cheryl is trying to teach her son to do the laundry by watching her. According to observational learning theory, what must occur for Cheryl to be effective?

Her son must be motivated to learn how to do the laundry.

What are the 3 I's in borderline personality disorder symptoms?

Instability in relationships, identity disturbance, and impulsive behaviors

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding schizophrenia?

It is a type of psychotic disorder.

Which of the following statements is accurate regarding the impact of different schedules of reinforcement on behavior?

Partial reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist longer than behavior learned through continuous reinforcement.

___________________ reinforcement occurs when something pleasant follows a behavior.

Positive

Which disorder requires an exposure to a terrifying or life-threatening event to qualify for the diagnosis?

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Which of the following is true of research on insight?

Researchers have found support for the existence of both human and animal insight learning.

This disorder involves the presence of physical symptoms combined with abnormal thoughts, feelings, or behaviors in response to those symptoms.

Somatic symptom disorder

Martha trains her cat Whiskers to salivate to the sound of a bell. She rings the bell every 15 minutes and doesn't follow it with food for Whiskers. Whiskers salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at the sound of the ringing bell. A week later, she finds Whiskers salivating to the sound of a ringing bell. Which of the following terms explains this response?

Spontaneous recovery

In a conditioning experiment, a sound is paired with a brief puff of air to the eye of a rabbit. After several pairings, the rabbit ultimately blinks its eye when it hears the sound. Which of the following is true? The puff of air serves as the unconditioned stimulus. The blinking of the eye serves as stimulus The blinking of the eye serves as the conditioned stimulus. The puff of air serves as the conditioned stimulus.

The puff of air serves as the unconditioned stimulus.

What is psychopathology?

The scientific study of mental/psychological disorders

Ms. Wang gives a sticker for each book her 3rd grade students read. At the end of the year, any student with more than 10 stickers gets to attend a pizza party. What behavioral technique is Ms. Wang using?

Token economy

________ classical conditioning, operant conditioning requires the organism to voluntarily produce the ________.

Unlike; response

In order to get her 3rd grade students to memorize the poem written on the chalkboard, Mrs. Thyberg gives the students stickers for each poem they can recite from memory. After earning five stickers, a student gets to pick a prize out of the goody box. Mrs. Thyberg is using ________ to modify the children's behaviors.

a token economy

Watson's experiment with Little Albert demonstrated that fears might be __________.

based on classical conditioning

For observational learning to occur, each of the following must happen except ______.

being reinforced for imitating the model

The new eating disorder in the DSM-5 that involves recurrent episodes of binge eating without any subsequent compensatory behaviors is called ______.

binge-eating disorder

The type of multidisciplinary approach to understanding psychological symptoms is referred to as ___________________.

biopsychosocial

Discrimination, generalization, and extinction can occur in ________________.

both operant and classical conditioning

Nada has been diagnosed with schizophrenia that includes excessive motor symptoms where she often paces frantically. This movement symptom is called _______________.

catatonia

Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank. After a while, he notices that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light. In this example, the ________ is the unconditioned stimulus.

fish food

Which schedule of reinforcement tends to get the highest response rate?

fixed ratio

Reinforcement given for a response emitted after each hour and a half (e.g., 10 a.m., 11:30 a.m., 1 p.m.) is most likely a ___________________ schedule.

fixed-interval

Of the following, ________ would serve as a primary reinforcer for most people. food attention money praise

food

Learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change is called ________.

latent learning

Giada has an irrational fear of dogs. A behavioral psychologist would believe her anxious behavior was ______.

learned

Major depressive disorder is characterized by either depressed mood or __________ in activities and accompanied by ________ other symptoms that last for more than 2 weeks.

loss of interest; 4

The difference between negative reinforcement and a punishment is that:

negative reinforcement increases behavior whereas punishment decreases behavior.

Fred is afraid of spiders. He won't even watch a nature show on TV about them. When he sees a picture of a spider, he has a panic attack, but when he avoids looking at the image, his panic goes away. Fred's avoidance of spiders is ________.

negatively reinforced; he is rewarded by his anxiety going down

After watching her father slide through pictures on his smartphone using his index finger, Laura, a 5-year-old, learns to use her finger to slide the screen on his smartphone. Laura acquired this behavior through ________.

observational learning

Which type of learning occurs when we observe how other people act?

observational learning

In schizophrenia, pathological excesses or distortions of normal functioning that include delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking and speech are called _____________ symptoms.

positive

Kyla wants to make sure her dog Axel does not beg for food from the table. Every time Axel begs, Kyla says, "no" in a sharp, scolding voice and she never gives in. Kyla is using ________.

positive punishment

Dr. Sardis provides his students with extra credit points every time they speak in class to encourage class participation. Dr. Sardis is using________________.

positive reinforcement

Positive reinforcement involves _______ and negative reinforcement involves _______.

presenting something desirable; removing something undesirable

Dave' s wife suggests that he talk to a doctor because of his inability to cope with criticism. The doctor suggests that Dave's problem represents the unconscious expression of resentment he has for his father because he was not around while Dave was growing up. This view is typical of the ____________ approach to psychological symptoms.

psychodynamic

Rami has been experiencing a number of concerning symptoms, so he makes an appointment to see a psychologist. After an assessment, the psychologist assigns a label to Rami's psychological symptoms by identifying and classifying them. Rami has received a ____________.

psychological diagnosis

When the number of responses is important to a schedule of reinforcement, that schedule is called a ________ schedule.

ratio

Every week, Jade spends her allowance on ½-pound of sour lemon gummy candies, even though they always make her mouth water. One day, as she is walking down the street, Jade sees a girl carrying a little white bag that looks like a candy shop bag! Jade notices that her mouth is puckering and overflowing with saliva. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is the________________.

sour lemon gummy candy

In Pavlov's studies, he was able to condition dogs to salivate in response to specific tones while not salivating to other similar tones. This is called ______________.

stimulus discrimination

After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of rats, Watson wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit, cotton wool, and a Santa Claus mask. He was studying whether or not ________ had occurred.

stimulus generalization

A reinforcer is a consequence that ________ a behavior, while a punisher is a consequence that ________ a behavior.

strengthens; weakens

Promising yourself some kind of reward for completing a task you are not excited about is an example of________________.

the Premack principle

You spend days wandering aimlessly around a park with many different paths that end at different parts of the park. One day when you arrive at the park, you get a call on your cell phone from your cousin whom you haven't seen for years, and she says she is waiting for you in a particular section of the park. Even though the paths are complicated and twisted, you manage to find the shortest route to your cousin. Tolman would explain your efficient passage through the park as an example of ________.

the formation of a cognitive map

You decide to condition your dog to salivate to the sound of a metronome. You give the dog a biscuit, and then a second later you sound the metronome. You do this several times, but no conditioning seems to occur. This is probably because ________.

the metronome should have been sounded before the dog ate the biscuit

In Pavlov's studies, the salivation of the dogs that occurs after they taste the food is the ________.

unconditioned response

Normally, when food is placed in the mouth of any animal, the salivary glands start releasing saliva to help with chewing and digestion. In terms of Pavlov's analysis of learning, salivation would be referred to as a(an) ________.

unconditioned response

In Watson and Rayner's "Little Albert" study, each time the rat was presented to the boy, it was accompanied by a loud noise. In this experiment, Albert's reaction of fear upon hearing the loud noise was the ________ while his reaction of fear in response to the white rat was the ___________.

unconditioned response; conditioned response

Borderline personality disorder is characterized by poor self-image, _______ moods, stormy and intense personal relationships, and impulsive behaviors.

unstable

Sophie receives an allowance after completing some chores around the house. Sometimes, she receives money after completing one task; other times, she must do five or six jobs before receiving any money. Her friend Riley also receives an allowance, but Riley always gets paid at the end of the week, regardless of how many chores she has completed. Sophie's parents are following a ________________ schedule of reinforcement, whereas Riley's parents are following a ________________ schedule of reinforcement.

variable ratio; fixed interval

With respect to suicide, _____________ are more likely to attempt suicide, while ___________ are more likely to die as a result of their suicide attempt.

women; men