Psychology 465-Exam 1

Easy to warm up

high in regularity and adaptability, and readily approaches novel situations

28. Which of the following behaviors characterize pre-attachment:

Pre-attachment is characterized by limited discrimination (socialization towards strangers), social mimicry, and a bias towards synchrony.

11. In secondary drive explanations of attachment behavior, the primary drive is and the secondary drive is?

Primary drive= physiological needs...FOOD Secondary drive= social/comfort needs

Slow to warm up

Slow to warm up: low activity and slow to adapt, withdraw in response to novel situations, and somewhat negative mood

21. Socialization is a product of which of the following:

Socialization is a product of many things: reinforcement, bi-directional relationships, context, parenting style, and impulse control. a. Reinforcement: socialization occurs with regular reinforcement of desired behaviors and punishment for undesired behaviors b. Bidirectional relationships: children influence parents socialization practices, which in turn influences the children's behaviors, skills, and values c. Context: socialization can change depending on setting, circumstances, and environment d. Parenting style: parents can use different parenting styles for different children, which can impact socialization e. Impulse control: children imitate adult behavior, which shifts in child from parents' actions

4. According to Maccoby (2007), socialization refers to:

Socialization refers to the processes whereby native individuals are taught the skills, behavior patterns, values, and motivations needed for competent functioning in the culture in which the child is growing up. The most important components are the social skills, socials understandings, and emotional maturity needed for interaction with other individuals to fit in with the functioning of social dyads and larger groups.

19. All of the following behaviors accurately describe secure attachment relationships EXCEPT: (these are all true-know these to identify false MC answer)

-Securely attached children use their mothers as a secure base from which to explore in pre-separation episodes -Securely attached children show intensified attachment behavior during episodes of separation, so that exploration is diminished -Securely attached children seek contact with, or have an interaction with the caregiver during reunion episodes -A securely attached child will seek the caregiver when tired, hungry, ill, or alarmed, and also when they are uncertain of the caregiver's whereabouts...often seek to be cuddled or held when the caregiver is found - A securely attached child seeks a playmate when in good spirits and confident of the whereabouts of this attachment figure, the securely attached child will engage in playful interaction with playmates in these situations

30. Which of the following is FALSE about mammalian attachment? (these are all true-know these to identify false MC answer)

-There is a synchrony between the actions and physiological states of the mother and infant...a reciprocal relationship becomes established, and biological needs and social actions become mutually supportive -Proximity and mutual mother-infant engagement promote the social attachment -Separation triggers disorganization, distress, and disruption in both the infant and the mother -Intense social attachment can occur under diverse conditions (i.e absence of milk, or the absence of contact, or event the presence of intense punishment) -Maturational changes trigger modifications in the nature and quality of attachment - Monkeys deprived of comfort care and food develop no coping mechanisms

Bioeclogical contexts models

1. Microsystem: experienced by the developing person a. Family, peers, church, school, health services 2. Mesosystem: the interrelations between two or more settings from the microsystem a. How home and school intersect, or how peers and school intersect 3. Exosystem: these are settings that do not involve the developing person, but events that affect or can be affected by the person a. Local politics, neighbors, mass media, social services 4. Macrosystem: consistencies of all the systems, this involves culture and beliefs

13. Bowlby said that approximately what percentage of caregivers fail to provide secure attachments to their infants:

40%

1. The following is an example of an evocative transaction:

An evocative transaction is one is which individual differences evoke a response from the environment, which then influence an individual's response to the environment. This is saying that a person who is antagonistic is more likely to receive unfriendly responses from others than a person who is agreeable.

14. During the 1960s, authoritative parenting was thought to produce well-socialized children for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: (these are all true-know these to identify false MC answer)

Authoritative parents are responsive to their children's needs, are willing to listen to them, and take their view points into account, and also involve them in decisions whenever possible. Authoritative parents also give children explanations for potential demands, and both parents assign responsibilities and leave room for children's autonomy. In authoritative parenting the parents are affectionate and supportive of the child's enterprises. Lastly, authoritative parenting is seen as a form of democratic parenting, but combined with levels of strictness.

29. In their investigation of gene-environment interactions, Bakermans-Kranenburg and van Ijzendoorn (2006) found:

Bakermans- Kranenburg found that maternal insensitivity was associated with externalizing behaviors such as oppositional/ aggressive behaviors, but this only occurred when the DRD4 polymorphism gene was present. Children with the DRD4 polymorphism and insensitive mothers displayed significantly more externalizing behaviors than children with the abnormality, but sensitive mothers, or children without the abnormality.

16. Both Kagan and Fox & Henderson (1999) argued that an individual social behavior can be predicted from two types of temperament during infancy. These are:

Both Kagan and Fox & Henderson argued that an individual's social behavior can be predicted by motor reactivity (high=tension in arms and legs, distress vs. low=relaxed arms and legs, smiles). Kagan: said that high reactive infants become shy inhibited preschoolers, and display greater social phobias; while low reactive infants become sociable, outgoing preschoolers, and they display considerably less fear Fox and Henderson: said that high motor reactive infants are typically more socially withdrawn an have a higher negative affect, while children with low reactivity are more positive and classified as exuberant

8. Both Fox and Henderson (1999) and Caspi (2000) described proactive transactions as:

Both talk about proactive transactions being individuals who move beyond their original environment to actively select and construct new environments, Caspi: Capsi said proactive transactions are "creating environments of their own" in other words, individuals are assuming new roles and relationships by modifying their experiences in social settings Fox and Henderson: Fox and Henderson said proactive transactions are "close friends and peer groups, finding people and environments similar to what the individual desires".

2. Bowlby avoided writing about the relationship between an infant and his or her caregiver as one of dependency for all of the following reasons, EXCEPT:

Bowlby avoids using the term dependency because that term derives from, the idea that a child becomes linked to his mother because he is dependent on her as the source of physiological gratification. Bowlby instead uses the word attachment because attachment and dependence are two very different things. An infant may be very dependent on the mother in the first few weeks of life but may not be attached yet. Bowlby notes that attachment refers to a form of behavior and is purely descriptive, while dependence is the extent to which a person relies on another for existence. Bowlby also states that dependence is maximum at birth and decreases over time, while attachment is minimum at birth and increases over time.

7. Bronfenbrenner (1979) suggested that development occurs as a result of which of the following:

Bronfenbrenner suggested that development is the process through which the growing person acquires a more extended, differentiated, and valid conception of the ecological environment and becomes motivated and able to engage in activities that reveal the properties of, sustain, or restructure that environment. He also suggests that proximal processes, where proximal processes represent enduring forms of interaction in the immediate environment, are the engines of development. Bronfenbrenner created the bioeclogical contexts models which explains how the environment exists for an individual. 1. Microsystem: experienced by the developing person a. Family, peers, church, school, health services 2. Mesosystem: the interrelations between two or more settings from the microsystem a. How home and school intersect, or how peers and school intersect 3. Exosystem: these are settings that do not involve the developing person, but events that affect or can be affected by the person a. Local politics, neighbors, mass media, social services 4. Macrosystem: consistencies of all the systems, this involves culture and beliefs

20. In writing about the fictitious Harold and his mother Julia, Brooks writes that "parents just have to be good enough"-- but then he goes on to state that good parents should really provide their children with:

Brooks states that good parents need to provide: a. Stable and predictable rhythms b. Fall in tune with their kid's needs, combining warmth and discipline c. Create strong emotional bonds that their kids can fall back on in times of stress d. Be there to model how to cope with problems faced in the world

6. Caspi (2000) claimed that temperamental qualities at age 3 predicted which of the following in early adulthood?

Caspi determined that children's temperamental qualities at 3 years of age predicted behavior problems at home as well as at school, their personality styles at age 18, and their interpersonal relationships, work histories, psychiatric disorders, and criminal behavior at age 21. Caspi used the Dunedin study to support his predictions. Under controlled children at 3 y/o: grew up to be impulsive, unreliable, antisocial, and had more conflicts with work and peers Inhibited children at 3 y/o: grew up to be unassertive, depressed, and had a lack of social support Well adjusted 3 y/o: grew up to be normal young adults Take home: results show that temperament is continuous over time, and is consistent to personality in childhood.

9. Which of the following is the most important argument that Caspi (2000) makes?

Caspi makes the argument that traits and character are consistent within an individual over time...in other words CONTINUITY. Caspi states that while expressions of behavior may change (i.e biting a person when mad as opposed to yelling) overall personality remains coherent.

Difficult to warm up

Difficult: high in intensity of response and considerable negative affect, withdraws in response to novel situations, limited or low adaptability, and irregular body functions

3. Rothbart's (2007) investigation of cross-cultural differences in effortful control (EC) suggests:

Effortful control is comprised of four sets of skills or behaviors: attention control, inhibitory control, perceptual sensitivity, and low intensity pleasure. Upon studying children in the US and in China, Rothbart determined that: -If effortful control is high in a western culture (US), then Negative Affectivity will be low -If effortful control is high in eastern culture (China) then Extraversion will be low These differences may be due to cultural differences in valued behaviors. "In the United States, but not in China, children high in EC showed lower negative affectivity. In China, but not in the United States, children high in EC showed lower extraversion/surgency. These differences may be related to culturally valued behaviors (low distress in the United States; low outgoing behavior in China), guiding development. Basic biological processes of temperament appear to be shared across cultures, but outcomes vary depending on cultural values and the child's experiences."

24. Bowlby reviewed Bob Cairns' research on attachment in lambs, which showed that:

From about six weeks of age a lamb was kept isolated but in visual and auditory contact with an operating television set. Not only did the lamb maintain proximity to the set, but when, after nine weeks of confinement, the lamb was separated from the set it immediately sought for it and approached it when found. In other experiments lambs were reared in visual, auditory, and olfactory contact with a dog; in some cases the pair were prevented from interacting with each other by a wire fence. After some weeks once again the lamb treated the dog as an attachment- figure, bleating on separation, searching for it, and, when it was found, accompanying it everywhere. Thus in lambs attachment can develop with nothing more than visual and auditory exposure to an object and without any physical interaction with it. Furthermore, lambs, like puppies, will develop such attachments in spite of receiving punishing treatment from their companion. When a lamb and a dog are kept together in a cage without any restraint on their movements, the dog is apt to bite, maul, and otherwise ill-treat the lamb. Despite this, however, when the pair are separated, a lamb will immediately seek for its dog-companion and approach it. None of these findings is compatible with secondary drive theory.

23. Historically, genetic determinism suggested that adaptive human traits could be improved upon by:

Genetic determinism says that genes work in combination with the environment to determine an individual's observable traits. In other words, this suggests that we can be born with certain traits as a result of our DNA, but with the right environment we can help improve or shape those traits. An example of this ideology would be saying you are born with a low IQ, but if you are placed in the right environment, you can make your IQ better.

5. Genetic essentialism suggests that our personality is:

Genetic essentialism suggests that genes are symbols of the unchangeable, in other words our DNA determines our behavior, personality, and intelligence much like it determines the color of our hair or eyes. This viewpoint also supports the theory that parenting does not matter.

18. Harry Harlow's experiments with monkeys provided evidence:

Harlow's study provided evidence that disproved the drive reduction theory, and he provided evidence that mammals seek comfort and contact. We see this because the monkeys preferred cloth monkey to wire monkey.

27. Individuals who are negative and impulsive in childhood commonly experience which of the following in adulthood:

Impulsive individuals tend to have poor peer relations and get in trouble with the law. Impulsive people also make difficult partners and roommates.

Inhibited children at age 3 predicted which of the following in early adulthood?

Inhibited children at 3 y/o: grew up to be unassertive, depressed, and had a lack of social support

17. A child whose temperament is undercontrolled or difficult:

Is more likely to have irregular body functions (rhythmicity), will withdraw in novel situations, has a high intensity of response, and have considerable negative affect as well as low adaptability.

10. Temperament is described as behavioral styles that:

Temperament is described as behavioral styles that emerge early, are biologically driven, and reflect predictable responses to situations. Often it looks at individual differences in emotional, motor, and attentional reactivity that are genetically based.

15. The competence hypothesis suggests that children who are securely attached at age 1:

The competence hypothesis suggests that children who are securely attached at age 1, later in life are more cooperative, less aggressive/avoidant, more competent and sympathetic in interactions with peers, at lower risk for experiencing psychopathology, more curious, self-directed, and they tend to have better scores on development tests and language development.

25. What is the strongest determinant of language development?

The strongest determinant of language development is the amount of words spoken to a child by their parent. This is proof that environment matters and shapes development.

12. When using the dimensional approach to describe temperament, Thomas and Chess suggest that children:

Thomas and Chess suggest that children react differently to different situations and they fall on a continuum of 9 major dimensions: Sensitivity, intensity of reaction, activity level, adaptability, approach/withdrawal, persistence, rhythmicity, quality of mood, and distractibility From the 9 major dimensions Thomas and Chess suggested that most babies could be classified into one of three more general categories: easy, difficult, and slow to warm up Easy: high in regularity and adaptability, and readily approaches novel situations Difficult: high in intensity of response and considerable negative affect, withdraws in response to novel situations, limited or low adaptability, and irregular body functions Slow to warm up: low activity and slow to adapt, withdraw in response to novel situations, and somewhat negative mood

Under controlled children at age 3 predicted which of the following in early adulthood?

Under controlled children at 3 y/o: grew up to be impulsive, unreliable, antisocial, and had more conflicts with work and peers

Well adjusted at age 3 predicted which of the following in early adulthood?

Well adjusted 3 y/o: grew up to be normal young adults

22. What do we mean when we say a trait or characteristic is "continuous"?

When we say that a trait is continuous we refer to the idea that traits/characteristics of a person are consistent across time. The way these traits are expressed may change, but personality remains constant.

26. Historical perspectives on the importance of the mother-child bond suggest all of the following EXCEPT: (these are all true-know these to identify false MC answer)

a. Freud believed: that an infant sucking at its mother's breast is by far the most important act of their life, and the starting point of the infant's whole sexual life b. Klaus and Kennell believed: the mother-infant bond is the wellspring for all the subsequent attachments of the child, and that the mother-infant relationship is the formative relationship during which the child develops a sense of self (mother as the foundation for all subsequent relationships) c. Reiner believed: that the first three years of life was imperative for the child, and whether the child became a "toxic or nontoxic" member of society was based on the relationships between caregiver and child in those first 3 years of life d. Watson believed: that parents should be disciplined, and that children should be pushed towards independence from birth, he believed that affection should be withdrawn expect for on big occasions e. Bowlby believed: that children crave comfort and that our relationships are NOT driven by our biological need for food. Bowlby states that the feeding experience serves to teach the child how to establish sociability

Proactive transactions Caspi

creating environments of their own" in other words, individuals are assuming new roles and relationships by modifying their experiences in social settings

Proactive transactions Fox and Henderson

said proactive transactions are "close friends and peer groups, finding people and environments similar to what the individual desires".

Fox and Henderson

said that high motor reactive infants are typically more socially withdrawn an have a higher negative affect, while children with low reactivity are more positive and classified as exuberant

Kagan

said that high reactive infants become shy inhibited preschoolers, and display greater social phobias; while low reactive infants become sociable, outgoing preschoolers, and they display considerably less fear