Psychology 6.3 Operant Conditioning terms
variable interval reinforcement schedule
the person or animal gets the reinforcement based on varying amounts of time, which are unpredictable
example of fixed interval schedule
A hungry child jiggles the Jell-O more often to see if it has settled yet
primary reinforcer
reinforcers that have innate reinforcing qualities
example of partial reinforcement
Gambling machines and lottery tickets reward gamblers occasionally and unpredictably.
positive reinforcement
adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior
Operant vs. Classical Conditioning
operant conditioning, the learner is also rewarded with incentives, while classical conditioning involves no such enticements. Also remember that classical conditioning is passive on the part of the learner, while operant conditioning requires the learner to actively participate and perform some type of action in order to be rewarded or punished.
example of variable interval schedule
reward for persistence in rechecking facebook
Shaping
rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior
fixed ratio reinforcement schedule
set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded
example of positive punishment
spanking, parking ticket
negative punishment
taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior
negative reinforcement
taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior
example of positive reinforcement
-student comes in early to class, we give praise, they continue to come on time
primary vs secondary reinforcers
..., Primary: Help satisfy biological needs.; Secondary: Derive effectiveness from their association with primary reinforces through classical conditioning. , Primary = food, water, social relations Secondary = things that can get primary ones
steps of shaping
1. Reinforce any response that resembles the desired behavior. 2. Then reinforce the response that more closely resembles the desired behavior. You will no longer reinforce the previously reinforced response. 3. Next, begin to reinforce the response that even more closely resembles the desired behavior. 4. Continue to reinforce closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. 5. Finally, only reinforce the desired behavior.
Example of fixed ratio reinforcement
Carla sells glasses at an eyeglass store, and she earns a commission every time she sells a pair of glasses. She always tries to sell people more pairs of glasses, including prescription sunglasses or a backup pair, so she can increase her commission. She does not care if the person really needs the prescription sunglasses, Carla just wants her bonus. The quality of what Carla sells does not matter because her commission is not based on quality;
continuous vs. partial reinforcement
Continuous: Reinforcing a response each time it occurs. Results in rapid learning, but not real life Partial: Reinforcing only after a certain amount of time has passed or only after a certain number of responses have been made. More realistic.
positive vs negative punishment
For positive punishment, try to think of it as adding a negative consequence after an undesired behavior is emitted to decrease future responses. As for negative punishment, try to think of it as taking away a certain desired item after the undesired behavior happens in order to decrease future responses.
Examples of operant conditioning
Gambling, Clever Hans, trial and error learning, animals performing tricks
example of secondary reinforcer
Money, grades etc. Money has no value to a young child until the child learns that money can be used to buy things that are themselves primary or secondary reinforcers. Grades have little value to students unless their families notice and value good grades, and families' praise is of value because it is associated with love, warmth, security, and other reinforcers
positive vs negative reinforcement
Positive- increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. Negative- increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock, a negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response.
Examples of punishment
Take toy away, recess, phone call, etc.
example of primary reinforcers
Water, food, sleep, shelter ,sex, and touch, pleasure
continuous reinforcement
When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior
cognitive map
a mental picture of the layout of the maze
positive punishment
adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior
example of cognitive map
after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it
fixed interval reinforcement schedule
behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time
law of effect
behaviors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the organism are more likely to be repeated, and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences are less likely to be repeated
example of variable ratio schedule
gambling
example of continuous reinforcement
going to the same candy machine because it lets out two chocolate bars instead of one
secondary reinforcer
has no inherent value and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with a primary reinforcer
punishment
implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior
latent learning
learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it
variable ratio reinforcement schedule
number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded
Example of shaping
teaching someone to read
partial reinforcement
the person or animal does not get reinforced every time they perform the desired behavior
examples of latent learning
tolman (rat maze), cognitive map (mental representation), demonstrated learning without reinforcement
example of negative reinforcement
-student comes in late, take away their ability to go to the treasure box for a treat -student changes behavior and comes in early to regain that
example of negative punishment
-student has temper tantrum to avoid math, student is put in the hallway until they calm down -remove from class, remove from having to do work (student gets what they want)
Reinforcement vs. Punishment
Reinforcement increases the likelihood of something happening again. Punishment is the consequence of a behavior; it will decrease the likelihood of a behavior happening again
operant conditioning
organisms learn to associate a behavior and its consequence