Psychology

The release of hormones by the adrenal glands is most likely to trigger A. the fight or flight response B. the refractory period C. depression D. the pain reflex

A. the fight or flight response

Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the weakest degree of relationship between two variables? A. -0.12 B. -0.99 C. +0.25 D. -0.50

A. -0.12

Sherry is often overly generous in sacrificing her time to help others. Her friend suggests that by keeping busy in this way Sherry avoids confronting her own unconscious conflicts. Her friend's suggestion illustrates the type of explanation that is most typical of A. Freudian psychology. B. cognitive neuroscience. C. structuralism. D. evolutionary psychology.

A. Freudian psychology.

A neural center located in the limbic system that processes explicit memories for storage is called the A. Hippocampus B. Thalamus C. Medulla D. Hypothalamus

A. Hippocampus

Depending on environmental conditions, specific genes can be either A. active or inactive B. identical or fraternal C. mono-zygotic or dizygotic D. structured or unstructured

A. active or inactive

One of the most consistently damaging teratogens is A. alcohol B. testosterone C. blood D. oxygen

A. alcohol

Early behaviorists such as John B. Watson would have considered the introspective study of self-esteem to be A. an unscientific method. B. a positive psychology. C. a biopsychosocial approach. D. applied research.

A. an unscientific method.

Putting babies to sleep on their backs to reduce the risk of crib death has been associated with a slight delay in children's A. crawling. B. stranger anxiety. C. walking. D. bladder control.

A. crawling.

When you question whether anecdotal evidence can be generalized to all people, you are most clearly demonstrating A. critical thinking B. an empirical approach C. hindsight bias D. overconfidence

A. critical thinking

The belief that boys are more independent than girls is a A. gender schema B. gender identity C. gender role D. gender type

A. gender schema

Today's psychology is best described as increasingly A. globalized in its influence. B. controversial in its application. C. introspective in its methods. D. psychodynamic it its perspective.

A. globalized in its influence.

Giving half the members of a group some purported psychological finding and the other half an opposite finding is an easy way to demonstrate the impact of A. hindsight bias B. skeptical scrutiny C. empirical approach D. risk prediction

A. hindsight bias

After receiving a placebo said to reduce pain of her sprained ankle, Suzie is most likely to respond with a(n) _______ in her brain's release of _______. A. increase; endorphins B. increase; nociceptors C. decrease; endorphins D. decrease; nociceptors

A. increase; endorphins

Religious and ethnic diversity are most likely to be appreciated in a culture characterized by A. individualism B. collectivism C. gender typing D. gender schemas

A. individualism

Most 20-year-olds outperform most 70-year-olds on video games due to age-related differences in A. information-processing speed. B. longitudinal study. C. menopause. D. crystallized intelligence.

A. information-processing speed.

Frans avoids talking with food in his mouth because other people think it is crude and inappropriate. This best illustrates the impact of A. norms. B. stereotypes. C. individualism. D. schemas

A. norms.

John B. Watson is to Edward Titchener as ________ is to ________ A. observable behavior; inner sensations B. mental illness; psychiatry C. biology; environment D. cognitive perspective; psychoanalytic perspective

A. observable behavior; inner sensations

Sensory neurons are located in the A. peripheral nervous system. B. synaptic gaps. C. myelin sheath. D. endocrine system

A. peripheral nervous system.

Recent instances of fraudulent or hard-to-believe research findings have lead psychologist to give greater priority to the process of A. replication B. debriefing C. naturalistic observation D. informed consent

A. replication

In everyday behavior, men are LESS likely than women to A. smile at others. B. stare at others. C. interrupt others. D. initiate touching others

A. smile at others.

To understand the unusual behavior of an adult client, a clinical psychologist carefully investigates the client's current life situation and his physical, social-cultural, and educational history. Which research method has the psychologist used? A. the case study B. experimentation C. the survey D. naturalistic observation

A. the case study

Professor Brody attempts to measure the relative contributions of inborn traits and social influences on sexual preferences and behavior patterns. Her research efforts best illustrate the interests of the ____________ perspective. A.Behavior Genetics B. Behavioral C. Cognitive D. Psychodynamic

A.Behavior Genetics

The unreliability of __________ lead to the waning popularity of structuralism. A. Humanistic Psychology B. Introspection C. Spaced Practice D. Behaviorism

B. Introspection

The chemical messengers released into the spatial junctions between neurons are called A. Synapses B. Neurotransmitters C. Genes D. Hormones

B. Neurotransmitters

Optic nerves transmit information from the ________ visual field of ________ to the left cerebral hemisphere. A. left; only the left eye B. right; both the right and left eyes C. right; only the right eye D. left; only the right eye

B. Right; both the right and left eyes

The relief of pain following the taking of an inactive substance that is perceived to have medicinal benefits illustrates A. Random Assignment B. The Placebo Effect C. Debriefing D. Hindsight Bias

B. The Placebo Effect

When Mr. Thompson lived overseas for a year, he was very surprised at how much respect he received from people simply because he was an older person. His sense of surprise suggests that he had NOT previously lived in a culture characterized by A. social diversity. B. collectivism. C. individualism. D. extraversion

B. collectivism.

During a routine prenatal exam, Janet's obstetrician detected the heartbeat of her future baby. The earliest possible period of development medically indicated at this point would be the _______ period. A. fetal B. embryonic C. epigenetic D. zygotic

B. embryonic

José has just played a long, bruising football game but feels little fatigue or discomfort. His lack of pain is most likely caused by the release of A. acetylcholine. B. endorphins. C. dopamine. D. glutamate

B. endorphins.

The scientific attitude of humility is most likely to be undermined by A. curious skepticism B. hindsight bias C. critical thinking D. ethical standards

B. hindsight bias

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow promoted a historically significant approach known as A.behaviorism. B. humanistic psychology. C. behavior genetics. D. cognitive neuroscience

B. humanistic psychology.

A rite of passage is most similar to a(n) A. moral intuition. B. initiation ceremony. C. sense of basic trust. D. preoperational stage.

B. initiation ceremony.

Which of the following is true of adolescence in contemporary industrialized societies compared with previous centuries? A. it begins in life and ends earlier in life B. it begins earlier in life and ends later in life C. it begins later in life and ends later in life D. it begins later in life and ends earlier in life

B. it begins earlier in life and ends later in life

In a study of Welsh pedestrians, women rated a man as ________ if he was pictured at the wheel of an expensive rather than an inexpensive car. Men rated a woman as ________ if she was pictured at the wheel of an expensive rather than an inexpensive car. A. less attractive; no more attractive B. more attractive; no more attractive C. no more attractive; more attractive D. less attractive; more attractive

B. more attractive; no more attractive

Degeneration of the myelin sheath results in A. an action potential. B. multiple sclerosis. C. reuptake. D. the fight-or-flight response.

B. multiple sclerosis.

University of Texas students were fitted with electronically activated recorders for up to four days so that researchers could sample their daily activities. The researchers employed a scientific method known as A. the double-blind procedure. B. naturalistic observation. C. the case study. D. experimentation

B. naturalistic observation.

A limbic system reward center located in front of the hypothalamus is called the A.amygdala. B. nucleus accumbens. C.reticular formation. D. pons.

B. nucleus accumbens.

According to Piaget, schemas are A. fixed sequence of cognitive developmental stages B. people's conceptual frameworks for understanding their experience C. children's way of coming to terms with their sexuality D. problem-solving strategies that are typically not developed until the formal operational stage.

B. people's conceptual frameworks for understanding their experience

The master gland of the endocrine system is the A. thyroid glad B. pituitary gland C. adrenal gland D. pancreas

B. pituitary gland

Human females begin forming all the eggs they will ever have during A. early childhood. B. prenatal development. C. conception. D. puberty.

B. prenatal development.

The SQ3R study method emphasizes the importance of A. massed practice. B. retrieving information. C. introspection. D. role modeling

B. retrieving information.

People's failure to recognize themselves in a mirror is most likely to be associated with damage to the A. left cerebral hemisphere. B. right cerebral hemisphere. C. somatosensory cortex. D. corpus callosum.

B. right cerebral hemisphere.

An elaborate ceremony used to celebrate a person's emergence into adulthood is an example of a A. role confusion. B. rite of passage. C. postconventional morality. D. pruning process.

B. rite of passage.

The corrupt behavior of many ordinary people who served as Nazi concentration camp guards best illustrates that immorality often results from A. postconventional moral thinking. B. social influence. C. a pruning process. D. abnormal cognitive development

B. social influence.

Phrenology highlighted the presumed functions of A. Synaptic gaps B. specific brain regions C. the myelin sheath D. endorphins

B. specific brain regions

People with color-deficient vision for red and green may still see yellow. This is most easily explained by A. the Young-Helmholtz theory. B. the opponent-process theory. C. Locke's theory. D. frequency theory

B. the opponent-process theory.

Testing hypothesis and refining theories in light of those test is central to A. debriefing B. the scientific method C. regression toward the mean D. informed consent

B. the scientific method

Natural selection refers to the principle that variations in __________ that contribute to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed onto succeeding generations. A. learned habits B. levels of analysis C. inherited traits D. cultural practices

C. inherited traits

In a group of five individuals, two report annual incomes of $10,000, and the other three report incomes of $14,000, $15,000, and $31,000, respectively. The mode of this group's distribution of annual incomes is A. $31,000. B. $16,000. C. $10,000. D. $15,000.

C. $10,000.

Babies as young as ____ month(s) learned that their own kicking moves a mobile; and they retained that learning without later practice for as long as ________ months(s). A. 1; 1 B. 1; 6 C. 3; 1 D. 3;12

C. 3; 1

Who suggested that the mind at birth is a blank sheet upon which experience writes? A. Plato B.Charles Darwin C. John Locke D.René Descartes

C. John Locke

Kids choose peers who share their own attitudes and interests as their friends. This best illustrates A. collectivism B. plasticity C. a selection effect D. a pruning process

C. a selection effect

Failure to practice important motor skills can result in a loss of agility because unused neural connection A. become insecurely attached B. accommodate C. are pruned D. assimilate

C. are pruned

The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies observable human activity without reference to mental processes is known as A. positive psychology. B. cognitive neuroscience. C. behaviorism. D. humanistic psychology.

C. behaviorism.

The neuroscience perspective in psychology would be most likely to empathize that behavior is influence by A. unconscious conflicts. B. environmental circumstances. C. blood chemistry D. subjective interpretations

C. blood chemistry

Subliminally presented stimuli A. increase our absolute thresholds for visual images. B. are usually mentally processed as completely as any other stimuli. C. can sometimes be consciously perceived. D. effectively influence purchases of consumer goods.

C. can sometimes be consciously perceived.

The cerebral cortex is the covering layer of the . A. corpus callosum. B. hippocampus. C. cerebrum. D. brainstem.

C. cerebrum.

The scientific study of mental activities associated with perceiving, processing, and remembering information is most central to A. evolutionary psychology. B. clinical psychology. C. cognitive psychology. D. humanistic psychology

C. cognitive psychology.

Displaying data in a scatterplot can help us see the extent to which two variables are A. operationally defined. B. replications. C. correlated. D. random samples

C. correlated.

The testing effect refers to the ________ that accompanies repeated retrieval of learned information. A. natural selection B. increasing boredom C. introspection C. enhanced memory

C. enhanced memory

Which perspective highlights the reproductive advantages of inherited psychological traits? A. behavioral B. social-cultural C. evolutionary D. cognitive

C. evolutionary

Four weeks after having been exposed to a vibrating, honking device placed on its mother's abdomen, a fetus demonstrates A. an epigenetic effect. B. a stress response. C. habituation. D. impulsiveness

C. habituation.

The perception that psychological research findings merely verify our commonsense understanding is most clearly facilitated by A. the scientific attitude. B. curious skepticism. C. hindsight bias. D. critical thinking.

C. hindsight bias.

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems work together to keep you in a steady internal state called A.the resting potential. B. reuptake. C. homeostasis. D. depolarization.

C. homeostasis.

Compared with the difference in self-esteem between the average female and average make, the variation in self-esteem among individual males is _______ and the variations in self esteem among individual females is _______. A. smaller; larger B. smaller; smaller C. larger; larger D. larger; smaller

C. larger; larger

A correlation between attractiveness and dating frequency of +0.60 would indicate that A. is impossible to predict levels of physical attractiveness based on knowledge of fating frequency B. physical attractiveness has no causal influence on dating frequency C. less frequent dating is associated with lower levels of physical attractiveness D. More frequent dating is associated with lower levels of physical attractiveness

C. less frequent dating is associated with lower levels of physical attractiveness

Compared with men, women are ______ likely to desire more frequent sex and _____likely to perceived simple friendliness as a sexual com on. A. more; more B. less; more C. less; less D. more; less

C. less; less

Heterosexual women are most likely to be sexually attracted to men who appear to be A. emotionally reactive and intense B. shy C. mature and affluent D. interested in casual uncommitted sex

C. mature and affluent

Professor Anderson's research involves assessing the interactive impact of specific chromosome segments and unhealthy peer relationships on the development of alcohol use disorder. Her research most clearly illustrates the specialty area known as A. evolutionary psychology. B. heritability studies. C. molecular behavior genetics. D. epigenetics.

C. molecular behavior genetics.

One research team studied the ups and downs of human moods by counting positive and negative words in 504 million Twitter messages from 84 countries. The researchers' method best illustrates the use of A. experimentation. B. case studies. C. naturalistic observation. D. a survey.

C. naturalistic observation.

A football quarterback can simultaneously make calculations of receiver distances, player movements, and gravitational forces. This best illustrates the activity of multiple A. endorphin agonists. B. endocrine glands. C. neural networks. D. acetylcholine antagonists.

C. neural networks.

Cross-cultural research on human development indicates that A. developmental processes differ greatly among individuals raised in different cultures. B. differences among cultural groups largely reflect genetic differences among racial groups. C. person-to-person differences within cultural groups are larger than differences between groups. D. gender differences in behavior result from differences in biology rather than from differences in life experiences.

C. person-to-person differences within cultural groups are larger than differences between groups.

Boys who mature at an early age tend to be more A. sexually inhibited B. physically uncoordinated C. popular and self-assured D. academically successful

C. popular and self-assured

According to Kohlberg, morality based on the avoidance of punishment and the attainment of concrete rewards represents ________ morality. A. concrete operational B. postconventional C. preconventional D. conventional

C. preconventional

After sports magazines give cover-story attention to the recent outstanding performances of an athlete, the individual often suffers a real decline in performance. This may be at least partially explained in terms of A. the illusion control B. the placebo effect C. regression towards the mean D. illusory correlation

C. regression towards the mean

Our plausible theory suggest that hypnotic pain relief may result from A. extrasensory perception B. phantom limb sensations C. selective attention D. stereophonic hearing

C. selective attention

Aging cells may die without being replaced due to the shortening of A. distance perception. B. menopause. C. telomeres. D. immune system antibodies.

C. telomeres.

The release of hormones by the adrenal glands is most likely to trigger A. the pain reflex. B. depression. C. the fight-or-flight response. D. a refractory period.

C. the fight-or-flight response.

Although phrenology incorrectly suggested that bumps on the skull revealed a person's character traits, phrenology did succeed in focusing attention on A. synaptic gaps B. action potentials C. the localization of function D. endorphins

C. the localization of function

After living together for a year without any long-term commitment to their relationship, Sylvia and Yefim have decided to marry. Research on premarital cohabitation most strongly suggests that A. they have more positive attitudes toward the institution of marriage than the average couple. B. most of their college friends and acquaintances have viewed their cohabitation negatively. C. their marriage will have a higher-than-average probability of ending in divorce. D. their marriage will have a higher-than-average probability of being successful

C. their marriage will have a higher-than-average probability of ending in divorce.

An infant boy was raised as a girl following a botched circumcision. During adolescence, the child ________ boys and ________ the assigned female identity. A. wanted to kiss; did not accept B. wanted no part of kissing; accepted C. wanted no part of kissing; did not accept D. wanted to kiss; accepted

C. wanted no part of kissing; did not accept

Exerting pressure on their children to work hard and do well is especially likely to be characteristic of ________ mothers. A. European-American B. Australian-American C. African-American D. Asian-American

D. Asian-American

Who highlighted the reproductive advantages of environmentally adaptive traits? A. Plato B. John Locke C. Aristotle D. Charles Darwin

D. Charles Darwin

An under supply of the major inhibitory neurotransmitter known as ______ is linked to seizures. A. Glutamate B. ACh C. Serotonin D. GABA

D. GABA

James Olds and Peter Milner located reward centers in the brain structure known as the A. Cerebellum B. Medulla C. Amygdala D. Hypothalamus

D. Hypothalamus

To understand the unusual behavior of an adult client, a clinical psychologist carefully investigates the client's current life situation and his physical, social-cultural, and educational history. Which research method has the psychologist used? A. Naturalistic Observation B. The Survey C. Experimentation D. The Case Study

D. The Case Study

The process of imprinting involves the formation of a(n) A. identity B. epigenetic effect C. theory of mind D. attachment

D. attachment

A disorder that appears in childhood involving deficiencies in communication, rigidly fixated interests, and repetitive behaviors is known as A. an insecure attachment B. stranger anxiety C. infantile amnesia D. autism spectrum disorder

D. autism spectrum disorder

To assess the effectiveness of flu vaccine for county residents, Mr. Carlson wants to administer vaccine injections to all county residents rather than give half of them a placebo injection. Mr. Carlson is most clearly underestimating the importance of A. replicating observations of other researchers. B. operationally defining his procedures. C. testing a large sample. D. creating a control group.

D. creating a control group.

Adolescence is typically a time of A. growing parental influence and diminishing peer influence. B. growing parental influence and growing peer influence. C. diminishing parental influence and diminishing peer influence. D. diminishing parental influence and growing peer influence.

D. diminishing parental influence and growing peer influence.

Jason and Alex are biologically unrelated adolescents who were adopted as infants and raised together. For which of the following are Jason and Alex least likely to resemble each other any more than they resemble a genetically unrelated adolescent from another home in their neighborhood? A. table manners B.religious beliefs C. political attitudes D. extraversion

D. extraversion

Dr. Lipka focuses on ways to improve job satisfaction and productivity. Dr. Lipka is most likely a(n) __________ psychologist. A. clinical B. personality C. developmental D. industrial-organizational

D. industrial-organizational

A sample average can be used to estimate a population average with greater precision if the sample is A. a skewed distribution. B. vivid and memorable. C. highly variable. D. large

D. large

The body structures that enable reproduction are the A. secondary sex characteristics B. gender schemas C. adrenal glands D. primary sex characteristics

D. primary sex characteristics

To assess reactions to a proposed tuition hike at her school, Ariana sent a questionnaire to every fifteenth person in the registrar's alphabetical listing of all currently enrolled students. Ariana is ensuring that her survey results are accurate by using A. replication. B. naturalistic observation. C. random assignment. D. random sampling.

D. random sampling.

Charles Darwin attempted to explain the ________ that he encountered. A. biopsychosocial approach B. unconscious thought processes C. SQ3R method D. species variation

D. species variation

Men in their ________ are most likely to be sexually attracted to women who are several years older rather than several years younger than themselves. A. twenties B. thirties C. forties D. teens

D. teens

The speedy nervous systems zips messages by way of neurotransmitters. Endocrine messages, however, are delivered more slowly because hormones travel through A. interneurons B. myelinated neurons C. glial cells D. the blood stream

D. the blood stream

Since 1960, most Western cultures have changed with remarkable speed. The LEAST likely explanation for these variations involves changes in A. communication systems. B. scientific knowledge. C. social norms. D. the human gene pool.

D. the human gene pool.

The organizational rules identified by Gestait psychologists illustrate A. perception is the same as sensation B. we learn to perceive the world through experience C. sensation has no effect on perception D. the perceived whole may exceed the sum of its parts

D. the perceived whole may exceed the sum of its parts