Psychology

Which technique for gathering information about one's sensory and perceptual experiences was develop by the early structuralists?

introspection

The field of evolutionary psychology is based largely on the early work of _____.

Darwin

The theorist whose theory of moral development used moral dilemmas, such as the Heinz dilemma, to assess how children consider morally ambiguous situations was _______.

Kohlberg

Victor's hotel room has a thermostat on the wall that he sets to 68 degrees. When the room warms up, the device turns on the air conditioner to return the room to that set temperature. In the same way your body has mechanisms for maintaining a state of internal balance and comfort, a state called:

homeostasis

which technique can only be used on the cortex?

TMS

of these choices, which is not a part of the limbic system?

cerebellum

In what year was the first scientific laboratory of psychology established in Leipzig, Germany?

1879

Two-year-old Janelle knows that her father is a tall man with a beard, and used to think that ANY tall man with a beard should be called "Daddy", Lately she has begun to realize that this is not so, and she has started only calling her own father "Daddy". Piaget would call this adjustment of her cognitive schemas ______________________.

accommodation

When Lucinda takes her son George to the playground, he runs off to the swings and slides and never looks back at her. He doesn't come back to make contact or check in with her, is undisturbed if she leaves to go to the car or water fountain, and shows no issue with being separated for her extended periods of time. This is called a(n) _________ attachment style.

avoidant

which stage of cognitive development proposed by Piaget occurs between 7 and 11 years of age and includes the ability to reason based on logic that is tied to only that which can be perceived?

concrete operations

naturalistic observations, case studies, and surveys are all forms of ____ research.

descriptive

If you are told that Mahalia has received a split-brain operation, you can assume with some confidence that Mahalia has a history of suffering from _______.

epilepsy

which of the following terms is not an important component in the definition of psychology?

human beings

The notion that psychology should focus on positive aspects of life-- concepts like courage, resilience, and strength-- derived out of the _____ school of thought.

humanistic

Kendra is in high school choir performance, and makes a Very small error that nobody heard. The next day she is sure everyone is going to laugh at her and will known that she was the one who made the mistake. This belief that everyone is watching and paying attention is an adolescent characteristic called the _________.

imaginary audience

memories that cannot be voluntarily or consciously recalled are called __________ memories.

implicit

A lack of exercise in adults has been found to be associated with all but which of the following outcome?

increased risk of dementia

one of the most important features of a specific process called ________ is that the changes that it produces are genetically programmed to occur as one's age increases

maturation

Lev Vygotsky's ________ theory of development suggested that adults promote cognitive development in children by guiding and explicitly instructing them about the world around them.

sociocultural

The rules for how words are put into a correct, or sequence, to form proper sentences are called ________.

syntax

Which individual was the first woman to be elected as president of the American Psychological Association?

Calkins

every morning Lucius dives into his swimming pool and swims 1 to 2 miles to being his day. He feels that the exercise helps to wake him up. He doesn't think about his swimming stroke as he does his laps, and lets his mind wander as he engages in this habitual activity. The part of the brain that is particularly important in the formation of habitual actions such as this is the ________.

basal ganglia

Ekman and Friesen studied different cultures, and based on this work identified six specific emotions that were similarly recognized by all of them. They called these _________ emotions.

basic

Brett has applied for high-level government position. As part of the vetting process, he is required to undergo testing using a polygraph machine to make sure that he has not lied in any of his answers during the government screening process. This machine will test all but which of the following physical metrics?

body temperature

A 7-years old girl in Atlanta was involved in a terrible car accident, and accident, and suffered what's called an "atlanto-occipital dislocation" of her skull. This means that she was basically decapitated but was able to survive the accident. Physicians from all over the states come to study her, and they gathered large amounts of information so that they could learn from this very unusual situation. The kind of research that would involve a single participant like this is called a(n) _______.

case study

Many people are certain that winning a multi-million dollar lottery will make them extremely happy in life. What does research say about this?

even if we get a large sum of money, after a short amount of time we'll be about as happy as we were before we acquired it

The strongest way to a hypothesis in psychology research is by coordinating a(n) ____ study

experimental

the strongest way to test a hypothesis in psychology research is by conducting a(n) _____ study.

experimental

A research wants to know whether or not a "forced shutoff" of student's electronic devices (tablets, computers, cell phones) in class will have an appreciable impact on the students' grades. In one class he mandates that all electronics be turned off and put away for the course for the whole semester. In a second class that is taught identically, he institutes no such policy and allows students to use their devices as they choose to. In this experiment, the group that is told that they may not use their devices in class represents a(n)_____ participant group.

experimetal

before birth _____ cells help neurons to create synapses and form connections, and after one is born those same cells are responsible for the "care and feeding" of neurons.

glial

which of the following is the most problematic limitation of correlational research?

it does not give you any ability to draw cause-and-effect conclusions about relationships

which phenomenon that has been found to have a significant impact on the sensory or perceptual skills of human beings has been found disrupt spatial learning in mice for brief periods of time?

magnetic fields

of these options, which is the best example of a behavior (as the term relates to the definition of psychology)?

marta is painting a new color another bedroom wall.

a researcher is examining a number of studies that have been published that all address the same general question, and thinks to herslef, " I wonder if it is possible to simply combine all of those studies and see what the results would be? : she speaks to her colleague, who tells her, "of course you can do that! it's called a(a)________"

meta-analysis

which brain mechanism has been found to become more active when anomolous cognition abilities are measured?

none

According to the Centers for Disease Control, approximately 36.5% of Americans suffer from which eating-related problem?

obesity

When one is engaged is a science, they would be most interested in the gathering of ____ evidence to examine various issues.

objective

According to the theory of color vision that was forwarded by Young and Helmholtz, the colors to which our major cones are most sensitive include which of these options?

res, blue, green

John and his husband Barry have just had sex, and they both experienced an orgasm during their amorous activities. They are now laying together talking and resting, and are in the ___________ stage of the sexual response cycle.

resolution

A significant problem for studies of sexuality and sexual behavior is _______ bias, which occurs when people do not answer questions honestly.

response

The fact that people who speak at a faster pace are more difficult to understand than those who speak less rapidly demonstrates the speech______ problem in the auditory system.

segmentation

The easiest research method that can allow for the inexpensive gathering of a large amount of data in a relatively short period of time is the

survey

In an older movie, twin brother and sister Tia and Tony have some extraordinary abilities. Tia is able to talk to Tony through her mind without moving her lips. This type of skill, called _____, is commonly seen in movies but no evidence of its true existence has been found.

telepathy

Dr. Freebush in conducting research to determine how neurons in the amygdala fire when a person is having an angry reaction to an eliciting stimulus. This research would focus on which level of analysis in psychology?

the level of the brain

When he was right out of college, Francois was offered $10 for an hour of his time to be research participant. He has no money at the time, so this was a big reward for him. Now, years later, Francois has a good career and makes a reasonable amount of money. He has another chance to earn $10 for an hour of his time, but he passes it up because it isn't enough money. this change is the worth of the same amount of money demonstrates the choice concept of ________________.

valuation

Which would fall at the bottom of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

wanting a glass of water

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, under which situation will a person typically perform at their highest level?

when they experience a moderate level of arousal

Which question would be of the greatest interest to the early functionalists in psychology?

why do humans beings think?

Although generally discounted by research evidence, the "commonsense" theory of emotions suggests which of the following sequences?

you experience the subject sensation of an emotion, and then have a physiological and behavioral response to it

The concept of size ___ is employed when you are driving toward a bridge and it appears to get bigger as you get closer to it. This concept allows you to recognize that the size does not change even though the appearance does.

constancy

Anya has generated a theory based on the research that has conducted. Upon further data collection, her theory is not supported and she decides to discard it in favor of a new theory. In a science, we would say that her theory was

falsifiable

the cortex, limbic system, thalamus, and basal ganglia are all structures that comprise the ________.

forebrain

The period of cognitive development in which a child gains the capacity to engage in abstract thinking and perform mental reversals of actions is called the _______________ stage.

formal operations

In the scientific method, the first step is to systematically observe a phenomenon as it takes place. The next step would be to

formulate a question

A person who wants to see vert clearly would be most interested in having light waves focused on the ______, which is in the center of the retina.

fovea

The part of the brain that seems to be involved in the intentional regulation of emotions is the ___________.

front lobes

Mauritzio is conducting research that examines how distractions can decrease a person's concentration while they are driving and lead to more motor vehicle accidents. For his study, one group will be asked to read and respond to text messages while driving through a closed course, a second group will listen to loud music, and a third group will be given no distractions. He measures how many cones each driver knocks over as an indication of "driving skill" in the study. For Mauritzio's research, the number of cones knocked over is the _____ definition of driving skills.

operational

The type of professional who focused on studying and teaching about individual differences in preferences and inclinations is a(n)_______ psychologists.

personality

The rolled "rr" sound that is used in Spanish and several other language is a(n) ________ that is not used in English.

phoneme

Which individual is noted for having led the development of the Gestalt school of psychology?

Wertheimer

Of these options, which is not a part of the definition of an emotion?

a simultaneous positive and negative experience

of the following options, which is not a general principles found in the ethical principles and code of conduct for psychologists?

Equality

at the level of the group, psychologists conduct two sorts of investigations. one is examining how other people affect an individual's mind and behaviors. the other is:

considering groups in their own right, independent of their influence on individuals

At the level of the person in psychology, knowledge, beliefs, desires, and feelings all refer to mental ______.

contents

A narrow window of time when a certain type of learning or some aspect of development is possible is called a(n) _________ period.

critical

Within their fraternity, the brothers of Sigma Eta Rho fraternity have a specific way of interacting with they each other. They talk a specific way, have shared history, have norms that govern their reactions, and even have specific objects that they all possess to help then identify as a member of the fraternity. These objects are handed down to the so-called new brothers each year. These factors all define the ______ of this group.

culture

Dr. Byalik is scanning a petri dish for evidence of bacteria in her current microbiology study. She reports that she saw a large colony of bacteria, but in fact what she was not a bacteria colony but rather a speck of dirt that looked like bacteria. In signal detection theory, this is an example of a(n) ______.

false alarm

In a research study that examines the impact of a low calorie diet on the weight of obese individuals, there are three participant groups. Group 1 eats 100% of the standard, recommended calories for their age, height, and sex each day. Group 2 eats 75% of that recommendation, and group 3 eats 50% of that number. After three months, the participants' weights are compared to their starting weights. What is the independent variable in this study?

the number of calories eaten each day

which part of the neuroendocrine system is sometimes (and somewhat inaccurately) referred to as master gland?

the pituitary gland

Select the best definition of psychology from the following choices.

the science of the mind and behavior

which humanistic psychologists proposed the idea that people have a natural tendency to move toward "self-actualization" in their lives?

Maslow

complete the sentences by choosing the correct responses from the drop-down list.>>> Marvin is at a party and he sees a very cute girl across the room. He starts to go tall to her, when he sees another man walk up and ask her to dance. This prevents Marvin from getting a chance to introduce himself. This man who blocked Marvin from talking to cute woman is acting in the same way that a(n) _______ neurotransmitter blocks receptor sites on post-synaptic neurons.

antagonist

currently, the only way to definitively diagnose chronic traumatic encephalopathy is through________.

autopsy

An eye condition that is often seen in older adults that results in a clouding of the lens that can disrupt normal vision is called ___________.

cataracts

Kent works with clients who suffer from eating disorders, and his area of expertise is on providing psychotherapy for those with anorexia nervosa. He is not , licensed to prescribe psychotropic medications to help treat the anxious or depressive symptoms that often accompany these disorders, but works as part of a treatment team with professionals who can. Kent is mort likely a(n)______.

clinical psychologist

when an experiment is conducted and the dependent variable is found to change as a function of manipulations in the independent variable a(n)_______ has occurred.

effect

As he was cooking dinner for his children, kenneth got distracted by a fight that broke out in the other room. He lost focus and accidentally cut his finger with a sharp knife while chopping vegetables. The neurotransmitter that will help to reduce the pain of his injury almost immediately after it occurs is/are _________.

endorphins

match the neuroimaging technique to its appropriate definition.

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) : a type of imaging that detect the amount of oxygen being brought to particular places in the brain, which indicates how active neurons are. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): a technique the uses magnetic properties of atoms to take sharp pictures of the three-dimensional structure of the brain. positron emission tomography (PET): a neuroimaging techniques that uses small amounts of a radioactive substance to track blood flow or energy consumption in the brain computer-assisted tomography (CT): a neuromaging techniques that produces a three dimensional image of brain structures using x-rays.

according to the psychological perspective of ____, the field should emphasize the understanding of how the mind helps people adapt to the world around them so that they operate more effectively in it.

functionalism

Drag the correct response into the blank to complete the sentence.>>>> a person's genetic code that exists within the nucleus of each one of their cells is called their_______. drag and drop your answer.

genotype

The weakest possible correlational coefficient-one that indicates an absence of relationship between two variables- is_____

0

The developmental norm by which most children say their first words is about _________ of age.

1 year

Drag the correct response into the blank to complete the sentence.>>>>> the average human brain contains approximately_______ neurons, which is only about one-tenth the number of glial cells found in the same structure.

100 billion

During the 38 to 40 weeks of pregnancy, the fetus becomes sensitive to both sound and light at around ______ weeks of age.

20 to 25

Identify the study below that is not an example of a descriptive research method.

Amelia is conducting an experiment

among the different levels of analysis in psychology are the levels of the brain, the person, and the _____.

group

The individual who is credited with having discovered the field of psychophysics- a discipline that studies how physical phenomena are interpreted as psychological events-was _______.

Fechner

while watching a marching band traipse across a football field, you notice the overall shapes that the musicians from (letter, images, etc), rather than specifically seeing individual people. This focus of the "whole" of a sensory experience, rather the individual pieces that construct that whole, would be most interesting to a(n)_______ psychologists.

Gestalt

According to recent research, glial cells are responsible for far more than researchers used to understand. Which of the following people may suffer from a condition that is contributed to by the role of glial cells?

Haley, who wrestles with an addiction to cocaine

Gavin and Giselle are on a date, and Gavin is very sexually interested in this woman. According to Grammar (1990), which of the following physical postures is Gavin likely to adopt?

He'll sit with an open posture with his legs relaxed and open

Charles is accused of having robbed a store, and claims that he has never been inside the store in his life. He agrees to take a polygraph test, and during this assessment he is asked, "Does this store have an electronic or a manual cash register?" this is an example of the ________.

guilty knowledge test

physical defect, irritability, sleeping difficulties, and attentional problems are all issues seen in children whose mother used ________ during pregnancy.

heroin or cocaine

match the following terms to their appropriate definintion.

Threshold: the point at which a receptor cell is activated by a stimulus strongly enough to be sensed. absolute threshold: the magnitude of a stimulus needed, on average, for an observer to detect in half the time it is present. just-noticeable difference: the size of the change in a stimulus characteristic that is needed for a person to detect that change between two stimuli or to detect the change in a single stimulus.

match the correct individual with the school of psychological thought with which they are most commonly associated.

Watson: behaviorism Wundt: structuralism James: functionaism Rogers: humanistic psychology Wertheimer: Gestalt psychology Freud: psychodynamic theory

Linda is making a new soap to sell in her shop. It is a lavender-mint scent, and she thinks it smells amazing. Her assistant recommends that she add more mint oil. "I can't smell the mint at all right now", he says. In its current formula, the amount of mint has not exceeded his man's ______ threshold for the mint scent.

absolute

The need to reach goals that require skilled performance or competence to be accomplished is referred as the need for ________.

achievement

Variations in the ______ of a sound wave are typically perceived as changes in the loudness of the sound stimulus.

amplitude

In support of the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions, researches have found that the _______ is the part of the brain that sends signals to other brain areas and cause your heart to speed up, makes you freeze, or stimulates the other automatic reactions we have when we are afraid.

amygdala

Martha has been working for the last four hours on a paper that is due tomorrow in her political science class. She asks her roommate to read it for her and see if there are any errors or problems. Her roommate points out that in an important section she type "Barack Obama" instead of "Donald Trump." Martha is amazed the she was unable to see this mistake, and as a student of psychology you know that this was most likely an example of _______.

an attentional blink

complete the sentence by choosing the correct responses from the drop-down list.>>>> The HPA pathway is part of the body's immune response, and is triggered into action by infections and injury. it stimulates the release of white blood cells that fight these threats. The "H" in HPA stands for ________.

hypothalamic

Rincon is walking through a shopping center when he comes to a table offering him a no-interest, no-free credit card. "I don't really need another credit card", he tells the lady politely, but then she says, "if you open a credit card I can give you a $25 gift card to Starbucks for some free coffee!? Rincon loves Starbucks coffee, so he signs up for a credit card even though he doesn't want it. In this case Rincon's behavior has been influenced by a(n) ____________.

incentive

According to the _____ model of cognition, perception and cognition rely on a host of distinct in the brain, and hence these capacities develop as the relevant parts of the brain develop.

information processing

Linda has added extra mint oil to her soap formula and she again asks her assistant for his opinion. He smells the soap and says, "I'm sorry but I still don't smell any mint! Did you add any mint oil?" In this case, the mint oil added was not enough to reach the assistant's __________ for the scent of mint.

just-noticeable difference

When you "wave your hands in the air like you just don't care", your awareness of where your hands and arms are comes from your _____ sensory system.

kinesthetic

When a child says something like, "Mommy, I runned from the swing to the sandbox at the playground", she is making a(n) _______ error.

overregularization

Brianna's 7-years-old daughter has just made a highly inappropriate joke, and Briana wants to discipline the child. The only problem is that Briana is trying hard not to smile and burst into laughter because the joke was also very funny. Her efforts to control her facial muscles are regulated by the______, which also helps to regulate sleep .

pons

you are asked to think of a school bus, and then are asked to imagine rotating the school bus so that you can see the side, the rear, the opposite side, and ability to engage in this mental rotation is an example of a metal ____ which occurs at the level of the person in psychology.

process

The notion that complex behavior is driven by mental processes acting on mental contents is a basic premise of the ____ theory in psychology.

psychodynamic

A key idea in behaviorism is the value of _____, which refers to a desirable consequence that follows an individual's response to a given stimulus.

reinforcement

the process of repeating a research study to see if the data collected are comparable to those collected in the original study is called______.

replication

within the early psychological school of thought called structuralism, it was believed that there are two types of consciousness. What were they?

sensations and feelings

when you look at \\\///, you tend to see two groups of parallel slashes and backward slashes. This typifies the Gestalt law of _____.

similarity

An artist is depicting a new building in her painting. She wants the viewer to see that the building is very far away, and so she draws the bricks so that they look smooth without any specific details to them. This technique utilizes the monocular distance cue called ______.

texture gradient

Janelle calls the local baseball stadium to try to order tickets. She is initially connected to a computer that tells her which number to press if she wants different departments. After listening to the voice menu, she pressed 4 for "Ticket Office". In this example, the automated operator system is similar to the way the ________ works in the brain, as it directs information to its appropriate destination.

thalamus

An adolescent's belief that they are immune to the negative consequence of foolish or dangerous behaviors is called ___________.

the personal fable

what is the largest organ in the human body?

the skin