Psychology B - Unit 3: Intelligence and Memory

Which answers are correct and show the influence of genetics on intelligence? Select all that apply.

- Adopted people's scores on an intelligence test match their birth parents' scores more closely than the scores of the parents who raised them. - Identical twins' scores on an intelligence test are more closely related than the scores of fraternal twins.

Which options describe shallow and deep processing for encoding? Select all that apply.

- Deep processing helps people remember what something means. - Shallow procesing helps people remember the way something looks or sounds.

Which statements are true? Select all that apply.

- Giftedness and intellectual disability are identified using intelligence tests as well as other methods. - Giftedness refers to intellectual ability far above average in one or many areas. - Intellectual disability is a disability in which a person experiences significant difficulty with intellectual functioning and social and practical skills.

Match each name with that psychologist's view of intelligence.

- Goleman: Understanding and managing emotions is an important part of intelligence. - Gardner: Intelligence is far broader than one general attribute. There are eight types of intelligence, including bodily-kinesthetic and musical. - Sternberg: Rather than one general intelligence, there are three types of intelliegence: analytical, creative, and practical.

What are possible drawbacks of standardized intelligence testing for students? Select all that apply.

- Results may not indicate different types of intelligence. - Teachers may develop bias toward students based on test results.

Which statements are true about the information preocessing model? Select all that apply.

- Short- term memory could be more complex than the information processing model describes. - The information processing model is too simple to describe how the brain actually makes memories.

Which are criticisms of the information processing model? Select all that apply.

- The information processing model is too simple and does not describe the parts of the brain that make memories. - The model does not describe how memories are stored through connections between neurons. - Memory may be more complex than what is described by the information processing model.

Which are common concerns raised by critics of intelligence testing? Select all that apply.

- The tests reveal only a small aspect of overall human intelligence. - The tests are biased against people from other cultures and against the economically disadvantaged.

Which are key elements of the information-processing model? Select all that apply.

- a long-term memory where information can be stored for a very long time - a short- term memory where five to nine pieces of information can be stored at a time

Which are considered characteristics of intelligence?

- ability to reason - memory

Match the test with its appropriate description and example.

- aptitude: designed to measure ability to perform a particular task; example is the SAT - achievement: designed to measure mastery of skills or knowledge; example is a course's final exam

What persuasive methods are considered highly effective at changing attitudes? Select all that apply.

- attractive speakers - appeals to fear

IQ tests (blank 1), achievement tests (blank 2), and aptitude tests (blank 3).

- blank 1: reveal someone's ability to learn - blank 2: reveal what someone has already learned - blank 3: reveal a person's natural ability for a certain task

Imagine you are trying to remember the notes on the five lines of the bass clef musical staff: G, B, D, F, A. Match each strategy with the correct example for improving your recall of this information.

- elaborative rehearsal: You think about how one of your favorite songs starts with the note G and how G is the first note in the sequence. You think of other songs songs you know that start with the other notes. - maintenance rehearsal: You keep repeating "G, B, D, F, A" to yourself for several minutes. - mnemonic device: You remember the phrase "Good Burritos Don't Fall Apart." - mind mapping: You draw a diagram showing how to identify the notes on the bass clef.

Imagine that you are trying to study for a test on the European colonization of the Americans. Match each memory-improvement strategy with the correct example.

- mind mapping: drawing a diagram listing the different exploreres and where they explored in the Americas - elaborative rehearsal: thinking about how you have a friend named "Nina," and this was the name of Christopher Columbus's first ship - maintenance rehearsal: repeatedly saying to yourself "Isabella and Ferdinand were the queen and king of Spain" - mnemonic device: remembering the rhyme "In 1492, Columbus sailed the ocean blue"

Match each memory type with the correct definition.

- short-term memory: the part of memory where information is held in the brain for a short time in a limited capacity - long-term memory: the part of memory where information is held in the brain for a virtually endless time

Match each type of amnesia with the correct description.

- source amnesia: You remember hearing that cracking your knuckles makes your knuckles swell up. However, you cannot remember where you heard this. - anterograde amnesia: You recently had an operation on your brain and are having trouble remembering new information that you learn. - infantile amnesia: Everyone in your family insists you had a blue teddy bear when you were 10 months old. However, you do not remember this. - retrograde amnesia: After a brai injury, you have trouble remembering events that occurred before the injury.

Match each structural feature of language with its appropriate function.

- syntax: the arrangement of words and phrases; conveys meaning to listener depending on word order or emphasis - lexeme: a word or set of words associated with a particular meaning; sound and meaning are stored as one otem in long-term memory - phoneme: the smallest structural unit of speech that you hear; functions as a speech sound - morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit of speech; forms or changes the meaning of a word

Which action physically occurs when memories are stored in the brain?

A connection is formed or strengthened between neurons.

Which statement best describes culture's influence on intelligence?

Different cultures value different types of behavior and skills, which inflluences the development of mental processes.

Elena failed her algebra exam and blames her teacher for teaching the concepts poorly. How would attribution theory explain Elena's behavior?

Elena is using situational attribution because she is blaming events that were outside of her control.

Which answers correctly complete the sentence?

For a person to be considered intellectually disabled, they must score below (75) on an IQ test, and show (difficulties with adapting to new situations) before the age of 18.

Which explanation is the most accurate?

Giftedness is intellectual ability far above average. It may refer to general intelligence or intelligence in one area.

What is a common result of groupthink?

Group members trying to avoid conflict will arrive at an irrational decision.

Discussion - Intelligence Prominent psychologists have proposed theories over the years to describe the nature of intelligence. These include - Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences - Daniel Goleman's theory of emotional intelligence - Robert Sternberg's triatchic theory of intelligence Choose one of these theories to research further. Write a response describing and theory you chose approaches the concept of intelligence. Consider these questions as you reflect and write: - How does the theory you chose define intelligence? - What makes this theory stand out from the others? - Do you agree with the theory? Why or why not?

I chose Daniel Goleman's theory of emotional intelligence. Daniel Goleman's theory defines intelligence by stating, "emotional intelligence was more important to success than the kind of intelligence measured on and IQ test". The theory defines intelligency into four capabilities: self-awarness, self-management, social awarness, and relationship management. I think this theory stands out from both Howard Gardner's theory and Robert Sternberg theory because it focuses on a person's emotions which people tend to not take it into consideration when they are talking about intelligence and that's what Daniel Goleman did. I agree with the theory! I agree with the theory because I do believe that emotional intelligence is more important than an IQ test that measures intellegence. I think people sometimes forget how our minds can work in so many incredible ways and emotional intelligence exists, but people don't really focus on it and haven't even gone into depth trying to understand the way not just the way out mind work but the way emotional intellegence can connecy with our minds.

Discussion - Retrieving Memories The information processing model is popular with modern psychologists because it presents an understandable comparison between the human mind and computer functions. Write a response evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of the information processing model. Draw from the material taught in the course, your own research, and your own experiences. Consider these questions as you reflect: - Do you agree with the idea that. our brains act like computers when processing, storing, and retrieving information? Why or why not? - Are there any limitations to making a comparison between the human mind and a computer? - Are computers more capable of processing information, or are human? - What are some ways in which the human mind can fail to process information in the same way a computer does?

I'm not really sure if I agree or disagree with the idea that our brains at like computers when processing, storing, and retrieving information. I think I'm neutral about the idea. Although, our brains work in many ways including processing, storing, and retrieving information it's not like a computer. Computers are way more different in many ways than our brains with this concept. Yes, I think there are many limitations to making a comparison between the human mind and a computer. In reality, computers are more different and more intelligent than our human mind. Yes, I think computers are more capable of processing information more than humans. In computers you can save more information and be able to pull it up and with computers everything is easily accessed and it has absolutely no limitations but with a human mind you can always forget stuff, you can always struggle processing certain information which is not an issue for computers.

Which person would most likely be diagnosed as intellectually disabled?

John has struggled intellectually since he was a child. Now an adult, he recently scored 73 an an IQ test and needs occasional support from professional caregivers.

What was the main reason Noam Chomsky argued that behaviorist B. F. Skinner's theory of language acquisition was inaccurate?

Language input alone could not account for the amount of words and grammar rules that are learned.

Which answers correctly complete the sentence?

People who experience discrimination tend to have increasaed (stress levels) and decreased (overall health).

Which answers correctly complete the sentence.

Social psychologists say that conformity occurs when (people change their behavior to perceived social pressure) and obedience occurs when (there is a direct order or rule, often from an authority figure)

Listen to the audio to answer the question. Which answer correctly completes the sentence?

The patient is suffering from (retrograde) amnesia.

Jose takes an intelligence quotient (IQ) test twice in the same week and scores much higher on it the second time. What does this score difference most likely indicate?

The test lacks reliability.

Which describes the biological process of strong memory?

WRONG: Information received through sensory cues is used for recognition and recall.

What is standarized intelligence testing?

a form of assessment that is desgined to measure intelligence and that requires all takers to answer the same questions or same type of questions

A phrase or acronym that helps you recall information is known as

a mnemonic device

Which characteristics best describe valid data?

accurate, reproducible, provable

Lily is 35 years old. After having an opreration on her brain, Lily finds that she is having trouble remembering information. This is known as what?

amnesia

Which answer lists three types of tests commonly used to assess human ablities?

aptitude, achievement, intelligence quotient

The last few times Jo ate pizza, she ate so much she got sick. Now just smelling pizza makes her sick! This is an example of what learning process?

classical conditioning

Which is the most accurate description of encoding?

converting and processing information, preparing information to be stored in long-term memory

Which technique to improve memory involves connecting material that you have learned with knowledge that you already have?

elaborative rehearsal

Imagine you just learned your friend's address. To help you keep this active in short-term memory, you repeatedly say or think the friend's address. What is this memory technique known as?

maintenance rehearsal

To help you study for your European history test, you design a diagram representing the relationships between European kingdoms in the 1500s. This is known as

mind mapping

Hana's teacher taught her science class to memorize the names and order of planets using this sentence: "My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Noodles." What kind of memory strategy is this?

mnemonic device

What does achievement mean in the context of testing human abilities?

quantity and quality of acquired knowledge

According to the Matching Hypothesis, what factor makes it likelier for a person to develop an attraction to someone?

similar physical characteristics

What can be lost if Broca's area in the brain is damaged resulting in expressive aphasia?

the ability to use and express language

Imagine you meet a new acquaintance named Sarah and try hard to remember her name. Which would be an example of using shallow processing to remember Sarah's name?

thinking about how Sarah starts with an "S"

Which characteristics best describe reliable data?

trustworthy and consistent