Psychology Ch. 1 - Dickerson

According to the biological perspective of psychology, WHAT interact with inherited factors to determine specific behavior and mental processes.

Environmental Factors

__________ primarily study how we perceive and mentally represent the world, how we learn, remember the past, plan, problem solve, and use language. a. Cognitive psychologists b. Social psychologists c. Human factors psychologists d. Developmental psychologists

a. Cognitive psychologists

Which of the following is true of Aristotle's contribution to psychology? a. He argued that human behavior is subject to rules and laws. b. He pointed out that people's behavior is solely influenced by external stimulation. c. He suggested that one could think of behavior in terms of a body and a mind. d. He held that people's behavior should be analyzed subjectively and not objectively.

a. He argued that human behavior is subject to rules and laws.

__________ stresses people's capacities for self-fulfillment and the central roles of consciousness, self-awareness, and decision making a. Behaviorism b. Functionalism c. Humanism d. Structuralism

c. Humanism

While industrial psychologists focus on the relationships between people and work, __________ study the behavior of people in workplaces such as businesses.

organizational psychologists

Famous neoanalysts such as Karen Horney and Erik Erikson differ from earlier psychodynamic practitioners in that they:

a. focused less on unconscious processes and more on conscious choice and self-direction.

Wilson is a senior manager in a multinational company. He has several organizational decisions to make and has to facilitate growth. However, Wilson thinks that he is not capable of efficiently managing his employees, especially during times of crisis. He wants to improve his problem-solving skills. Which of the following should Wilson do to deal with such situations? a. Wilson should avoid brainstorming ideas with his team. b. Wilson should avoid combining subjective and objective elements to solve problems. c. Wilson should use the principles of critical thinking. d. Wilson should take the authoritarian approach.

c. Wilson should use the principles of critical thinking.

A(n) _____ primarily focuses on the relationships between people and work. a. consumer psychologist b. industrial psychologist c. forensic psychologist d. human factors psychologist

b. industrial psychologist

Which of the following is a typical characteristic of biologically-oriented psychologists? a. They study the role of heredity in behavior and mental processes such as psychological disorders, criminal behavior, and thinking. b. They believe that self-awareness, experience, and choice permit us to invent ourselves and our ways of relating to the world as we progress through life. c. They investigate the ways we perceive and mentally represent the world, remember the past, plan for the future, solve problems, form judgments, make decisions, and use language. d. They study the influences of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status on behavior and mental processes.

a. They study the role of heredity in behavior and mental processes such as psychological disorders, criminal behavior, and thinking.

Which of the following is true of B. F. Skinner's contribution to behaviorism? a. He focused on the relation between conscious experience and behavior in shaping the human psyche. b. He believed that organisms learn to behave in certain ways because they have been reinforced for doing so. c. He used introspection to try to discover the basic elements of experience that influenced human behavior. d. He stated that psychology should be defined as the study of behavior and mental processes.

b. He believed that organisms learn to behave in certain ways because they have been reinforced for doing so.

Which of the following is true of behaviorism? a. It defines psychology as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. b. It is the school of psychology that focuses on learning observable behavior. c. It primarily stresses the human capacity for self-fulfillment and the central roles of consciousness, self-awareness, and decision making. d. It emphasizes the uses or functions of the mind rather than the elements of experience.

b. It is the school of psychology that focuses on learning observable behavior.

Jane is a practicing psychologist who assesses the mental status of people charged with crimes and shares her findings with the courts. Jane is most likely a(n) ________. a. health psychologist b. forensic psychologist c. environmental psychologist d. industrial psychologist

b. forensic psychologist

Sofia does not like eating vegetables. To ensure that she eats vegetables, her mother offers her an extra helping of dessert every time Sofia finishes her vegetables. In the context of behaviorism, this is known as _____. a. catharsis b. reinforcement c. introspection d. psychoanalysis

b. reinforcement

Researchers use a _____ so that identified subgroups in the population are represented proportionately in the sample. a. convenience sample b. stratified sample c. biased sample d. random sample

b. stratified sample

Which of the following statements is true of the experimental method of research? a. In the experimental method of research, participants in control groups obtain the treatment being tested. b. In the experimental method of research, participants in experimental groups do not obtain the treatment being tested. c. The experimental method allows psychologists to control the experiences of participants and draw conclusions about cause and effect. d. The experimental method fails to answer questions about cause and effect.

c. The experimental method allows psychologists to control the experiences of participants and draw conclusions about cause and effect.

Mary Ann, an 18-year-old, has been depressed since she lost her sister in a car accident. She has frequent depressive episodes; these episodes last for days. She often turns hostile. Her family has decided that she needs professional help. The professional who would be most appropriate for Mary Ann is a(n) ________ psychologist. a. social b. educational c. clinical d. developmental

c. clinical

An association among variables is known as __________. a. volunteer bias b. a constant c. correlation d. a sample

c. correlation

The construction of a factory near Valley Mont Elementary School adversely affected the concentration of the students in the school. In order to help the students cope with this problem, the principal of the school invited a(n) _____ who was experienced in dealing with humans and their interactions with their surroundings. a. industrial psychologist b. social psychologist c. environmental psychologist d. forensic psychologist

c. environmental psychologist

When you are training a pet, you are most likely relying on which of the following psychological perspectives? a. Biological b. Functionalist c. Cognitive d. Behaviorist

d. Behaviorist

Structuralists tended to ask, "What are the pieces that make up thinking and experience?" In contrast, __________ tended to ask, "How do behavior and mental processes help people adapt to the requirements of their lives?" a. behaviorists b. psychoanalysts c. cognitive psychologists d. functionalists

d. functionalists