Psychology Ch. 14

Among new marriages in the United States, _____ percent are between partners of a different race or ethnicity

15

About _____ percent of U.S. 18- to 29-year-olds are unaffiliated with a particular faith.

25

Today, about _____ percent of U.S. births are to single mothers.

40

What percent of Americans have been married at least once?

70

By the early thirties, _____ percent of U.S. young adults live on their own.

90

__________ is the most consistent predictor of marital stability.

Age of marriage

Today, ____ percent of American married couples bear children.

70

Which of the following statements about divorce in the United States is true?

Infidelity and substance abuse are among the strongest predictors of divorce.

Parents of __________ often report a dip in marital and life satisfaction.

adolescents

Nearly two-thirds of divorced adults

remarry.

Adrian developed a secure attachment to his parents when he was a child. Adrian probably characterizes his most important adult love relationship in terms of

trust, happiness, and friendship.

Which of the following statements about parenting young children is true?

B) Rearing young children is a powerful source of adult development.

Which of the following individuals is the most likely to quickly establish positive bonds with stepchildren?

Barry, a stepfather with children of his own

Which of the following individuals is the most likely to have an especially hard time following a divorce?

Beatrice, who was a homemaker throughout her marriage

Frankie and Mike are a dual-earner couple. They would like to have a better balance between work and family. Which of the following is good advice to help them combine their work and family roles?

Both should critically evaluate the time they devote to work in view of their family values and priorities.

Men with a high school diploma or less and highly educated women in prestigious careers are overrepresented among singles after age 30 because

C) women tend to "marry up" and men tend to "marry down."

Barney and Cynthia met in college and married after they both graduated. They both work full-time. Which of the following is most likely true?

Cynthia spends nearly twice as much time as Barney on housework.

If they are all statistically average, which of the following individuals is the most likely to be lonely?

Donna, who is 25 years old and has recently divorced

Which of the following individuals is the most likely to experience a psychological crisis during the age-30 transition?

Eddie, who has no romantic relationships and a dissatisfying job

Which of the following statements accurately explains the recent appearance of the emerging adulthood transitional period?

Entry-level positions in many fields require more education than in the past.

Which of the following is an accurate statement about risk and resilience in emerging adulthood?

Feelings of loneliness are higher during the emerging adulthood years than at any other time in life.

Which of the following statements about gender differences in same-sex adult friendships is true?

Female friends often say they prefer to "just talk" when they get together.

Stephanie is a new mother. While she is entitled to take up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave from work, she returns to her job after only four weeks. What is the most likely reason for Stephanie's decision?

Financial pressures do not allow her to take more time off without pay.

Which of the following individuals is the most likely to establish early residential independence?

Gretchen, whose parents are divorced and combative

Fernando recently got married. What will probably happen to his same-sex friendships?

He will share less personal information with his friends.

Which of the following statements about perceptions of intimate relationships in Eastern cultures is true?

In choosing a mate, young people are expected to consider obligations to others.

Which of the following statements about attitudes regarding marriage in the United States today is true?

Irrespective of SES and ethnicity, most U.S. 18- to 23-year-olds say they want to marry and have children.

Which of the following statements about role overload is true?

It is magnified for women in low-status work roles with rigid schedules and little autonomy.

Jenelle, a divorced mother with two children, is marrying William, a divorced father with three children. Which of the following statements is most likely true?

It will take three to five years for Jenelle and William's blended family to develop the connectedness and comfort of intact biological families.

Which of the following young adults is more likely to live on her own?

Julia, an economically well-off Caucasian American

Which of the following individuals will probably have the highest number of other-sex friends?

Kari, an employed female chemist

Which of the following couples will face extra challenges in achieving a successful transition to married life?

Ken, an African-American Baptist, and Eileen, an Asian-American Mormon, who married at age 21

Which of the following statements about mate selection is true?

Little support exists for the idea that "opposites attract."

Which of the following statements about emerging adulthood is true?

Many emerging adults can engage in activities of the widest possible scope.

Which of the following is an accurate statement about singlehood?

Many single people go through a stressful period in their late twenties or early thirties when most of their friends have married.

According to Levinson, which of the following statements about gender differences in dreams is true?

Most career-oriented women have "split dreams" involving both marriage and career.

Which of the following statements about Levinson's findings is true?

Not until middle age did many women reach career maturity and take on more authority in the community.

Which of the following 22-year-olds is the most likely to experience emerging adulthood?

Percy, a high-SES male in the United Kingdom

Which of the following women is more likely to delay parenthood or decide against it altogether?

Renée, who has a high-status, demanding job

Sarah is socially anxious and has an avoidant attachment history. Which of the following statements is probably true?

She has periods of intense loneliness.

__________ of U.S. 18- to 25-year-olds return to their parents' home for brief periods after first leaving.

Slightly over one-half

Which of the following statements about the family life cycle is true?

Some people do not experience all family life-cycle phases.

Which of the following statements about marital satisfaction is true?

The sharing of family responsibilities usually enhances both men's and women's marital satisfaction.

Which of the following statements about children of never-married mothers is true?

They are benefited by parental marriage only if the father is a reliable source of economic and emotional support.

Dennis and Kristen are an American cohabiting couple who are not engaged to be married. Compared with their friends who waited to live together until after they were engaged or married, which of the following is likely to be true?

They are more androgynous.

Which of the following statements about other-sex friendships is true?

When a solid other-sex friendship evolves into a romance, it may be more stable and enduring than a romantic relationship formed without a foundation in friendship.

Which of the following statements about the differences between American and Western European attitudes toward cohabitation is true?

When cohabiting Western Europeans decide to marry, they more often do so to legalize their relationships.

Which of the following statements about violence in families is true?

When researchers ask American couples about fights that led to acts of hostility, men and women report similar rates of assault.

Laurie just started a new job in her chosen field. She wants to select a helpful mentor. Which of the following people would probably be her best choice?

a member of her professional association

U.S. government surveys following 9,000 U.S. college-educated workers for a decade revealed that a year after receiving their bachelor's degree, women earned __________ as much as men.

about 80 percent

Rachel is the child of gay fathers. Rachel will most likely have __________ children of heterosexual parents.

about the same rate of issues with mental health and peer relations as

When Paul started his job, he developed a close relationship with Richard, a senior colleague. Richard helped Paul succeed in his job, and with his help, Paul was quickly promoted. According to Levinson, Richard

acted as a mentor to Paul.

A recent study of same-sex couples found that same-sex civil unions were __________ heterosexual marriages.

as stable as

As long as loneliness is not overwhelming, it

can encourage young people to reach out to others.

In families with 5 to 10 siblings,

close sibling bonds may replace friendships.

People who cohabit after separation or divorce __________ than never-married cohabiters.

cohabit longer

Russell and Janine are involved in a sexually intimate relationship and share an apartment. Their relationship is referred to as

cohabitation.

The voluntary childless are usually

college-educated.

In the transformation of romantic involvements from passionate to companionate, __________ may be the aspect of love that determines whether a relationship survives.

commitment

Adam and Drake have a warm and trusting relationship. They share attitudes and values. They exchange trusting affection and caregiving. According to Sternberg, Adam and Drake display __________ love.

companionate

College students of Asian heritage are more likely than those of American or European descent to endorse a view of love strongly based on

companionship.

Following a social clock of some kind seems to foster

confidence and social stability.

Levinson found that during the transition to early adulthood, most young people

constructed an image of themselves in the adult world that guided their decision making.

Ryan is a typical emerging adult. Which of the following is he likely to say is the most essential for attaining adult status?

constructing a set of beliefs and values to live by

An important feature of good communication in a romantic relationship is

constructive conflict resolution.

Postponing childbearing until the late twenties or thirties

eases the transition to parenthood.

Cliff and Claire are married and have four children. Cliff works as a doctor, and Claire works as a lawyer. They both try to balance the time and energy they devote to their occupations, their children, and their relationship. They have a(n) __________ marriage.

egalitarian

Most well-educated, career-oriented women expect a(n) __________ marriage.

egalitarian

The life pursuits and subjective judgments of many contemporary young people have spawned the __________ transitional period, extending from the late teens to the mid- to late-twenties.

emerging adulthood

Parents who __________ are more likely to gain in marital interaction, feel competent as parents, use effective child-rearing practices, and have children who are developing well.

engage in effective coparenting

African Americans usually __________ than Caucasian Americans with equivalent job qualifications.

experience less stable employment

Emma left home to attend college and lived on her own until she got married. As her own children grew up and left home, her parenting responsibilities declined. She eventually retired and her husband died. This series of phases that Emma has experienced is referred to as the

family life cycle.

Christine, a college graduate, held a variety of part-time jobs in her early twenties. She had neither married nor begun a career by age 30. According to Neugarten, Christine is likely to

feel inadequately grounded.

According to Vaillant, men become "keepers of meaning," or guardians of their culture, in their

fifties and sixties.

On average, people in their twenties experience __________ job changes.

five or six

Research findings indicate that

gay and lesbian parents are as committed to and effective as heterosexual parents.

Some aspects of __________, such as childbearing and child rearing, are under way in the twenties and thirties.

generativity

The average age of leaving home

has risen since the 1960s.

Stimulation and fun, as well as growth and learning experiences, are some of the most important reasons that many adults cite for choosing to

have children.

Immigrants from collectivist cultures report

higher levels of loneliness than people born in the United States and Canada.

While __________ development continues to be a central focus from the late teens into the mid-twenties, the decade of the twenties is accompanied by a rise in feelings of __________.

identity; personal control over life events

The majority of women with children are

in the work force.

Lesbian mothers, Michelle and Diana, and gay fathers, Cameron and Neil, are concerned that their children will be stigmatized by their parents' sexual orientation. Most studies indicate that

incidents of teasing or bullying are rare because parents and children carefully manage the information they reveal to others.

After marriage, other-sex friendships

increase for women.

Deficits in __________ foreshadow poor conflict-resolution skills and eventual weakening of the marital tie.

intimacy

According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of early adulthood is

intimacy versus isolation.

According to Sternberg's triangular theory of love,

intimacy, passion, and commitment shift in emphasis as romantic relationships develop.

Bernice and Leo never had children. They married in their thirties, and their efforts at fertility treatments did not succeed. Bernice and Leo are

involuntarily childless.

Compared to men, the coordination of identity and intimacy __________ for women.

is more complex

Among American young people, cohabitation

is now the preferred mode of entry into a committed intimate partnership.

Leaving home very early is associated with

job seeking rather than education.

Men and women today are __________ than in previous generations.

less certain about how to rear children

According to Levinson, wide individual differences exist in the weights of central and peripheral components of a person's

life structure.

Lisa, age 27, is unhappy because she lacks the gratifying friendships she once had during college and she does not have an intimate partner. Lisa is experiencing

loneliness.

Compared to shorter-term friendships,

long-lasting male friends disclose more personal information to one another.

The most common disadvantage of parenthood cited by contemporary couples is

loss of freedom.

A large, nationally representative sample of U.S. working adults showed that employees with several time-flexible options

missed fewer days of work.

Compared with men in China and Japan, American men place __________ emphasis on their mate's __________.

more; financial prospects

Fathers frequently turn to __________ to figure out how to relate to their child.

mothers

Ellen and Jane recently had a new baby. If they are like most new parents, the arrival of the baby will

not cause significant marital strain.

Low-SES young people in Western nations who experience a limited or nonexistent emerging adulthood

often encounter a "floundering period" during which they alternate between unemployment and dead-end, low-paying jobs.

Childlessness seems to interfere with adjustment and life satisfaction

only when it is beyond a person's control.

Paul is graduating from a university with a bachelor's degree. Out of Paul's class of 100, how many are likely to enter a career in their chosen field?

over 50

Improved family communication, improved parent-child interaction, and social support are all benefits of

parent education courses.

Gayle has had a few dates with Joine. Early __________ love is a strong predictor of whether they will keep dating.

passionate

Quality of the marital relationship

predicts mental health similarly for both men and women.

For never-married low-SES women, child support enforcement

reduces financial stress.

Many perpetrators treated for partner abuse

repeat their violent behavior with the same or a new partner.

Gloria's marriage was riddled with jealousy, emotional highs and lows, and desperation about whether her husband returned her affection. Though she offered support to her husband, Gloria did so in ways that poorly fit his needs. She was also quick to express fear and anger. Based on this information, it is likely that Gloria has a(n) __________ attachment history.

resistant

Janet, an emerging adult, believes in her ability to succeed. She is determined to overcome obstacles and takes personal responsibility for both positive and negative outcomes. Janet has a well-developed

sense of personal agency.

Adult friends are usually

similar to each other in age, sex, and SES.

In view of recent trends, it is likely that most Americans will spend a substantial part of their adult lives

single.

When Yolanda thought about the future, she planned to get her first job at 22, be married by 24, and have her first child at 27, just like her older brother did. According to research by Bernice Neugarten, Yolanda has a well-defined

social clock.

Divorce rates in the United States have __________ since the mid-1980s.

stabilized

A second birth typically requires that fathers

take an even more active role in parenting.

Sal and Sadie have been married for 40 years. When asked to compare their current relationship to when they were newlyweds, they are most likely to say that

they love each other more now than they did earlier.

Mike and Carol are married. Mike is the head of the household. He works outside the home as an architect. Carol devotes herself to caring for Mike and their children and creating a comfortable home. They have a(n) __________ marriage.

traditional

Raymond is a single African American in his thirties. Statistically, what is the most likely reason for Raymond's singlehood?

unemployment

After the birth of a child, gender roles of husband and wife

usually become more traditional.

Women who pursue nontraditional careers

usually have "masculine" traits, such as high achievement orientation and self-reliance.

In Western nations, there has been an especially dramatic increase in cohabitation among

well-educated young people.

U.S. government surveys following 9,000 U.S. college-educated workers for a decade revealed that ten years after college graduation, the gender pay gap had

widened.

Most divorces occur __________ marriage.

within the first seven years of

Friendship continuity is greater for __________, in part because they __________.

women; see one another more often

Loneliness rises during early adulthood because

young adults expect more from their intimate ties. .