Psychology Ch. 2

What is one task that a peer reviewer is not likely to participate in?

suggesting magazines that may be interested in publishing the research

________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail.

surveys

______(IRB) reviews research that is conducted using human participants.

Institutional Review Board

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good hypothesis?

It is complex.

______ research uses past records or data sets to investigate research questions or to look for patterns or relationships.

archival

Simplicity of conducting the study is to ________ as ability to test large numbers of participants is to ________.

archival research; surveys

Many studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ________.

are possible to test with animal studies

_______ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time.

attrition

The scientific process is _____, involving both inductive and deductive reasoning.

circular

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) _____ design.

longitudinal

______ research studies the same groups of participants over time.

longitudinal

Patwardhan et al. report data from a study where they hired experimental confederates to attend speed dating events, posing as daters, and carefully take notes on the behaviors of the daters. What type of research design did they use?

naturalistic observation

________ are subjects of psychological research.

participants

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study was ethically problematic because_______.

participants were not allowed to seek available treatment.

Drs. Goran and Lieberman are interested in assessing differences in pain threshold between men and women. They recruit male and female participants to a study that assess tolerance for thermal pain. This is and example of a(n) ______ study.

quasi-experimental

In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct ______ and ______.

random sampling; random group assignment

______ refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result.

reliability

Which of the following represents a weak positive correlation?

+0.2

Research describing a link between childhood vaccines and autism has been ________.

retracted due to a financial conflict of interest by the author

A ________ is a graphical view of the strength and direction of a correlation.

scatterplot

______ can be used to assess _______.

statistical analyses; reliability

A(n) ________ is conducted in order to determine whether there are meaningful differences between two groups in a study.

statistical analysis

Scientific knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________.

the scientific method

A basic experiment involves a minimum of _____ participant group(s).

two

Which of the following statements is not a hypothesis?

Anxiety disorders are caused by a combination of genetic and environmental influences.

The ______ reviews research conducted using animal subjects.

IACUC

In order to assess whether viewpoints of decriminalization of marijuana for medical purposes change with age, four groups of participants, ages 20,30,40, and 50, are asked whether they support this issue. What is one flaw of this design?

Social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age.

Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as ________.

case studies

Krista and Tatiana Hogan are participants in a(n) ________ of conjoined twins who are joined at the head.

case study

Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________.

confirmation bias

________ is the tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs.

confirmation bias

A(n) ______ is a variable that affects both variables of interest and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.

confounding variable

The ______ group does not get the experimental treatment.

control

An upper-level psychology class is conducting an experiment on racial prejudice that involves having participants rate the likeability of faces in a set of photos. However, they tell participants that the study is about the effects of aging on likeability. When participants are finished, they are thanked for their time and leave the experiment. In this example, the class forgot to ______ in order to resolve the _____ in the study.

debrief the participants; deception

The ______ variable measures effects of the independent variable.

dependent

Harrison et al. are conducting a study assessing the ability of depressed versus non-depressed participants to remember negative emotions in a short story about a family whose car breaks down. They plan to ask participants to read the story and then make a list of the emotions expressed in the story. Before beginning the study, they make a list of negative emotions (e.g., sadness and anger) that they will record from the participants' responses. In this example, negative emotions are the ________.

dependent variable

Ethics need to be considered when ________ scientific research.

designing, conducting, and reviewing

A major advantage of case studies is ______.

detailed information

Researchers are conducting a study where they have concerns that the participant's beliefs and/or the experimenter's beliefs may skew the results. Therefore, they chose to conduct a ________ study.

double-blind

The only way to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables is to conduct a(n) ______.

experiment

Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions?

experimental

Which of the following is not part of obtaining informed consent?

explaining the hypothesis to the participants

Peer reviewers _______.

help ensure quality control in reporting scientific findings

Research on ________ subjects must always involve ________.

human; obtaining informed consent

The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) _______.

illusory correlation

The ______ is controlled by the experimenter.

independent variable

A sample that ______ is most likely to yield generalizable results.

is large and randomly selected

Divine et al. are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ______ is the independent variable and _______ is the control group.

type of play; no play

______ refers to the ability of an instrument or tool to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure.

validity

A _______ is least likely to be involved in the IRB decision regarding whether a study will be permitted.

vetrinarian

Which of the following would be difficult to assess using empirical research?

whether the id, ego, or superego is most responsible for emotional reactions.

The D.A.R.E. program is an example of ______.

why empirical research is needed