Psychology Ch 8

After his car accident, Paul cannot make any new memories. In fact, to remember his daily activities Paul must write everything down. This is known as:

Anterograde amnesia

Which of the following exemplifies retrograde interference?

Ava, a medical student, failed her test on the bones in the hand because she studied for the bones in the foot after studying the hand.

After forgetting the combination to several other locks, Nate was trying to find a way to remember the combination to the new lock he bought last week. The combination is 19, 20, 9. To remember the combination, he thinks of the year 1929. His method to remember this is an example of:

Chunking

Subjects in an experiment learned a sequence of letters (PSQ). Then they Were given a three-digit number (167) and asked to count backwards by threes: 167, 164, 161, and so on, for 18 seconds. At the end they were asked to recall the three letters. The subjects showed a rapid decline in their ability to remember the letters. This phenomenon is known as:

Decay theory

Which of the following statements is not true?

Declarative memory involves memories for skills, habits, and things learned through classical conditioning.

Suppose you are absorbed in reading a novel and a friend asks you a question. You stop reading and ask, "What did you say?" As soon as the words leave your mouth, you realize you can recall your friend's exact words. What is the reason for your ability to play back these words?

Echoic memory

If a rat has its amygdala destroyed, which of the following types of memories is it likely to lose?

Emotional

According to the information-processing model, which is the correct order of inputting information?

Encode with sensory receptors, store information, retrieve upon demand

Katie was able to remember the number 111 by associating it with Admiral Nelson, who happened to have one eye, one arm, and one leg. This is an example of:

Encoding

The ability to maintain exact detailed visual memories over a significant period of time is called:

Flashbulb memory

Which of the following best leverages the idea of context-dependent memory?

Forgetting why you came into one room, so you go back into the room you just came from

Based on Herman Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve research using nonsense syllables, unfamiliar information is:

Forgotten within the first hour

If you wanted to chunk the information "185639," you might do which of the following?

Group the numbers into 18, 56, and 39

Clint learned the capitals of all 50 states for a test and can still name them one year later. Which of the following brain structures plays an important role in this type of memory storage?

Hippocampus

Michael was hit by a car while riding his bicycle and suffered a severe brain injury. Afterwards, Michael was still able to ride his bicycle but could no longer remember that his mother taught him how to ride. Which part of Michael's brain was most likely affected by the accident?

Hippocampus

Ebbinghaus' savings score was designed to reflect which of the following?

How easy (or difficult) it is to relearn something

Which of the following ideas supports the notion of equipotentiality in the brain for memory?

If damaged, the function of the hippocampus could be supported by other brain regions.

After studying for a test, Jack realized he remembered exactly where a particular piece of information appeared on a page in his textbook, even though he did not try to remember the item. This is an example of:

Implicit memory

Maintenance rehearsal involves:

Intentionally repeating information

Encoding information from short-term memory to long-term memory is most efficient when it:

Involves some kind of association

How does the self-referential effect influence memory of something?

It results in superior memory compared to thinking about the item on its own

How would damage to the amygdala affect learning and memory?

It will impair your ability to learn emotional memories

Which of the following statements best explains one major difference between short-term memory and long-term memory?

Long-term memory is unlimited in capacity while short-term memory is not.

The method of loci includes which of the following three steps?

Memorize visual sequence of places, create vivid associations, put associations into selected places

After making a mess of the playroom, Mason visualizes where each toy should be placed in the room. He is using:

Method of loci

Which of the following is false regarding the misinformation effect?

More time between the introduction of misinformation and a memory test reduces the likelihood that misinformation will negatively impact our memory

Recognition is to recall as:

Multiple choice is to fill-in

What is the correct name of the memory files that contain related information about a specific topic or category?

Nodes

Which of the following statements is correct regarding why eyewitness testimony is not always accurate?

People may be asked misleading questions.

Maya is currently enrolled in an Italian class at her local college. While on spring break, Maya travels to Italy. She is excited to practice her new skills, but when she gets there she is having trouble. Every time she tries to speak Italian, Spanish words she learned in high school come out. This is an example of:

Proactive interference

When asked why she fears spiders, Sophia is unable to explain her fears, where they came from, or how she got them. This is an example of:

Procedural memory, which holds memories that we are not aware of

Corey sits at his kitchen table to think about what he needs to buy at the grocery store. He is using his ability to:

Recall

One of the earliest psychologists to study memory and forgetting was Herman Ebbinghaus, who tested his own recall of a list of nonsense syllables, previously learned through rehearsal. He then came up with the concept of a forgetting curve. This suggests:

Recall of meaningless information drops soon after initial learning and then levels off.

Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding memory?

Recalling memories involves the reconstruction of the memory based on pieces that you remember.

The best example of a flashbulb memory would be which of the following memories?

Remembering a violent terrorist attack that happened to your town when you were seven

Which of the following examples best illustrates episodic memory?

Remembering that you got a bicycle for your 12th birthday

Kimberly knows she did something embarrassing at her friend's birthday party many years before, but she cannot remember what it was. This is an example of:

Repression

Sydney sustained a head injury while playing a hockey game and had to be taken to the hospital. When questioned by the doctor, Sydney could not remember anything about the game or the entire day before the game. This is an example of:

Retrograde amnesia

During his English class, Ben is able to recall the author of "The Scarlet Letter". This type of memory is called:

Semantic

Which sentence most accurately describes sensory memory?

Sensory memory stores all sensory input perfectly accurately for a short period of time.

Linda looks up a telephone number for take-out pizza. She repeats it over and over as she dials the number. However, after giving her order and hanging up, she has forgotten the number. This is an example of the use of what memory process?

Short-term memory

Which type of memory is also referred to as working memory?

Short-term memory

Maintenance rehearsal is to elaborate rehearsal as:

Short-term memory is to long-term memory

While walking home from a party drunk, Jeff witnessed a crime. When questioned by the police the following day, he could not remember what he saw. After drinking some liquor, Jeff remembered the crime. This phenomenon best illustrates:

State-dependent memory

Jayden consciously pushes the due date for his term project out of his mind, so much so that on the day it is due, Jayden must take an incomplete from his teacher. This is an example of:

Suppression

The forgetting curve measures which of the following?

The amount of previously learned information that subjects remember across time

The primacy effect is best explained by which of the following statements?

The first items on a list are likely to be more effectively rehearsed and therefore more likely to be remembered.

Which of the following is an example of semantic encoding?

Thinking about how something new relates to something you already know

A child recognizes a dog the first time he sees one in real life after having seen pictures of dogs. This involves which of the following?

Using the available cues to identify information that has already been learned

Which of the following best resembles episodic memory?

What did you do last weekend with your friends?

Which of the following is false regarding autobiographical memory?

While the finer details tend to be accurate, the larger pieces may be recalled incorrectly

Which example would be better explained by the levels of Processing Model than the Information-processing Model?

You are able to remember verbatim a riddle you worked on for a few days before you figured out the answer.

Patient H.M.'s ability to create new memories after his surgery was dramatically altered, a condition known as ___.

anterograde amnesia

In this type of memory sin, memories from the past may be recalled in a way that better fits your current belief system.

bias

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is also known as ________.

blocking

Professor Santos wants to create a working memory test that captures someone's working memory capacity. It will be critical for her to establish _______, which involves creating items that allow her to capture information relevant for working memory capacity.

content validity

If you suffered from anterograde amnesia, you would not be able to:

create new non-declarative memories after the onset of the condition.

________ is when our recollections of the past are done in a self-enhancing manner.

egocentric bias

The three functions of memory are ________.

encoding, storage, and retrieval

This physical trace of memory is known as the ________.

engram

Remembering that you learned what short-term memory was last Tuesday would be an example of ___.

episodic memory

The storage capacity of long-term memory is ________.

essentially limitless

Some research shows that flaws in eyewitness testimony have resulted in more mistaken convictions than other types of evidence, which means that:

eyewitness testimony is one of many pieces of evidence and like anything human, may be subject to errors and mistakes.

An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event is a (an) ________.

flashbulb memory

There are many different types of memory tasks, and the Ebbinghaus task was tapping this kind of memory process:

free recall

One of the ways memories are physically stored in the brain is by what process?

long-term potentiation, which strengthens connections between neurons

The self-referencing effect refers to ________.

making the material you are trying to memorize personally meaningful to you

In this type of memory sin, an individual might have difficulty telling whether they actually did something, or whether they thought they did when they hadn't.

misattribution

Memory aids that help organize information for encoding are ________.

mnemonic devices

This type of memory sin helps us understand why patients might develop post-traumatic stress disorder, where one of the symptoms is difficulty forgetting very negative memories.

persistence

When you hear the word "hospital," you will actually process the word "doctor" faster shortly thereafter, a phenomenon known as:

priming

Ana parks her car in the same spots everyday for two years but today she is forced to park in a different spot. At the end of a long day, she walks out to get her car and mistakenly walks to where she would usually park her car. This mistake is most likely caused by which of the following?

proactive interference

With respect to your cerebellum and memory, damage to this structure will be most likely to compromise:

procedural memory

Retrograde amnesia is characterized by an inability to:

recall memories prior to the accident or injury.

If you suffered from retrograde amnesia, you would not be able to:

recall some (or all) declarative memories prior to the onset of the condition.

If you were walking by on the street and you saw and remembered your friend Jeffery from high school, that would be ___; if you saw his face and only knew that you knew him somehow but couldn't remember how, that would be ___.

recall; recognition

If you recognized a person's face but could not bring to mind the other information you already know about them, we would classify this as a failure of which memory process?

retrieval

The three main processes of memory are known as:

retrieval, encoding, storage

A friend mentions to you that she heard humans never forget anything; we remember everything that ever happens to us. What concept from memory research most directly contradicts this belief?

selective attention

Simply knowing what short-term memory is (absent of when you learned it) is an example of ___.

semantic memory

Starting from sensory input, what are the steps (in order) for creating and recalling memories?

sensory memory, attention, short-term memory, encoding, storage, retrieval

Which of the following is the most complete list of elements in the three-box/information processing model?

sensory memory, working memory, encoding, long-term memory, and retrieval

According to the three-box/information-processing model, stimuli from our outside environment is first stored in

sensory memory.

Working to remember strings of digits (e.g., 71693) of increasing length is done to estimate a person's capacity of this memory construct:

short-term memory

Memory consolidation is the process by which information goes from:

short-term memory into long-term memory.

The Scribe model of memory suggests that:

something inside of us takes notes on our personal experiences.

Mnemonic devices are:

strategies that can be used by anyone to improve their encoding of information.

Recall is a more difficult process than recognition because

the process of recognition involves matching a person, event, or object with something already in memory.

Consolidation refers to the process by which someone:

transfers information into long-term memory

Which of the following is an effective method for testing whether a memory is actually true or whether it is a constructed memory?

using other evidence, such as written records, to substantiate the memory

________ is another name for short-term memory

working memory