Psychology Ch 9
Robert Havighurst believed adolescents must:
Complete a series of tasks
Harry Harlow's experiment with monkeys and surrogate mothers emphasized the importance of:
Contact
During a discussion in class regarding cheating in school, a student argues, "Cheating is wrong; it is important to follow rules." Lawrence Kohlberg would say this student is in what stage of moral development?
Conventional
Ethel, who is 80 years old, lost her husband last year, and her children hardly ever come to visit. She looks back on her life with a lot of regret. According to Erik Erikson she is experiencing:
Despair
Which of the following statements most accurately captures how developmental scientists think about nature and nurture influences to development?
Development involves an intricate interplay between our genes and the environment
Which of the following psychologists formulated a stage theory addressing our encounters with grief?
Elisabeth Kubler-Ross
According to Erik Erikson, what is one major conflict teenagers deal with during the identity versus role confusion stage of psychosocial development?
Finding a more purposeful life as an adult
An individual in the "Industry vs. Inferiority" stage is most likely this age:
8 years old
According to Jean Piaget, what type of learning do individuals acquire during the formal operational stage?
Abstract thought
Which of the following is false regarding fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)?
Alcohol is the only type of teratogen that is harmful to a developing fetus
Monica is extremely neat and orderly. She cannot stand it when people touch things on her desk. She also has a problem lending money to even her closest friends. Freud would say she is stuck in what psychosexual stage?
Anal
All of Mary and John's children have turned out to be socially responsible adults. Which parenting style did Mary and John most likely use?
Authoritative
When Daniel begins walking, talking, and exploring, he is bound to get into conflict with his parents. If his parents punish his explorations, Daniel may develop a feeling that independence is bad. According to Erik Erikson, what stage of psychosocial development would this occur in?
Autonomy versus self-doubt
When adolescents were asked about their major concerns for their future, top answers on their lists were getting married, having friends, getting a job, and doing well in school. According to Jean Piaget, what stage of cognitive learning is this?
Formal operational
Carol Gilligan believed moral decision making is dependent primarily on which of the following?
Gender
According to Freud, adolescents are in what psychosexual stage?
Genital
Which theorist proposed that moral thinking proceeds through a series of stages?
Lawrence Kohlberg
If a child believes stealing in order to save a life is OK because life is even more important than following the law, this child would be in what stage of moral development?
Level three: postconventional
Which of the following examples best illustrates a personal fable?
Lola feels as though no one else could possibly be so much in love as she is.
The frontal lobes become fully developed ________.
by 25 years old
Jean Piaget was best known for developing theories about:
cognitive development.
Suppose you wanted to study the effects of trauma in the 32 survivors from a terrorist attack in a small village. Which developmental approach would be most appropriate?
longitudinal, because you can track that single group over a long period of timelongitudinal, because you can track that single group over a long period of time
A major difference between the psychoanalytic stage theories (Freud and Erikson) and the more cognitive or experiential stage theories (Piaget and Kohlberg) is
the psychoanalytic theories are less empirical.
Developmental norms can be misinterpreted by some. What they refer to is:
the time at which 50% of children have met a milestone
Confusion, in the context of "Identity versus Confusion," refers to an adolescent figuring out who:
they are and will be as a person
Longitudinal work, while important for many inquiries in developmental science, is relatively more difficult to conduct than cross sectional studies because:
they are often expensive in terms of resources (e.g., time, money)
A principal difference between a longitudinal study and a cross-sectional study is the
time span of the study.
Harlow's experiments with substitute mothers made of wire demonstrated the importance of what aspect of nurturing?
touch
What begins as a single-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge at conception?
zygote
_______ is a one-celled structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.
zygote
Which of the following is the correct order of prenatal development?
zygote, embryo, fetus
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, during the preconventional stage of moral development children tend to:
Interpret behavior in terms of concrete consequences
According to Erik Erikson, as a young adult you are most interested in developing:
Intimacy
According to research, the most advantageous parenting style for children's development is
authoritative, because children have boundaries that are reasonable and justified.
While at her friend's party, Angelica begins to feel self-conscious because she assumes everyone is staring at her. According to David Elkind, what adolescent belief is Angelica feeling?
Imaginary audience
According to Erikson, a child who is learning the importance of academic success in school based on receiving a report card is in what psychosocial stage?
Industry versus inferiority
Jack and Jill have entered elementary school, and both find spelling difficult. Jill's parents help her with her lessons and encourage her while Jack's parents show little interest in helping him. According to Erikson, this scenario is most likely to have an effect on what stage of the children's development?
Industry versus inferiority
According to Erikson, teachers, friends, and other people outside of the home first become important in shaping attitudes of a child during what psychosocial stage?
Initiative versus guilt
As a preschooler, Emma has developed a number of cognitive and social skills that she will use to plan activities, accomplish tasks, and face challenges. According to Erik Erikson, what stage of psychosocial development is Emma in?
Initiative versus guilt
Claire just celebrated her 90th birthday with her family and close friends. According to Erik Erikson, she has probably achieved:
Integrity
One major difference between assimilation and accommodation is that assimilation:
Is a process by which children use old methods to deal with new situations
Which of the following is consistent with the tenets of socioemotional selectivity theory?
Jane has fewer friends that she did before, but she is close to the ones she still has
I developed an experimental procedure in order to observe the variety of attachment forms exhibited between mothers and infants. Called the "Strange Situation" method, it is based on a series of brief separations and reunions with the mother in a playroom situation. Who am I?
Mary Ainsworth
Which of the following statements is most true about how a newborn's senses function?
Most senses function normally, but sight develops slowly with experience.
Jenna is extremely sarcastic. She uses this to cover up her low self-esteem. Freud would say she is stuck in which psychosexual stage?
Oral
According to Sigmund Freud, what is the correct order of the five psychosexual stages of development?
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
Which three stages best match the stage of development birth to 1.5 years of age according to Freud, Erikson, and Piaget?
Oral, trust vs. mistrust, sensorimotor
According to Robert Sternberg, what are the three components of love?
Passion, intimacy, commitment
Which of the following statements is a major criticism of Jean Piaget's work with cognitive development?
Piaget often underestimated the cognitive abilities of children.
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, behavior directed by self-accepted moral principles is an example of what stage of moral development?
Postconventional
According to Jean Piaget, children can understand the concept of symbolism during which stage of development?
Preoperational
A failure to develop a consistent identity results in
Role confusion
When an infant opens her mouth and turns her head when touched on the cheek, this is indicative of the:
Rooting reflex
Which of the following is false regarding Bowlby's theory of attachment?
Separation anxiety is strongest for infants that have not formed any attachment
I am in my early fifties. If I do not reach out to others, especially young people, Erik Erikson says I will experience:
Stagnation
Authoritative parents can best be defined as.
Supportive parents who discuss their rules and policies with their children
Giovanni conducts a study where he samples 20-, 30- and 40-year-olds and asks them questions about their sexual behavior. He finds that 40-year-olds engage in more sexual behavior, while 20-year-olds engage in more sexual fantasy. Fuelled by this, he now believes these differences are due to age. Based on what you've read here, what is the biggest limitation in his ability to draw this conclusion?
The differences he is observing could be due to the cohort effect, not age differences
Jean Piaget defined egocentrism as:
The idea that preschool children cannot see things from another's point of view
Choose the option that does not accurately capture what we consider adolescence
The onset of adolescence is remarkably similar across cultures
Kubler-Ross (1969) theorized that there are five stages of grief in the context of death. Which of the following ideas does not accurately capture her work?
The stages must occur in the prescribed order.
Imagine you read in your philosophy class textbook that humans are born "tabula rasa" or "blank slates." As a student of psychology, which of the following responses would you have?
The statement is incorrect. Humans are born with a set of reflexes that help us survive.
With respect to trust versus mistrust in Erikson's theory, the latter would develop as a function of:
an infant's needs not being met by a caregiver.
Little Sofia thinks every animal with four legs is called a dog. Sofia needs to:
assimilate knowledge about other animal names and accommodate her schema.
Suppose you have one large cookie and little Tommy has one small cookie. Tommy complains that you have more than him. Because you are a tricky person, you break his cookie in half and he now believes that he has more. This trick works because Tommy has not yet achieved _______ and is clearly in the _______ stage of Piaget's theory.
conservation; preoperational
Children seem to struggle with conservation in the preoperational stage because they cannot:
consider more than one property at a time
The time during fetal growth when specific parts or organs develop is known as ________.
critical period
A developmental research design that recruits participants from different age groups to all be studied at the same time point is known as this design.
cross sectional
Which of the following is the order of stages in Kubler-Ross's five-stage model of grief?
denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
When an individual feels _______ in Erikson's theory, they are ruminating about previous missteps and mistakes they made in the past, and may be keenly focused on what little is left of their life.
despair
According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, what is the main task of the adolescent?
developing autonomy
Harry Harlow's attachment research taught us that young rhesus moneys, when separated from their mother from birth and presented with two options: (1) a fake monkey covered with soft cloth, and (2) a fake monkey covered in wire that provides nutrition. Harlow revealed that the monkeys:
fed from the wire monkey but spent the rest of the time with the cloth monkey.
During this stage of development, the internal organs will have sufficiently developed so that prematurely born infant could potentially survive outside the womb.
fetal
The ability to generate several alternate hypotheses in order to explain a phenomenon demonstrates cognition in which of the following Piagetian stages?
formal-operations
An individual who is working hard to create a legacy for herself and her family is probably most concerned with this feature of Erikson's personality development.
generativity
According to Erikson's theory, adolescents are most primarily concerned in a search for
identity
Irina has decided to become an entrepreneur because her parents have encouraged her to do so. She is set on this path despite not having had the opportunity to explore other options. She is most likely in this stage of Marcia's identity statuses:
identity foreclosure
Rita has decided to carefully explore her options at university, given her diverse interests. She feels unsure about what her future will look like but is diligently trying to find a direction that fits her well. She is most likely in this stage of Marcia's identity statuses:
identity moratorium
You have a cousin named Holden who flunked out of three expensive private schools and was arrested for wandering the streets of New York using his parents' credit card. Holden is intelligent but cannot seem to get motivated toward any career. What conflict would Erikson say Holden is struggling with?
identity versus role confusion
Teratogens may do the most damage during sensitive periods because during this time:
important functions are developing and are particularly prone to disruption.
Hospices are used because they provide a place where:
individuals can be more comfortable than they would be in a hospital when they are dying.
In the context of the Strange Situation, Aubrey chooses not to play and is upset when her mother leaves. Moreover, Aubrey remains upset when her mom returns, proving difficult to sooth. This pattern best resembles which of Ainsworth's attachment styles?
insecure-ambivalent
In the context of the Strange Sitaution, Nabila plays with toys and when her mother leaves, she is not upset. When her mother returns, Nabila seems indifferent to her return and continues playing. This pattern best resembles which of Ainsworth's attachment styles?
insecure-avoidant
Autonomy is important to develop, as opposed to shame and doubt, because:
it empowers a child to become confident in her or his abilities.
Research from Hart and Risley (2006) worked to better understand what causes differences in academic achievement between low and high income children. Their work suggests that _______ is an important factor, which has motivated researchers to design interventions around this issue.
language ability
Parental involvement can have dramatic effects on all the following human traits except
motor developmentq
Little Hoshi is playing with his father's keys and when his father takes his keys back and puts them in his pocket, Hoshi acts as though the keys don't exist anymore. Hoshi doesn't seem to have developed which of the following?
object permanence
The idea that even if something is out of sight, it still exists is called ________.
object permanence
To say that development is discontinuous is to mean that development:
occurs in stages that occur at specified times.
According to Kohlberg's framework, moral reasoning that relies of what is most ethically sensible leans on _______ morality, and moral reasoning that relies on avoiding punishment because you did something bad leans on _______ morality.
post-conventional; pre-conventional
A child won't find keeping secrets interesting in this stage because s/he believes that everyone knows the same things that s/he does.
preoperational
Some researchers consider developmental psychology an applied research topic because
researchers apply findings and theories from other areas of psychology to the specific topic of human development.
Which of the following tends to be one of the earliest motor abilities a baby shows evidence of during development?
rolling over
Which of the following is the correct term for a mental rule Piaget said we use to interpret our environment?
schema
In the context of the Strange Sitaution, Talisha plays even when mom leaves the room. If Talisha becomes upset, she is quickly comforted when her mother returns. This pattern best resembles which of Ainsworth's attachment styles?
secure
The child uses the parent as a base from which to explore her world in which attachment style?
secure
In which stage of cognitive development do infants learn object permanence?
sensorimotor
According to the cephalocaudal trend, which part of the body is likely to gain motor control first?
shoulders
According to the proximodistal trend, which part of the body is likely to gain motor control first?
shoulders
Most prenatal influences on humans are genetic or hormonal in origin except for
teratogens
