Psychology Chapter 1

1.2.14 ___________________ _____________ is best known for proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior. Also asserted that so long as basic needs necessary for survival were met (e.g., food, water, shelter), higher-level needs (e.g., social needs) would begin to ________________ ________________.

- Abraham Maslow - motivate behavior

1.2.26 ___________ ______________ emphasized the potential for good that exists within all people. __________________ used a therapeutic technique known as client- _________________ therapy in helping his clients deal with problematic issues that resulted in their seeking psychotherapy

- Carl Rogers - Rogers - centered

1.2.33 The first African American to receive a PhD in psychology was ___________________ ______________, who established a _______________________ degree program at Howard University.

- Cecil Sumner - psychology

1.3.16 _______________ __________________ is the area of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior.

- Clinical psychology

1.3.17 _________________ __________________ is a similar discipline that focuses on emotional, social, vocational, and health- related outcomes in individuals who are considered psychologically healthy

- Counseling psychology

1.1 - Students of psychology develop ___________ _________ skills, become familiar with the _______________ ____________, and recognize the ________________ of ___________________.

- Critical Thinking - Scientific Method - complexity of behavior

1.3.07 _________________________ _____________________ is the scientific study of development across a lifespan. Psychologistsare interested in processes related to physical ____________________. Also focus on physical changes associated with ________, and also on changes in cognitive skills, __________ reasoning, social ________________, and other psychological attributes.

- Developmental psychology - Maturation - aging - moral - behavior

1.2.30 The cognitive revolution helped reestablish lines of communication between _________________ psychologists and their _____________________ counterparts. Furthermore, psychologists cooperated with scientists in other fields (anthropology, computer science, neuroscience, etc.). This interdisciplinary approach was referred as the __________________- ____________

- European - American - cognitive science

1.3.19 ___________________ ___________________ is a branch of psychology that deals questions of psychology as they arise in the context of the justice system. This branch of psychology will assess a person's _________________ to stand trial, assess the state of mind of a defendant, act as ___________________ on a child custody case, and advice on issues such as eyewitness testimony and children's testimony

- Forensic psychology - competency - consultant

1.2.8 Sigmund _____________ relied on _________ ______________, slip of the ____________, and free _____________ as means to access the ____________________.

- Freud - Dream Analysis - slip of the tongue - association - unconscious

1.3.18 How clinicians interact with people seeking psychotherapy was influenced by the perspective from __________________ and _______________

- Freud - Rogers

1.3.14 ________________ ___________________ focuses on how health is affected by the interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. This particular approach is known as the __________________________ model, which is represented with ________ circles linked, ones is named Psychological, the second is named ___________________ and the third is named _______________.

- Health psychology - bio-psycho-social model - 3 - Social - Biological

1.2.10 First, __________________ ________________ studied a form of learning behavior called a conditioned ________________, in which an animal or human produced a reflex (unconscious) response to a stimulus and, over time, was conditioned to produce the response to a different stimulus that the experimenter associated with the original stimulus

- Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) - reflex

1.2.11 ________________ ______________ is often considered the father of behaviorism. _______________ _______________ also brought important contributions to our understanding of principles of operant _________________________ cannot be underestimated.

- John Watson - B.F. Skinner - conditions

1.2.31 _____________________ ________________, in 1968 stimulated a feminist revolution in psychology by presenting a critique of psychology as a science. She also specifically criticized______________ _________________ for constructing the psychology of women entirely out of their own cultural biases and without careful experimental tests to verify any of their characterizations of women.

- Naomi Weisstein - male psychologists

1.3.08 _For example, _______________________ ___________________ refers to the understanding that physical things continue to exist, even if they are hidden from us. Very young infants act as if the hidden object do not exist, and develop the understanding that the objects exists hidden or not, is developed with growth.

- Object permanence

1.3.11 Additional to Freud, other study of personality has taken us to a more quantitative approach. ________________ ___________ are relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, and many have proposed that five trait dimensions are sufficient to capture the variations in __________________ seen across individuals. This five dimensions are called _____________ ___________ or Five Factor model. The dimensions included are: 1 _____________________________ 2 ___________________________ 3 ____________________________- 4 ____________________________ 5 ___________________________

- Personality traits - personality - Big Five - 1 Openness, 2 Conscientiousness, 3 Extraversion, 4 Agreeableness, 5 Neuroticism.

1.4.01 If someone wanted to become a psychology professor at a 4-year college, then s/he would probably need a ________________ degree in psychology.

- PhD

1.4.04 _____________ _________________ programs generally place less emphasis on research-oriented skills and focus more on application of psychological principles in the clinical context

- PsyD (doctor of psychology degree)

1.2.28(1) ______________________ and _____________________ refer to the area of psychology that is focused on how information from our sensory modalities is received, and how this information is transformed into our perceptual experience of the world around us.

- Sensation and perception

1.2.6 ______________ -_______________ believed that understanding the unconscious mind was absolutely critical to understand conscious behavior (true facts for individuals that he saw who suffered from various _____________ and _________________).

- Sigmund Freud - Hysterias - Neurosis

1.2.7 The focus on the role of the unconscious in affecting conscious behavior was introduced by _______________ _______________, and is known as _____________________ theory.

- Sigmund Freud - Psychoanalytic Theory

1.3.12 __________________ __________________________ focuses on how we interact with and relate to others. It research on a wide variety of topics that include differences in how we explain our behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, prejudice, and attraction, and how e resolve interpersonal conflicts. Also _______________ _________________ seeks to determine how being among other people changes our own _________________ and ________________ of thinking.

- Social Psychology - Social Psychology - behavior and patterns

1.2.0 - ___________________ and ___________________ helped create psychology as a distinct __________________ discipline.

- Wundt - James - scientific

1.3.05 Rather, our experience (or perception) is complex and is influenced by where we focus our ____________________, our previous __________________, and even our ____________________ backgrounds

- attention - experiences - cultural

1.3.01 _______________________ explores how our biology influences our behavior, to understand how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to _________________. To accomplish this goal, both ________________________ and _______________________ combine their research strategies.

- biopsychology - behavior - Psychologists and physiologists

1.3.03 While ____________________ typically focuses on the immediate causes of behavior based in the physiology of a human or other animal, _________________ __________________ seeks to study the ultimate biological causes of behavior

- biopsychology - evolutionary psychology

1.3.06 ________________ _________________ is the area of psychology that focuses on studying cognitions, or thoughts, and their relationship to our experiences and our actions

- cognitive psychology

1.3.10 Freud proposed that personality arose as conflicts between the ____________________ and ______________________ parts of the mind were carried out over the lifespan. A very polemic theory from Freud proposes that an individual went through various___________________ _____________________ of development. Freud proposes that adult personality would result from the resolution of various conflicts that centered on the migration of erogenous (or sexual pleasure-producing) zones from the oral (mouth) to the anus to the phallus to the genitals. s

- conscious and unconscious - psychosexual stages

1.2.27 Unlike a psychoanalytic approach in which the therapist plays an important role in interpreting what __________________ ___________________ reveals about the unconscious mind; client-centered therapy involves the ________________taking a lead role in the therapy session

- conscious behavior - patient

1.2.12 Skinner was a behaviorist, and he concentrated on how behavior was affected by its _______________________. Skinner designed a chamber that allowed the careful study of the principles of modifying behavior through _________________________ and ____________________________. This device, known as an _____________ _______________________ chamber (or more familiarly, a Skinner ___________),

- consequences - reinforcement and punishment - operant conditioning - box

1.4.03 Individuals earning a PhD must complete a _____________________, which is essentially a long research paper or bundled published articles describing research that was conducted as a part of the candidate's doctoral training. In the United States, a _________________________ generally has to be defended before a _________________ of expert reviewers before the degree is conferred

- dissertation - dissertation - committee

1.2.34 Mucho of the work of early African American psychologists was dedicated to testing and ______________ testing in particular (Black et al., 2004). That emphasis has continued, particularly because of the importance of testing in determining opportunities for ______________ , but other areas of exploration in African-American psychology research include ____________ style, sense of ____________ and ______________, and spiritualism

- intelligence - children - learning style - community and belonging

1.2.29 Noam Chomsky believed that psychology's focus on behavior was short-sighted and that the field had to re-incorporate ______________ ______________into its purview if it were to offer any meaningful contributions to understanding ____________________.

- mental functioning - behavior

1.3.02 All sorts of backgrounds are involved in this research, including biologists, medical professionals, physiologists, and chemists. This interdisciplinary approach is often referred to as ___________________, of which biological psychology is a component

- neuroscience

1.4.02 PhD refers to a doctor of ________________ _______________, but here, philosophy does not refer to the field of philosophy per se. Rather, philosophy in this context refers to many different______________________ perspectives that would be housed in a traditional college of liberal arts and sciences.

- philosophy degree - disciplinary

1.2.13 Some psychologists began to form their own ideas that emphasized personal control, intentionality, and a true _____________________ ____________________ as important for our self concept and our behavior. __________________ emerged as a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.

- predisposition for 'good" - Humanism

1.2.25 Humanistic psychologists rejected, on principle, the research approach based on ______________________ __________________in the tradition of the physical and biological sciences, because it missed the "whole" human being

- reductionist experimentation

1.3.04 Scientists interested in both physiological aspects of sensory systems as well as in the psychological experience of sensory information work within the area of ____________________ and __________________.

- sensation and perception

1.3.15 ______________________ psychology study the psychological aspects of sport performance, including motivation and performance anxiety, and the effects of sport on mental and emotional wellbeing. This discipline also includes topics related to interactions between mental and physical performance under demanding conditions, such as ____________ ______________, _____________________, _________________ performance, and _____________.

- sport and exercise - fire fighting - military operations - artistic performance - surgery

Postdoctoral training program

Allows young scientists to further develop their research programs and broaden their research skills under the supervision of other professionals in the field

Forensic psychology

Area of psychology that applies the science and practice of psychology to issues within and related to the justice system.

Counseling psychology

Area of psychology that focuses on improving emotional, social, vocational, and other aspects of the lives of psychologically healthy individuals.

Clinical Psychology

Area of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior.

1.2.9 After Freud, we find one of the most influential schools of thought within psychology's history known as ___________________, which focuses on making psychology an objective science by studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes.

Behaviorism

Personality trait

Consistent pattern of thought and behavior

1.2.32 Multicultural psychology brings to the table the risk that psychological theories and data derived from white, American settings ______ ________ apply to individuals and social groups from other cultures.

DO NOT

PhD Stands for, and what does it mean?

Doctor of Philosophy - It is a doctoral degree conferred in many disciplinary perspectives housed in a traditional college of liberal arts and sciences.

PsyD stands for / and what does it mean?

Doctor of Psychology and it means a doctoral degree that places less emphasis on research-oriented skills and focuses more on application of psychological principles in the clinical context.

Behaviorism

Focus on observing and controlling behavior

Functionalism

Focused on how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment

Psyche

Greek word for "soul"

1.3.13 __________________ - _______________________ ____________________ is a subfield of psychology that applies psychological theories, principles, and research findings in industrial and organizational settings. I-O psychologists are often involved in issues related to personnel management, organizational structure, and workplace environment.

Industrial-Organizational psychology (I-O psychology)

1.2.1 What does structuralist means?

It is believed that our cognitive experience was best understood by breaking that experience into its component parts.

Dissertation

Long research paper about research that was conducted as a part of the candidate's doctoral

Empirical method

Method for acquiring knowledge based on observation, including experimentation, rather than a method based only on forms of logical argument or previous authorities.

1.2.28 Client-___________ approach to therapy is still commonly used and is known as _______________________

O'hara, n.d.

1.3.09 ___________________ ____________________focuses on patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique

Personality psychology

Biopsychosocial Model

Perspective that asserts that biology, psychology, and social factors interact to determine an individual's health

Humanism

Perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.

Introspection

Process by which someone examines their own conscious experience in an attempt to break it into its components parts

Developmental Psychology

Scientific study of development across a lifespan

Cognitive psychology

Study of cognitions, or thoughts, and their relationship to experience and actions.

Biopsychology

Study of how biology influence behavior

ology

Suffix that denotes "scientific study of"

1.2.4 What does Functionalism means?

This perspective focuse on how mental activities served as adaptive responses to an organism's environment.

1.2.3 Who was the first American psychologist, and what was his method or perspective?

William James. He was a Functionalist

1.2.5 Like ____________, James also relied on introspection; however his research approaches also incorporated more objective measures as well

Wundt

1.2.2 Who was considered a structuralist, and what were his ideas?

Wundt. He thought structuralism was best accomplished by introspections.

critical thinking

application of a set of skills to information for the understanding and evaluation of that information by maintaining skepticism, recognizing bias, asking questions and making observations.

Sport and exercise psychology

area of psychology that focuses on the interactions between mental and emotional factors and physical performance in sports, exercise and other activities.

Psychoanalytic theory

focus on the role of the unconscious in affecting conscious behavior

American Psychological Association

organization representing psychologist in the us

1.13 Before this time, the workings of the mind were considered under the auspices of ___________________.

philosophy

psychology

scientific study of the mind and behavior

Personality psychology

study the patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique