Psychology Chapter #1

Which of the following draws a parallel between observations of animals and assumptions about human behavior?

Behaviorism

Which of the following describes why early efforts to study mental processes using the scientific method were generally unsatisfactory?

It was too subjective because it was difficult to confirm a person's introspections.

Which of the following is attributed to Sigmund Freud as part of his psychodynamic theory?

Life experiences can explain everyday behavior.

Which of the following is one of the reasons why early efforts to use a "big theory" approach to psychology has limited effectiveness?

Limited experimental data

Which approach to psychology is based on the idea that there are physical causes of abnormal behavior?

Medical model

Which of the following did Fechner incorporate into his research that was different from earlier work?

Mental processes

Which of the following led to a better understanding of the mental process and observable behavior?

Cognitive psychology

By the 1950s, there was limited study in the fields of linguistics and computer science by behavioral psychologists. Which of the following best describes the outcome of this lack of interest by behaviorists in mental states and activity?

Cognitive revolution

John B. Watson is known for his emphasis on the role of experience in forming human behavior. Which of the following groups do Watson's theories contribute to?

Companies advertising a product similar to a competitor

A psychological perspective is defined as_________

a point of view

In which way did Alan Newell and Herbert Simon advance the field of cognitive psychology?

By using computer models to understand mental processes

Which theory of psychology viewed behavior as purposeful because it led to survival?

Functionalism

Why do psychologists generally focus on only one psychological perspective?

They want to understand a specific aspect of the mind in greater depth.

Grant believes that the more he studies, the better grades he will get. He schedules study time each week so that his grades will improve. He has learned that when he studies with his roommates, he is more easily distracted and his grades are lower. Now, he chooses to study on his own. Which of the following supports Grant's beliefs?

Thorndike's law of effect

Which of the following considers the effects of cultural diversity and individual differences on the behavior of individuals?

Social and personality psychology

Early psychological theorists tried to answer psychological questions with a comprehensive "big theory" approach. Which of the following is an advantage of moving from this "big theory" approach to focusing on one part of the discipline at a time?

The ability to gain an in-depth understanding of one aspect of the mind at a time

One form of contemporary positive psychology was based on the work of Abraham Maslow, who studied ____ .

what is good about people

What psychological perspective is concerned with how information is processed in the brain?

Cognitive

Which of the following perspectives of psychology studies the question of storage and retrieval of memorized information by observing changes in communication between nerve cells and the effects of stress hormones on the ability to form memories?

Biological

Which of the following are most likely to explore the impact of sleep on the brain's ability to process new memories?

Biological psychologists

Which perspective of psychology focuses on the reciprocal relationships between the mind and biological processes?

Biological psychology

Which of the following perspectives on psychology is a modern extension of James's functionalism?

Evolutionary

Which of the following attempts to answer the question of how our physical structure and behavior have been shaped by their contributions to survival?

Evolutionary psychology

Eloise has decided to visit her parents for the weekend. After several weeks of dormitory food, she is excited to smell her favorite dinner when she arrives home. Although she didn't feel hungry a few minutes ago, she finds her mouth watering and her stomach growling. Eloise is experiencing the effects of classical conditioning, a theory founded by _____.

Pavlov

What did physicians help develop that led to contributions to the field of psychology that are now considered central to the field?

Scientific understanding of the brain

In contrast to Freud's beliefs about the basic nature of people as good or evil, the humanistic psychologists believe people _____.

are innately good

social and personality

asks how our behavior Is affected by the presence of others. recognizes that behavior varies around averages and that individual differences often interact with environments.

Both philosophers and psychologists, in their efforts to understand human behavior, considered the relative balance between biological factors an ______

environmental factors

clinical psychology

explains, defines, and treats psychological disorders and promotes general well-being

Evolutionary psychology

how our physical structure and behavior have been shaped by the need for survival.

cognitive psychology

investigates mental processes, including thinking, problem solving and information processing.

developmental psychology

investigates the normal changes in behavior that occurs across the life span.

The study of the physical and biological events that occur in the environment

natural sciences

John Watson experimented with learning and came to many of the same conclusions as Pavlov. As a result, he eventually restricted the study of psychology to _____.

observable behavior

why is psychology a hub science?

part of the top seven most influential sciences

Introspection

personal observation of your own thoughts, feelings, and behavior.

Which of the following form the basis of the two major roots of psychology?

philosophy and natural sciences

the mind is _______ instead of ________.

physical, magical

The idea that the mind can be broken down into the smallest elements of a mental experience, much like a molecule can be broken down to its component parts, is the theory of _____.

structuralism

Which of the following draws a parallel between observations of animals and assumptions about human behavior?

Classical conditioning

Humanistic therapist Carl Rogers developed a new approach to treatment, where the people receiving treatments have an equal standing with the therapist and an active role in the success of the therapy. Which of the following best describes this therapy?

Client-centered

Which of the following tries to explain, define, and treat psychological disorders?

Clinical psychology

Which of the following do cognitive psychologists use to understand the mental processes leading to observable behaviors?

Computer models

Which of the following individuals studied reaction time, which reinforced the idea of the mind as physical?

Hermann von Helmholtz

Which of the following helped 17th raised to the th power and 18th raised to the th power century scientists make discoveries that led to the belief that the mind was physical rather than magical?

New technologies, such as light microscopes

Which of the following did Watson focus on in his approach to psychology?

The relationship between environmental cues and behavior

What is psychology?

The scientific study of mind, including thought emotion, and behavior. scientific study of behavior, mental process and brain function.