psychology chapter 1 study guide

Structuralism

E.B. Titchener was a leading figure in which framework of psychology, advocating the use of introspection to identify basic elements of experience?

What science begins with, the premise that knowledge should initially be acquired through observations

Empiricism

psychoanalysis

Just as behaviorism was gaining popularity in the United States, Sigmund Freud was founding a new field of psychology, one that focused on internal psychological processes such as unconscious impulses, thoughts, and memories. This field is called

rival hypothesis

Laurie told her friend Sandi, "I had a headache this morning so I used an old family cure: Three sips of ginger ale, and an hour later my head felt better." Sandi replied, "I am glad you are feeling more comfortable now, but mayber the sheer passage of time made your headache go away." Sandi is offering a(n) ___________ in response to Laurie's explanation.

According to David Hume, an 18th century Scottish philosopher, the more a claim contradicts what we already know, the more ___________________ must be the evidence for the claim.

Persuasive

decline effect

Psychological researchers have been become more aware of the importance of replicating research results because of the fact that the size of certain psychological findings appears to be shrinking over time. This phenomenon is known as the

The outgoing behavior of other people can make an extraverted person act even more extraverted. Bandura called this mutual influence on one another's behavior

Reciprocal determinism

the "third variable problem" is associated with which scientific thinking principle?

correlation isn't causation

According to astronomer Carl Sagan, scientific skepticism includes a willingness to keep an open mind to all claims and a willingness to

Accept claims only after researchers have subjected them to careful scientific tests

critical thinking

Alice is looking for an effective diet program. She is able to evaluate the claims of competing programs in an open-minded and careful fashion by ________, the hallmark of scientific skepticism.

occums razor

An important principle of scientific thinking states that if two explanations account equally well for a phenomenon, we should generally select the simpler one. This principle is known as

developmental psychologist

You meet a psychologist who tells you that he conducts research on children to determine how their cognitive processes differ as the child gets older. You recognize that this person is most likely a

Georgia does not want to take the SAT or ACT exams because he thinks they will not accurately reflect his ability to succeed in college and are no more useful than flipping a coin. His guidance counselor explains that psychologists have determined that, although not perfect, these tests are significantly better than chance at predicting college success. These psychologists are sharing some _______________ with Georgio

applied research

Which type of psychologist is most likely to work with patients who have serious mental disorders such as major depression?

clinical psychologist

In the 1950s and the 1960s, many psychologists were disillusioned with behaviorism's neglect of the mental processes involved in different aspects of thinking. Arguing that thinking has a powerful effect on behavior, psychologists such as Jean Piaget began to develop the field of ____________________.

cognitivism

a friend says he will not have his new baby inoculated against any childhood diseases because he's afraid the shots will cause autism. You point out that there is no scientific evidence to support that idea. He says he knows that, but he just feels that it's true. What logical fallacy is at work?

emotional reasoning fallacy

Wilhelm Wundt developed the first full-fledged psychological laboratory in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany. He pioneered the technique of _______, in which trained observers reflected on and reported on their own mental experiences.

introspection

Evolutionary psychology has been criticized because

its predictions are difficult to falsify

Ways of thinking that appear to make intuitive sense but are actually traps that lead to mistaken conclusions are called _________________.

logical fallacies

The police have arrested a suspect in an assault case and the victim has agreed to look at a lineup to see if he can identify the person who attacked him. Lou, a police psychologist, is advising the detectives on the most accurate way to put together a lineup. He recommends that they use a

sequential lineup

British philosopher John Locke stood on the nurture side of the nature-nurture debate, comparing the kind of a newborn to a sheet of paper that had yet to be written on. Others later used which term to describe the same idea?

tabula rasa