Psychology Chapter 10
When Asian and American parents were surveyed, what were their attitudes toward math achievement?
1. Asian parents were more likely to view math achievement as the result of effort 2. American parents were more likely to view math achievement as the result of innate talent
Which of the following statements are accurate regarding gender differences in emotion?
1. Girls are better at decoding emotions than boys. 2. Girls are more likely to express their emotions openly and intensely than boys. 3. Boys are more likely to show less self-regulation than girls.
Which of the following are possible disadvantages of schools in low-income areas?
1. The buildings are more likely to be older and in disrepair. 2. They are more likely to encourage rote learning. 3. They may have environments that aren't conducive to learning. 4. They are more likely to have low achievement test scores.
Which of the following are the THREE reasons John Coie identified for why aggressive peer-rejected boys have problems in social relationships?
1. They have fewer of the social skills needed to maintain positive peer relationships. 2. They are more impulsive and have problems sustaining attention. 3. they are emotionally reactive
What do friendships in childhood often have in similarity?
1. achievement orientations 2. attitudes toward school 3. educational aspirations
Friendships in childhood provide the function of ______.
1. affection 2. stimulation 3. companionship 4. comparison
What did the cross-cultural research by Stevenson and colleagues comparing achievement in the United States and several Asian countries find?
1. asian teachers spent more time teaching mathematics 2. asian students consistently out performed American students
Researchers have found that gender stereotypes for children are more rigid with (boys/girls) than with (boys/girls).
1. boys 2. girls
Research has shown that teachers can function as cultural mediators in which of the following ways?
1. by viewing students of color positively 2. by learning more about different ethnic groups 3. by displaying sensitivity to biased content
Moral exemplars are people who have moral ______.
1. character 2. virtues 3. identity
Which of the following types of children tend to get bullied?
1. children who are overweight 2. children who are anxious and socially withdrawn
Which of the following are contemporary approaches to student learning?
1. constructivist 2. direct instruction
Which are characteristics of controversial children?
1. frequently nominated as someone's best friend 2. frequently disliked by their peers
According to advocates of No Child Left Behind, what are the positive effects of the legislation?
1. improved student performance 2. high expectations for all students 3. ability to identify poorly performing schools, teachers, and administrators
The largest gender difference in prosocial behavior occurs for ______, with a smaller difference for ______.
1. kind and considerate behavior 2. sharing
In middle and late childhood, secure attachment is associated with which of the following?
1. lower levels of depression 2. lower levels of internalized symptoms 3. lower levels of anxiety
According to Koppleman and Nieto & Bode, members of which TWO of the following groups are MOST likely to be enrolled in academic college preparatory programs?
1. non-latino whites 2. asian Americans
According to Carol Dweck, which of the following traits are affected by an individual's mindset?
1. optimism 2. achievement 3. motivation
Which of the following family problems contribute to lower achievement among low-income students?
1. parents who don't set high educational standards 2. parents who can't read 3. family's lack of money for educational materials and experiences
Many educators believe that rather than using one test as the sole indicator of students' progress and competence, schools should also use other measures including which of the following?
1. projects 2. portfolios 3. classroom observations 4. quizzes
Which of the following are three research areas of socioemotional development in which gender similarities and differences have been studied extensively?
1. prosocial behavior 2. aggression 3. emotion
Which five peer status groups have been identified by researchers measuring sociometric popularity?
1. rejected 2. neglected 3. controversial 4. average 5. popular
Dr. Johnson is interested in behaviors in children that involve trying to make others dislike someone by spreading malicious rumors about them. She is interested in the research area of _____ aggression, which occurs more among ______.
1. relational 2. girls
What does the discipline situation between parents and children ages 5 to 12 typically involves?
1. statements that the child is responsible for his or her actions 2. appeals to the child's self-esteem 3. removal of privileges for the child
Which of the following are the three most common types of stepfamily structures?
1. stepfather 2. stepmother 3. blended
What does the role of parents as managers involve?
1. structuring the family environment 2. monitoring and encouraging academic progress 3. setting up routines and schedules
Researchers have found that children who are bullied are more likely than their unbullied peers to experience which of the following?
1. suicidal ideation 2. excess weight gain 3. depression
Which of the following are TRUE regarding features of the brain in women and men?
1. the female brain is smaller than the male brain 2. the female brain has more folds and more surface brain tissue than the male brain
In a two-year longitudinal study (Wentzel, Barry, & Caldwell, 2004), what did researchers find out about sixth-grade students who did not have a friend?
1. they had lower grades 2. they were more emotionally distressed 3. they engaged in less prosocial behavior
In terms of developmental changes in peer interaction, children's preference for same-sex peer groups increases until the age of
12
By the time students graduate from high school, they will have spent ______ hours in the classroom.
12,000
What is one major criticism of the No Child Left Behind legislation?
It relies on a single test of student skills and thus represents a narrow view.
Which of the following statements describes the balance of control in middle and late childhood?
Parents exercise general supervision and control, while children engage in moment-to-moment self regulation.
Who is MOST likely to be a victim of bullying?
Roberto, who is in his first year of middle school
What were the results of Dweck's study involving students who only received study skill instructions compared to students who received instructions plus information about how the brain can grow and intelligence can change?
The group that received instructions and information about the brain was able to improve their math achievement.
What has recent research into gender differences in math ability in the United States found?
There are no significant differences in math test scores for boys and girls
Aiden has been disliked by his peers since kindergarten. In terms of peer status, the best description of Aiden is that he is
a rejected child
The term relational ___ describes harming someone by manipulating a relationship. (Watch your spelling.)
aggression
They are more impulsive and have problems sustaining attention.
aggressive
Madeleine is about equally liked and disliked by the children in her class. In terms of peer status, she is best described as
an average child
Studies have shown that insecure attachment is likely to result in greater ______ during middle and late childhood.
anxiety
There is nothing particularly unusual about Ramon. He gets along pretty well with most of his classmates; he is liked and disliked by an equal amount of peers. In terms of peer status, Ramon can be described as a(n) ___ child.
average
In a(n) ___ stepfamily structure, otherwise known as a complex stepfamily structure, both parents bring children from previous marriages to live in the newly formed stepfamily.
blended
The term ___ refers to verbal or physical behavior intended to disturb someone less powerful.
bullying
More than 75 percent of the adolescents in long-established simple stepfamilies described their relationships with their stepparents as
close or very close
Not all friendships are positive. Which of the following would NOT be a positive friendship trait?
coercion
The longer children experienced poverty, according to one study, the more detrimental the poverty was to their
cognitive development
In the ___ approach to education, children are encouraged to actively explore their world and discover knowledge and understanding with guidance from their teacher.
constructivist
In Ms. Ahmed's eighth-grade class, the students work collaboratively in groups to discover knowledge, reflect, and think critically about different topics. Ms. Ahmed is most likely using the ___ approach to education.
constructivists
Helping behavior is often seen as a feminine trait. However, according to research, males decide to help when they feel competent and when there is an element of danger in a situation. In terms of gender roles, this example illustrates the importance of
context
Examining cross-cultural situations provides us with a window into the effect of
context on gender differences
In terms of peer status, the ______ child is frequently nominated both as someone's best friend and as being disliked.
controversial
During middle and late childhood, some control is transferred from parent to child. This gradual process produces what is referred to as ___
coregulation
By being sensitive to biased content in materials and classroom interactions, learning more about different ethnic groups, and being aware of children's ethnic attitudes, teachers can be competent
cultural mediators
Peer bullying and harassment on the Internet is known as ___
cyberbullying
Which type of bullying is a new source of concern?
cyberbullying
Which of the following is not one of Dodge's six steps in social information processing?
demanding social cues
In Mr. Stooker's class, students are expected to listen attentively and take notes as he lectures. This is an example of the ___ ___ approach to education.
direct instruction
The ___ ___ approach to education is a structured, teacher-centered approach that is characterized by teacher direction and control, high teacher expectations for student progress, and maximum time spent by students on academic tasks.
direct instruction
Two contemporary approaches to student learning are the ______ approach (a structured, teacher-centered approach), and the constructivist approach (a learner-centered approach).
direct instruction
While having friends can be fun for children, it is not an important part of their development.
false
Which gender views itself as more prosocial and empathic?
females
Dweck (2006) described what she called the ___ mindset, in which children believe that their qualities are carved in stone and cannot change.
fixed
Micaela believes she is not doing well in science because she is simply not good in science, and that any effort she makes would be wasted. She is exhibiting a ______ mindset.
fixed
Jane has three children. Joey is 12, Jake is 5, and Jaedyn is 2 years old. Jane spends less time with the older two children. Her role for the oldest children is that of a
gatekeeper
According to Dweck (2006), some children have a ___ mindset, in which they believe their qualities can change and improve through their effort.
growth
Natalie is not doing well in her Spanish class, but she is sure she can improve. She has decided to spend more time studying and has even asked her parents if they would arrange for a tutor to help her. Natalie is exhibiting a ______ mindset.
growth
About ______ of all children whose parents divorce will have a stepparent within four years of the separation.
half
Advocates of No Child Left Behind argued that state-wide testing would
have a positive effect
When gender differences in the brain have been revealed, in many cases they _______ psychological differences.
have not been directly linked to
One study showed that being a victim of bullying in childhood was linked to ______ five decades later.
increased use of mental health services
Critics of the Common Core argue that a "one size fits all" approach pays little attention to
individual variations in students
Which of Erik Erikson's stages typically occurs during middle to late childhood?
industry versus inferiority
Almost one-third of all African American and Latino students attend _____ schools, which continue to be racially segregated, grossly underfunded, and do not provide adequate learning opportunities.
inner-city
___ in friendships is characterized by self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts.
intimacy
In a diverse fourth-grade classroom, children are divided into collaborative learning groups in which each group has to construct a different part of a project to reach a common goal. This is an example of a ___ classroom.
jigsawThe longer children experienced poverty, according to one study, the more detrimental the poverty was to their
Developmental psychologists have come to Melissa's classroom and are asking all the children to fill out surveys asking them whom they like best in the class and whom they like least. This technique is
known as the sociometric status technique
In middle and late childhood, parents begin to function more as
managers
According to Carol Dweck, by emphasizing hard work and determination rather than innate ability, parents and teachers can positively influence a child's
mindset
Dweck (2006) described the importance of children's ___ , which she defined as the cognitive view individuals develop for themselves.
mindset
The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) ______ standardized testing.
modifies but does not completely replace
In remarriages, divorces are ______ in first marriages.
more common than
A research review concluded that girls have ______ math attitudes compared to boys.
more negative
In terms of peer status, a(n) ___ child, receives few nominations of any kind, is seldom nominated as a best friend, but is not actively disliked.
neglected
Which peer status best describes Connie, who is shy and has low interaction with her classmates?
neglected
Research has revealed ______ gender differences in general intellectual ability.
no
Developmentalists have distinguished five ___ statuses: popular, average, neglected, rejected, and controversial.
peer
Because learning occurs during give and take, as children move through elementary school
peer reciprocity becomes increasingly important.
Boys who are more impulsive and have problems sustaining attention, as well as being more emotionally reactive, are often ______ children.
peer-rejected
Boys are consistently more ___ aggressive than girls.
physically
Dweck and her colleagues incorporated information about the brain's _______ into their effort to improve student's motivation to achieve.
plasticity
In terms of peer status, the ___ child is frequently nominated as a best friend and is rarely disliked by peers.
popular
In terms of peer status, the ______ child has social skills, gives out reinforcements, listens, and maintains lines of communication with others.
popular
Mr. Xiong, a fifth-grade teacher, encourages his students to share their worries, successes, failures, coping strategies, and interests with each other in his diverse classroom. Which strategy is Mr. Xiong using to promote cooperation among diverse groups of students?
positive personal contact
School has a ______ influence on children's development.
profound
Aggression, emotion, and ___ behavior are three areas of socioemotional development in which gender similarities and differences have been studied.
prosocial
In terms of peer status, ___ children are seldom nominated by others and are actively disliked by their peers.
rejected
Che has been criticizing and making fun of his lab partner Nadine at school for weeks. Recently he started a rumor that she has a sexually transmitted infection that someone on the baseball team gave to her. Che's behavior is an example of
relational aggression
Ten-year-old Alexis and her friend Chloe have been spreading untrue rumors around school about their classmate Ginger because they were offended when Ginger declined to join their group. This is an example of ___ ___
relational agression
Which of the following should adults AVOID when dealing with traumatized children?
repeated conversations about the event
Compared with schools in higher-income areas, schools in low-income areas are more likely to encourage ______ learning.
rote
The new law allows states to ______ the role of tests in holding schools accountable for student achievement.
scale back
In her research, Hetherington (2006) concluded that in long-established simple stepfamilies, children and adolescents
seem to eventually benefit from the presence of a stepparent and the resources provided by the stepparent.
According to research by Gottman and Parker, childhood friendships provide ___ important functions.
six
Research has shown that in general, girls and women have ______ verbal skills than boys and men.
slightly better
In middle and late childhood, the development of which of the following provides children with information about their peers and peer relationships?
social cognition
Selectively attending to social cues, attributing intent by interpreting social cues, and establishing social goals are all steps in children's
social information processing
To determine a child's ___ popularity, researchers typically ask children to identify peers whom they like the best and the least. Then the results are compiled into five peer status groups.
sociometric
Five-year-old Billy should like to rough-house and play with trucks, while his twin sister, Becky, is supposed to be kind to others and enjoy playing with dolls. These are examples of gender
stereotypes
Developmentally advantageous friends are socially skilled and
supported
Comer's approach to improving relationships among ethnically diverse students is to view the school and community as a ___, where both work together to educate children.
team
Which of these programs for educating children involves: (1) a governance and management team that develops a comprehensive school plan, assessment strategy, and staff development plan; (2) a mental health or school support team; and (3) a parent's program?
the Comer Project for Change
What is a major criticism of Kohlberg's theory?
there is too much emphasis on moral thought, not moral behavior
In a national survey, one out of ______ sixth- to tenth-grade students reported being bullied or participating in bullying.
three
True or false: Boys tend to show less self-regulation than girls, and this low self-control can translate into behavior problems.
true
True or false: Children's social cognition about their peers becomes increasingly important for understanding peer relationships in middle and late childhood.
true
Compared to men, women have about ______ the body fat.
twice
Girls are usually more (physically/verbally) aggressive than boys.
verbally
The Common Core Standards specify
what students should know and the skills they should develop at each grade level.
Self-esteem refers to ______ self evaluations, whereas self-concept refers to domain-______ evaluations.
1. global 2. specific
Social psychologist Jonathan Haidt disagrees with Kohlberg that moral thinking is deliberative. Haidt believes that moral thinking is more often
an intuitive gut feeling
Individuals have a moral ______ when moral notions and commitments are central to their life.
identity
________ is defined as the ability to discern another's inner psychological state.
perspective taking
Nine-year-old Aaron used to get really angry with his classmates, but that is not the case now. This particular example illustrates that in middle-to-late childhood, children learn to
suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions
True or false: Although Kohlberg's approach does capture much of the moral reasoning voiced in various cultures around the world, it fails to capture important moral concepts in particular cultures.
true
Kohlberg believed that an individual's development from one moral stage to the next is fostered by which TWO of the following factors?
1. Experiencing conflict between one's current level of moral reasoning and a higher level 2. taking on the perspectives of others
Which of the following are criticisms of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
1. He did not adequately take the influences of culture and family into account. 2. He based the theory on hypothetical moral situations, which is not the same as moral behavior.
Regarding the development of mental and physical disorders, which statements are true?
1. Men are more likely than women to develop physical disorders. 2. Men are more likely than women to develop mental disorders.
______ cognitive stages of development serve as the underpinnings for ______ theory, but in the latter model there are three levels of moral development.
1. Piaget's 2. Kohlberg's
When Jeremy tells himself that he is a good person, he is reflecting self-___ ; when he tells himself that he is good at math, he is reflecting on self- ___
1. esteem 2. concept
Moral character involves which of the following components?
1. having the integrity to stand up to pressure 2. overcoming distractions and disappointments 3. showing dependability, loyalty, and conscientiousness
Which of the following are aspects of the development of the self-understanding in middle and late childhood?
1. increased use of psychological characteristics in self-description 2. increased recognition of social aspects of self 3. increasing social comparison
Carol Gilligan questioned Lawrence Kohlberg's ___ perspective of moral development and argued for a ___ perspective which views people in terms of their connectedness with others.
1. justice 2. care
Researchers have focused attention on which three possible components of moral personality?
1. moral identity 2. moral exemplars 3. moral character
The term dose-response effects refers to the idea that the _______ severe the disaster/trauma (dose), the ______ the adaptation and adjustment (response) following the disaster/trauma.
1. more 2. worse
What are the three levels of moral thinking according to Kohlberg?
1. preconventional 2. conventional 3. postconventional
Which of the following techniques should adults use to help children cope with the stress of devastating events?
1. reassure children of their safety and security 2. protect children from preexposure or frightening situations and reminders of the trauma 3. allow retelling of events
Regarding the relationship between self-esteem and school performance, which statements are TRUE?
1. there are moderate correlations between self-esteem and school performance 2. efforts to increase self-esteem do not necessarily lead to improved school performance
Kohlberg's theory has been criticized because it places too much emphasis on moral ___ and not enough on moral ___
1. thought 2. behavior
Which of the statements is FALSE regarding emotional development in middle and late childhood?
Children in middle and late childhood do not understand that more than one emotion can be experienced in a particular situation.
The theorist who developed a theory of moral development that involved three levels was
Kohlberg
Which of the following statements about self-esteem is FALSE?
Self-esteem reflects accurate, objective assessments of one's achievements and shortcomings compared to others.
What is a current concern in the United States about many of today's children?
Too many grow up receiving praise for mediocre or even poor performance and thus have inflated self-esteem.
According to Kohlberg's model of moral thinking, development from one stage to another is fostered by opportunities to take the perspective of others
and to experience conflict between one's current stage and higher-stage reasoning
Social conventional reasoning asserts that conventional rules are
arbitrary and can be changed by consensus
According to the latest distinction in domain theory, some actions belong to a personal domain and _______ governed by moral strictures or social norms.
are not
Researchers have found that inflated praise may cause children with low self-esteem to
avoid important learning experiences like tackling challenging tasks.
Carol Gilligan's ______ perspective is a moral perspective that views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.
care
In contrast to Kohlberg's justice perspective, Gilligan developed a ___ perspective in regard to moral reasoning.
care
In contrast to Kohlberg's justice perspective, Gilligan's ___ perspective views people and their moral reasoning in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.
care
Moral ___ involves having the willpower, desire, and integrity to stand up to pressure, overcome distractions and disappointments, and behave morally.
character
Dale Schunk has applied the concept of self-efficacy to many aspects of students' achievement; in his view, self-efficacy influences a student's
choice of activities
In middle and late childhood, self-description increasingly involves psychological and social characteristics, including social
comparison
When elementary school children think about what they can do in comparison with others, they are involved in social
comparison
"I am a good football player" is a statement that refers to a person's self-______.
concept
According to Kohlberg, people in the _____ reasoning stage of moral development abide by the internal standards of others. (Make sure to spell correctly!)
conventional
___ reasoning is the second, or intermediate, level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.
conventional
Adam's teacher, Mr. Booker, didn't say hello to him when they passed in the hall. Adam told himself that Mr. Booker was probably thinking about something and didn't notice him. This illustrates how older children
cope with stress using cognitive strategies such as reframing
Most of the research regarding self-esteem and academic achievement is ___ , so causation cannot be established.
correlation
Self-esteem reflects perceptions that ________ reality.
do not always match
In the ___ theory of moral development, children's and adolescents' moral, social conventional, and personality knowledge and reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience.
domain
Which concept of moral development states that children's and adolescents' moral, social conventional, and personality knowledge and reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience?
domain theory
The likelihood that a child will face problems following a disaster depends on factors such as the nature and severity of the trauma. Researchers use the term _______ to describe this correlation.
dose-response effects
Individuals who have damage to a particular region at the prefrontal cortex of the brain lose the ability to integrate ______ into moral reasoning.
emotions
The capacity to understand and feel the emotions of another person is called ___
empathy
Kohlberg argued that family processes are _______ in children's moral development.
essentially unimportant
By the beginning of the elementary school years, children begin to express ideas about ___
fairness
True or false: In middle and late childhood, children become less skeptical and more accepting of claims made by others, particularly those that involve social desirability.
false
True or false: Prosocial behavior occurs more often in childhood than in adolescence.
false
True or false: Researchers have found that gender stereotyping doesn't begin until children are of elementary school age.
false
Carol Gillian argues that Kohlberg's theory reflects a ___ bias.
gender
Gilligan's claim reminds us of the pervasive influence of ______ on development.
gender
The care-perspective-versus-justice-perspective controversy illustrates that ___ identity may affect how people think about things.
gender
A broad category that reflects generalizations and widely held beliefs about females and males is known as a
gender stereotype
Regarding Gilligan's argument that Kohlberg's theory is based on a male norm, what does recent research indicate regarding potential differences between boys and girls?
girls' moral orientations are somewhat more likely to focus on care for others than on abstract principles of justice
In which of the following ways did Kohlberg formulate his theory of moral development?
he interviewed children, giving them theoretical moral dilemmas to solve
Eleven-year-old Meagan has some doubts about Ian's claim that he is the smartest student in the school. This is likely due to
her increased skepticism regarding others' claims
In terms of Erik Erikson's fourth stage of development, the term ___ summarizes children's interest in how things are made and how they work.
industry
Behaving in a manner that violates one's moral identity places the ______ of the self at risk.
integrity
In the postconventional reasoning level, morality is more
internal
Which of Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning have not been found in all cultures?
level 3
According to Dale Schunk, a child who avoids many learning tasks, especially those that are challenging, most likely has
low self-efficacy for learning
One important aspect of development in middle and late childhood is the ability to self-regulate, which is the ability to
manage behavior, emotions, and thoughts
Hank is angered when his younger brother receives the same amount of allowance as him. "I do twice as many chores as he does!" Hank tells his parents. He expects fairness according to
merit
According to domain theory, a rule regarding which fork to use when eating salad is an example of social conventional reasoning, but a rule about murder is an example of ______ reasoning.
moral
______ reasoning focuses on ethical issues and rules of right and wrong.
moral
Piaget's cognitive stages of development serve as the underpinnings for Kohlberg's theory, but in this Kohlberg's model suggested that there were three levels of
moral development
According to Kohlberg, development of ______ is not ensured by a child's advances in cognitive development.
moral reasoning
According to Kohlberg, preconventional reasoning is characterized by ______ internalization.
no
According to Kohlberg, the effect of family on moral development is
not as important as peer relations
Moral reasoning asserts that rules are
obligatory, widely accepted, and somewhat impersonal.
Recently, experts have suggested the existence of a ______ domain subject to the child's independent decision making and judgment. It includes issues such as control over one's body, privacy, and choice of friends and activities.
personal
Researchers have defined moral ___ as consisting of moral identity, moral character, and moral exemplars.
personality
Which term refers to the ability to assume other people's points of view and understand their thoughts and feelings?
perspective taking
___ reasoning is the highest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.
postconventional
_______ reasoning is the lowest level of moral reasoning, according to Kohlberg.
preconventional
Match Kohlberg's level of moral reasoning with its explanation.
preconventional : Moral reasoning is primarily interpreted in terms of rewards and punishments. conventional : Moral judgments are based on law and social order. post conventional : Moral judgments are based on universal human rights.
Some researchers have found that children with a low level of perspective-taking skills engage in less (prosocial/antisocial) behavior than children with a higher level of these skills.
prosocial
The study of ______ behavior puts more emphasis on the behavioral aspects of moral development.
prosocial
In Haidt's view, much of morality begins with
rapid evaluative judgements
A good strategy is for children to learn to ___ their thoughts, changing their perception of a stressful situation.
reframe
The development of self-___, in middle and late childhood allows the development of social competence and achievement to occur.
regulation
Domain-specific evaluations of the self are known as ______.
self-concept
Ten-year-old Blake tells his classmate, "I know I can figure out this math problem if I work at it." Blake is demonstrating high
self-efficacy
According to Bandura, the concept of ___-___ is the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes. (Watch your spelling!)
self-efficiency
Donna perceives herself as a good person. She has high _______.
self-esteem
The term ___-___ refers to global evaluations of the self; it is also called self-worth or self-image.
self-esteem
Between the ages of 8 and 11, children's descriptions of themselves become more psychological and less concrete, demonstrating the development of
self-understanding
As children develop their sense of self in middle and late childhood, they are increasingly likely to define themselves in terms of ___ groups or alliances. For example, a boy might describe himself as a Cub Scout.
social
Brittany tells her sister, "I'm better in math than Vicky, but Tanya is much better than me." This is an example of ___ ___
social comparison
According to domain theory, which of these types of reasoning states that rules are arbitrary and established to control behavior and maintain the social system?
social conventional reasoning
______ focuses on rules that have been established by consensus in order to control behavior and maintain the social system.
social conventional reasoning
Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning has been criticized because moral reasons can sometimes hide immoral behavior and because
the theory of moral reasoning is based on what people self-report rather than what they actually do.
Why should moral exemplars be studied?
to be able to characterize the ideal endpoint of moral development
True or false: Kohlberg believes that the give and take among peers gives children an opportunity to identify the perspective of another person.
true
