Psychology Chapter 11

What is Hans Selye's term for strain that is healthful?

Eustress

Predictability is of greater benefit to externals—that is, to people who wish to exercise control over their situations—than to internals.

False

Which of the following is a difference between life changes and daily hassles?

Life changes occur at irregular intervals, whereas daily hassles occur regularly.

__________can be positive or negative, occur at irregular intervals, and create stress.

Life-changes

According to Albert Ellis, which of the following is true of beliefs?

Our beliefs about events, not just the events themselves, can be stressors.

Which of the following is true of coronary heart disease (CHD)?

Overtime work, assembly line labor, and exposure to conflicting demands can all contribute to CHD.

__________allows us to brace ourselves for the inevitable and, in many cases, plan ways of coping with it.

Predictability

__________is a demand made on an organism to adapt, cope, or adjust.

Stress

To__________is to interpret negative events as being disastrous or to "blow out of proportion."

catastrophize

A professor is active in the extra-curricular activities of the college where he teaches, in addition to his normal duties. According to Kobasa, which of the following characteristic of psychological hardiness does the professor exhibit?

Commitment

According to the general adaptation syndrome, in the resistance stage, levels of endocrine and sympathetic activity are higher than in the alarm reaction.

False

In the approach-avoidance conflict, each of two goals is desirable, and both are within reach.

False

Stress elevates blood levels of cortisol and adrenaline (epinephrine) and heightens the probability that the Epstein-Barr virus will be reactivated.

True

How do Type A people differ from Type B people?

Type A people are highly drive, competitive, impatient, hostile, aggressive-so much that they are prone to getting into auto-accidents. Type B relax more readily and focus more on the quality of life. They show lower blood pressure than type A. Type B are less impatient. Type A earn higher grades and more money.

According to the general adaptation syndrome, the__________is triggered by perception of a stressor.

alarm-reaction

Influenza is caused by a virus. This virus is an example of disease-causing organisms called__________.

pathogens

Type B people:

relax more readily and focus more on the quality of life.

​ _________ such as pathogens, injuries, age, gender, and a family history of disease may strike us as the most obvious causes of illness.

​Biological factors

​________ are regularly occurring experiences that can harm our well-being, even our sex lives.

​Daily hassles

​_________ is a cluster of traits that buffer stress and are characterized by commitment, challenge, and control.

​Psychological hardiness

Discuss the associations between illnesses (such as cancer and coronary heart disease) and racial and ethnic background.

African Americans are more prone to hypertension and heart disease than European Americans. Asian Americans and Latin Americans are less likely than European Americans, Native Americans, or African Americans to die of heart disease or stroke. Early diagnosis and treatment might help decrease the racial gap. Cancer death rates are higher in nations with higher rates of fat intake.

Dawn wants to be a veterinarian because she wants to help animals remain healthy. On the other hand, she cannot see animals suffering from illnesses. According to Neal E. Miller, what is this type of conflict called?

Approach-avoidance conflict

​The belief that we can bring about desired changes through our own efforts is called _________.

​self-efficacy expectation

Explain how the approach-approach conflict differs from the avoidance-avoidance conflict.

The approach-approach conflict is the least stressful type of conflict. Each of two goals is desirable and both within reach. Avoidance-avoidance conflict is more stressful because you are motivated to avoid each of two negative goals. However, avoiding one requires approaching the other.

Which of the following is true of people with Type A behavior pattern?

They dominate group discussions.

People who have higher self-efficacy expectations are less prone to be disturbed by adverse events.

True

Psychological states such as anxiety and depression can impair the functioning of the immune system.

True

Stress and pathogens interact to influence the immune system.

True

Irrational beliefs compound misery and foster helplessness by:

catastrophizing the extent of loss.

Mark, a cancer patient, has decided to face his disease with courage and make whatever adjustments necessary to enjoy the rest of his life. According to Kobasa, Mark demonstrates the__________characteristic of psychologically hardy people.

challenge

John is an executive who has a stressful job that frequently requires him to work overtime. He is also overweight because he does not exercise enough. Due to office politics, he has a lot of bottled-in anger. He is most likely at risk for:

coronary heart disease.

Lisa is a single parent of three children. During the course of each week, she prepares meals, shops for grocery, and takes care of the household. She also has a demanding job that she does not like, but cannot quit as she is concerned about meeting her everyday expenses. Psychologists refer to these stresses as__________.

daily-hassles

When an individual can no longer cope with ongoing stress and becomes ill, he or she has reached the__________of the general adaptation syndrome.

exhaustion-stage

The risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) can be reduced by:

lowering LDL serum cholesterol.

Connor was frightened as his cab was weaving in and out of traffic across the city. The level of his endocrine and sympathetic activity eventually lowered as his body attempted to restore lost energy and repair damage. Connor is in the__________of the general adaptation syndrome.

resistance-stage

The belief that we can bring about desired changes through our own efforts is called__________.

self-efficacy-expectation

Eugene believes that he can bring about positive changes in his life through his own efforts. Psychologists would say that Eugene has high__________.

self-efficacy-expectations

According to the different kinds of social support,__________involves making conversation, recreation, and even going shopping with someone.

socializing

According to Selye's general adaptation syndrome, in an exhaustion stage,__________.

the-muscles-become-fatigued-and-the-body-is-depleted-of-the-resources-required-for-combating-stress

Kevin is in the exhaustion stage of Selye's general adaptation syndrome. Which of the following is most likely to occur?

His heart and respiration rates slow down and his muscles become fatigued.

What are the risk factors associated with cancer?

Risk factors for cancer include: smoking, drinking more than a drink or two a day, eating animal fats, sunbathing, which may cause skin cancer sue to exposure of ultraviolet light, depression, or stress.

Who among the following exhibits a characteristic of psychological hardiness?

Roanne, who sees change as an opportunity to grow

Sam wants to be a clinical psychologist. He has been accepted at two different graduate schools. Both schools are equally prestigious and will provide him with an outstanding education. However, he has to choose between the two schools. According to Neal E. Miller, this type of conflict is known as a(n):

approach-approach conflict.

Ever since Michelle failed her biology final, she has been thinking that she will never be able to find a job when she eventually graduates. She feels that she will end up homeless. This demonstrates what psychologist Albert Ellis calls:

irrational beliefs.

In__________, each of several alternative courses of action has pluses and minuses.

multiple-approach-avoidance-conflict