psychology chapter 14

attributional styles

internal, external, stable, unstable, global, specific

origins of personality disorders

-antisocial personality involve prefrontal cortex of the brain which is connected to emotional responses -pyschological factors: childhood experiences and tend to interpret others behaviors as threatening -believe we live in fragmented and alienating times that tend to create problems in forming a stable identity

bipolar disorder

aka manic-depressive disorder, manic phase the person may show excessive excitement or silliness carrying jokes too far. speak fast jumping from topic to topic

origin of major depressive disorder

-appear to be inactive and apathetic -learned helplessness -cognitive factors such as perfectionists set themselves up for depression by making irrational demands on themselves -attributional styles -trait of neuroticism

Anxiety Disorders

1. social anxiety disorder 2. panic disorder 3. generalized anxiety disorder 4. specific phobic disorders

behaviors or mental processes are suggestive of psychological disorder when they meet some combination of the following:

1. they are unusual 2. they suggest faulty perception or interpretation of reality (hallucinations) 3. sugest sever personal distress 4. they are self-defeating 5. dangerous 6. socially unacceptable behavior

panic disorder & symptoms

abrupt anxiety attack that is apparently unrelated to specific objects or situations. they experience strong cardiac-related sensations: shortness of breath, heavy sweating, tremors, pounding of the heart, choking sensation, nausea, numbness. Levels of cortisol in the saliva are elevated and fear of suffocation.

conversion disorder

characterized by a major change in or loss of physical functioning, although there are no medical findings to explain the loss of functioning. the person is not faking. it appears to "convert" a source of stress into a physical difficulty. they show indifference to their symptoms called "la belle indifference" = lack of concern for their imagined medical problem (awareness)

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

characterized by a rapid heart rate and feelings of anxiety and helplessness that are caused by a traumatic experience.

schizoid personality disorder

characterized by indifference to relationships and flat emotional response. "LONERS" they do not want to develop warm, tender feelings for other and have few friends with no long term relationships. do well on the job provided but don't like social interactions

schizotypal personality disorder

characterized by peculiarities of thought, perception, or behavior such as excessive fantasy and suspiciousness, feeling of being unreal or the odd use of words. no delusions or hallucinations.

specific phobic disorder & symptoms

excessive, irrational fears of specific objects like spiders, snakes, heights.

avoidant personality disorder

generally unwilling to enter a relationship without some assurance of acceptance because they fear rejection and criticism. they have a few close relathions outside family and want warm feelings towards others

origin of somatic symptom and related disorders

have much to do with what one focuses on - actual social and financial problems, for example, or ones body. self hypnosis in which people focus so intently on am imaginary physical problem that they exclude conflicting information.

dissociative disorders & examples

mental processes such as thoughts, emotions, memory, consciousness, even knowledge of one's own identity may seem to be split off from one another. ex: dissociative identity disorder, dissociative amnesia and depersonalization disorder

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

is defined by recurrent, anxiety-provoking thoughts or images that seem irrational and beyond control (obsessions) and have irresistible urges to engage in thoughts or behaviors that tend to reduce the anxiety (compulsions). these can disrupt daily life and include doubts (turn off lights or shut the door, washing hands)

Acute stress disorder

like PTSD, is characterized by feelings of anxiety and helplessness that are caused by a traumatic event. this disorder occurs within a month of the event and lasts from two days to four weeks. (women who have been raped)

antisocial personality disorder

often show a superficial charm and re at least average in intelligence. no strong bonds with other people but are thought to be heavily punished by their parents and rejected by peers continuing their careless styles of life.

personality disorders:

paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, antisocial, borderline, avoidant personality disorders

psychological disorders

patterns of behavior or mental processes that are connected with emotional distress or significant impairment in functioning

generalized anxiety disorder & symptoms

persistent anxiety that cannot be attributed to a phobic object situation, or activity. the core of this disorder appears to be pervasive worrying about numerous stressors. symptoms: motor tension, shakiness, inability to relax, furrowed brow, fidgeting, sweating, dry mouth, racing heart, diarrhea. easily distracted

symptoms of schizophrenia

positive symptoms: inappropriate kinds of behavior we find in afflicted people ex: agitated behavior, vivid hallucinations, unshakable delusions, disorganized thinking and nonsensical speech negative symptoms: absence of appropriate behaviors we see them in flat, emotionless voices, blank faces, rigid, motionless bodies and mutism.

somatoform disorders

ppl with this complain of physical problems such as paralysis, pain, or a persistent belief that they have a serious disease yet no physical abnormality can be found. 2 types: lines anxiety disorder and conversion disorder

depersonalization-derealization disorder

ppl with this experience episodes of feeling detached from themselves or feeling that the world around them is unreal. They may feel as if they are in a walking dream or going through the "motions" like a robot. (ex: the people became to look like mechanical creatures, became fixated and imagined invisible wall of cotton between him and everyone else"

Hoarding disorder

ppl with this feel an overpowering need to accumulate certain kinds of possessions and have difficulty discarding them.

origin of dissociative disorders

ppl with this have learned to not think about bad memories or disturbing impulses to avoid feelings of anxiety, guilt, and shame. cases are limited to the US and Canada.

biological view on schizophrenia

ppl with this have less gray matter in the brain than others which means deficiencies in attention, working memory, abstract thinking, and language. activity levels in brain, size of ventricles and brain chemistry

delusional disorder

ppl with this hold persistent, clearly delusional beliefs, often involving paranoid themes typically events that could occur like infidelity of a spouse, persecution of others or attracting the love of a famous person.

illness anxiety disorder

ppl with this insist that they are suffering from a serious physical illness, even though no medical evidence of illness can be found. they believe they are ill and run from doctor to doctor seeking one who will find the cause

symptoms for anxiety disorders

psychological: worrying, fear that the worst is happening, fear of losing control, nervousness, inability to relax. physical: arousal of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system like trembling, sweating, a racing heart, elevated blood pressure, faintness

borderline personality disorder

show instability in their relationships, self image and mood and a lack of control over impulses. tend to be uncertain of their values, foals, careers, choose of friends, sexual identity and feel empty or bored. many cant tolerate being alone and are clingy but this clinginess usually pushes ppl away. view ppl as all good or all bad Andean be self destructive, suicide

social anxiety disorder

social phobia, defined by excessive fears of social situations in which the individual is exposed to the scrutiny of other or might do something that will be humiliating. ex: public speaking, stage fright, dating fears. (find excuses not to go to social events, or eat lunch at desk to avoid large crowds)

dissociative amnesia

suddenly unable to recall important personal information and the loss of memory cannot be attributed to organic problems such as a blow to the head or alcoholic intoxication. ex: person cannot recall events for a number of hours after a stressful incident, as in warfare or in the case of an uninjured survivor of an accident. in generalized d. a. people forget their entire lives

paranoid personality disorder

tendency to interpret other peoples behavior as threatening or demeaning. mistrustful of others but can generally hold a job

Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

two or more identities or personalities each with distinct traits and memories "occupy" the same person and each identity may or may not be aware of the others.