Psychology Chapter 14 Test Review

Psychologist Gordon Allport argued that an individual's personality is the result of a) combinations of traits b) combinations of bodily fluids c) the unconscious d) the need to overcome an inferiority complex

a) combinations of traits

Freud believed that conflicts that occur during any of the stages of personality development may cause a person to be a) fixated b) congruent c) acculturated d) sublimated

a) fixated

What term was used by Freud to describe with severe emotional problems? a) hysteria b) introversion c) insanity d) crazy

a) hysteria

According to Freud, the part of the mind that is governed by the pleasure principle is the a) id b) ego c) superego d) collective unconscious

a) id

____________ is the process by which people learn to perform socially desirable behaviors.

socialization

Short Answer List all three of Freud's psychological structures of the mind.

-Id -Ego -Superego

Short Answer What two main methods were used to "restore" the balance of the four humors?

-bloodletting -vomiting

Short Answer List three of the five basic personality factors according to the Five Factor Model.

-extroversion -agreeableness -emotional stability-instability

Short Answer Give five examples of personality traits.

-outgoing -curious -honest -quiet -independent -creative -lazy -demanding -friendly -aggressive

Short Answer List two methods Freud used to explore the unconscious mind.

-psychoanalysis -dream analysis

Short Answer List four defense mechanisms according to Sigmund Freud.

-regression -repression -sublimation -displacement -procrastination -denial -projection -isolation -fantasy

Place the following trait theorist in chronological order from the oldest to the most modern. Hans Eysenck Gordon Allport Five Factor Model Hippocrates

Hippocrates Gordon Allport Hans Eysenck Five Factor Model

Personality theorist _____________ developed the idea of basic anxiety.

Karen Horney

An individual's _____________ gives a person a sense of who she or he is as an individual.

self-concept

According to Carl Rogers, congruence is important to one's self-concept because it a) reinforces a person's self-concept b) helps a person acculturate his or her self-concept to the adopted culture c) balances the struggles of the id, ego, and superego d) does all of the above

a) reinforces a person's self-concept

Abraham Maslow argued that differences in personality are linked to a) the search for self-actualization b) heredity factors c) the inferiority complex d) fixations at early stages of development

a) the search for self-actualization

Process of adapting to a new or different culture

acculturation

Ideas and images of the accumulated experience of all human beings

archetypes

The young hero, the fertile and nurturing mother, and the wise old man are examples of a) source trait b) archetypes c) congruences d) acculturation

b) archetypes

The "five factors" of the Five-Factor Model refer to a) cognitive factors b) basic personality factors c) intelligence factors d) emotional factors

b) basic personality factors

Socialization is a process described by a) humanistic psychologists b) behavioral psychologists c) trait theorists d) psychoanalytic theorists

b) behavioral psychologists

The "five-factor" model includes all of the following traits except: a) openness to experience b) dominance c) extroversion d) conscientiousness

b) dominance

Psychologist Carl Rogers argued that personality is the result of a) the conflicts among the id, ego, and superego b) free choice and action c) the inferiority complex d) external forces and influences

b) free choice and action

Trait theory has been criticized for a) using studies that cannot be replicated b) not explaining where traits come from c) not putting enough emphasis on conscious choice d) all of the above reasons

b) not explaining where traits come from

melancholic and thoughtful

black-bile

warm and cheerful

blood

The psychologist whose list of personality traits is most similar to that of Hippocrates is a) Gordon Allport b) William James c) Hans Eysenck d) Sigmund Freud

c) Hans Eysenck

The ancient Greek physician Hippocrates believed that personality traits are the result of a) experience and conscious learning b) the activity of the id, ego, and superego c) different combinations of the body's humors d) the collective unconscious

c) different combinations of the body's humors

Personality theorist Alfred Adler believed that people are motivated by a) the collective unconscious b) external forces and influences c) feelings of inferiority d) a desire for consistency

c) feelings of inferiority

According to Freud, the part of the mind that functions according to the moral principle is the a) id b) ego c) superego d) collective unconscious

c) superego

Store of human concepts shared by all people across cultures

collective unconscious

Consistency between one's self-concept and one's experience

congruence

The sociocultural perspective focuses on the role of a) ethnicity b) gender c) culture d) all of the above

d) all of the above

During the time of Hippocrates, what was recommended to restore the balance of the humors? a) dunking in water b) vomiting c) bloodletting d) both b and c

d) both b and c

What methods did Freud use to explore or "dig" into the unconscious mind? a) talking cure, hysteria, memory recall b) hypnosis, talking cure, phobic recourse c) dream interpretation, conscious thought, childhood resolution d) hypnosis, talking cure, dream interpretation

d) hypnosis, talking cure, dream interpretation

Psychoanalytic theory argues that personality is the result of a) combinations of traits b) learning and experience c) the search for self-actualization d) inner conflicts between drives and rules

d) inner conflicts between drives and rules

The analytic theory developed by Carl Jung stresses that human behavior is influence by a) basic drives b) external forces or influences c) the scientific method d) mysticism and religion

d) mysticism and religion

Sociocultural theorists have found unusually high self-esteem among a) young white women b) immigrants who reject the values and language of their home country c) immigrants who speak only the language of their home country d) people who are bi-cultural

d) people who are bi-cultural

Unconscious methods the ego uses to avoid things that may cause anxiety

defense mechanisms

A person who is in ______________ refuses to accept the reality of a bad or upsetting situation.

denial

Smoking cigarettes that you know are unhealthy and ignoring the health risks by believing "it can't happen to me"

denial

Transfer of an idea or impulse from a threatening to a less threatening object

displacement

Yelling at your mother after having a bad day at school

displacement

Caught between the conflicting structures (referee)

ego

Freud wrote that the ____________________ "stands for reason and good sense" because it is the part of the mind guided by the reality principle.

ego

Guided by the "reality principle"

ego

A(n) ______________ person tends to be active and self-expressive and energized by interactions with other people.

extroverted

According to Maslow, children are said to become fixated, or stuck, at an early stage of development and this can carry on into adulthood. (t/f)

false

Doctors today take the Bandurian oath, which they promise to practice medicine in an ethical and caring way. (t/f)

false

Examples of Jung's personal unconscious include: the supreme being, the young hero, he fertile and nurturing mother, and the wise old man. (t/f)

false

If you become "fixated" in Freud's latency stage, you might smoke, overeat, or nail-bite as an adult. (t/f)

false

Sigmund Freud had five stages of development that ran from childhood through adulthood. (t/f)

false

The learning approach teaches that all people--even the most well-adjusted--undergo inner struggles. (t/f)

false

Too private and subjective

humanistic theory

Follows the "pleasure principle"

id

Represents basic drives such as hunger

id

A person with a(n) _____________ is motivated by feelings of inadequacy and insecurity.

inferiority complex

A(n) _____________ person tends to be imaginative and looks inward rather than to other people.

introverted

Doesn't deal with thoughts, feelings, and the complex inner workings of individuals

learning theory

______________ is the pattern of feelings, motives, and behavior that set people apart from one another.

personality

sluggish and cool

phlegm

Freud believed that people sometimes deal with unacceptable impulses by _____________ these impulses outward onto other people.

projecting

People see their own faults in other people

projection

Too much emphasis on the unconscious mind

psychoanalytic theory

Use of "self-deception" to justify unacceptable behaviors or ideas

rationalization

_____________ is a defense mechanism that uses self-deception to justify unacceptable behaviors or ideas.

rationalization

Behaving "sweetly" to a co-worker you really dislike

reaction formation

Defense mechanism in which people act contrary to their genuine feelings

reaction formation

Return to behavior that is characteristic of an earlier stage of development

regression

Throwing a temper tantrum

regression

"Forgetting" a painful childhood event and placing it in the unconscious mind

repression

__________ is a defense mechanism that pushes anxiety-causing ideas into the unconscious.

repression

An aggressive student who is guided to play football

sublimation

Channeling basic impulses into socially acceptable behavior

sublimation

Adheres to the "moral principle"

superego

Provides us with our moral sense

superego

Obvious personality trait such as friendliness

surface trait

Describes personality but does not explain where it comes from

trait theory

________ are aspects of personality that are considered to be reasonably stable.

traits

Alfred Adler coined the terms "inferiority complex" and "sibling rivalry". (t/f)

true

Carl Jung believed that archetypes appeared to us in our dreams. (t/f)

true

Freud's id is completely hidden in the unconscious mind. (t/f)

true

Gordon Allport catalogued some 18,000 human traits to describe individual personality. (t/f)

true

Hans J. Eysenck focused on only two personality dimensions; introversion/extroversion and emotional stability/instability. (t/f)

true

Hippocrates was competent at setting broken bones and at surgery. (t/f)

true

Sigmund Freud believed than an adult's psychological problems might actually stem from unresolved childhood conflicts. (t/f)

true

choleric and quick-tempered

yellow-bile