Psychology Chapter 4 Quiz

The axon is covered in ___ that insulates the axon and enables signals to move more quickly.

A myelin sheath

The ___ is an almond shaped structure located deep in the temporal lobe and plays a role in fear and other emotions, learning, memory, attention, and perception.

Amygdala

The ___ is further subdivided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

Autonomic Nervous System

The ___ nervous system controls body functions like circulation, respiration, perspiration, and digestion.

Autonomic Nervous System

The axon has appendages called ___.

Axon terminals

The axon is a long, very thin tube leading away from the cell body. The axon has appendages called:

Axon terminals

The brain is shielded by the skull, cushioned and nourished in cerebrospinal fluid, and protected from toxins by the ___.

Blood-brain barrier

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) uses powerful magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the brain. It shows:

Both brain structure and brain activity

Positron Emission Tomography (PET scan) produce real-time three-dimensional images of the brain at work. It shows:

Both brain structure and brain activity

The Electroencephalograph (EEG) records electrical voltage produced when neurons fire. It shows:

Brain activity but not brain structure

___ refers to the localization of some brain activity in the right or left hemisphere.

Brain lateralization

Computer axial tomography (CT scan) involves rotating an x-ray machine around the brain to produce a series of images. It shows:

Brain structure but not brain activity

The ___ is the second largest structure in the brain and is associated with movement, co-ordination, balance, and motor-related memory.

Cerebellum

The outer layer of the forebrain, just under the skull and forehead is the ___.

Cerebral cortex

The left and right hemispheres are connected by a dense bundle of nerve fibers called the ___.

Corpus callosum

The ___ extends from the cell body much like the branches of a tree.

Dendrite

Neurons differ from other cells in that they communicate with each other via specialized extensions called:

Dendrites and Axons

___ is involved in movement and the experience of pleasure. It also plays a role in the addictiveness of drugs like cocaine.

Dopamine

The ___ is a network of nerve fibers in the stomach, intestines, pancreas, and gall bladder controlling the digestive process.

Enteric Nervous System

Neurotransmitters are either excitatory or inhibitory. ___ means that the chemical signal increases the likelihood that neighboring neurons will fire.

Excitatory

The ___ includes the cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus.

Forebrain

The ___ is the largest part of the brain making up about two-thirds of the brain's size.

Forebrain

___ support neural functioning by digesting dead neurons, producing the myelin sheathing, and providing nutrition to neurons.

Glial cells

The ___ sits under the cerebral cortex at the base of the skull nd the top of the spinal cord and is comprised of the cerebellum, pons, and medulla,

Hindbrain

The ___ is a seahorse-shaped structure in the temporal lobe involved in processing memories, emotion, and spatial navigation.

Hippocampus

The ___, a small structure resting under the thalamus, plays a major role in the autonomic nervous system, the experience of pleasure, and in control of body temperature, hunger, and thirst.

Hypothalamus

Neurotransmitters are excitatory or inhibitory. ___ means that the signal lowers the likelihood that other neurons will fire.

Inhibitory

___ exist exclusively in the brain and spinal cord and make up about 90% of all human neurons.

Interneurons

The autonomic nervous system controls:

Involuntary body functions

A deep fissure called the ___ splits the cerebral cortex down the middle into the left and the right hemispheres.

Longitudinal sulcus

The cell body contains the nucleus, which in turn contains ____, which provide the neuron's energy.

Mitochondria

___ neurons carry signals from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.

Motor (Efferent) Neuron

At rest, a neuron has a:

Negative electrical charge

The study of the brain and the nervous system is called:

Neuro-psychology, neuro-anatomy, and neuro-biology.

The ___ is the most basic building block of the nervous system.

Neuron

___ Is an electro-chemical process that occurs within and between neurons.

Neurotransmission

Psychotropic medications affect the supply of ___ or the way in which they are absorbed.

Neurotransmitters

The ___ restores the body to a state of rest and relaxation.

Parasympathetic System

In 1848 Phineas Gage's accident demonstrated that there is a connection between the brain and ___.

Personality

___ was an early attempt to localize psychological traits and characteristics in specific brain areas.

Phrenology

The ___ (Latin for "bridge") serves in coordinating communication between the two cerebral hemispheres and between of the brain and the spinal cord.

Pons

In 1861 Paul Broca discovered the connection between an area of the brain (which bears his name today) and speech ___.

Production

The ___ is a mesh-like network of neurons involved in sleep and consciousness, arousal and attention, coordinating signals from the senses, and pain modulation.

Reticular formation

___ carry signals from the sense receptors in the body to the brain.

Sensory (Afferent) Neurons

___ affects sleep and mood and is the active ingredient in medications like Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil.

Serotonin

The ___ controls voluntary muscle movement and makes the connection between the motor cortex of the brain and the skeletal muscles used in momvement.

Somatic Nervous System

The central nervous system consists of the brain and the:

Spinal cord

The ___ creates an excited state and mobilizes the body for action by accelerating some functions and decelerating others.

Sympathetic System

Neurons do not communicate directly. The chemical signal must cross the ___, the gap between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another.

Synaptic cleft

The ___ plays an important role in sensory processing and movement, serving as a type of relay station by receiving sensory information from the senses and sending it to the cerebral cortex.

Thalamus

The ___ consists of the neurons running throughout the body outside of the brain and the spinal cord.

The Peripheral Nervous System

The near-infinite complexity of the brain is one of the biggest leaps of faith necessary to hold an evolutionary worldview.

True