Psychology Chapter 5

What is classical conditioning? Discuss the components of classical conditioning.

Classical conditioning is a form of learning in which is neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response usually evoked by another stimulus by being paired repeatedly with another stimulus. It focuses on how organisms form anticipations about their environments. In other words, it is a simple form of learning in which organisms come to anticipate or associate events with one another. The components of classical conditioning include unconditioned stimulus(UCS), unconditional response(UCR), condition stimulus(CS), orienting reflex, and condition response(CR).

Cynthia has an intense fear of cats. Her psychologist repeatedly paired her love for classical music with the gradual exposure of Cynthia to a cat until her fear for cats was cured. In this scenario, which of the following techniques did Cynthia's psychologist use to cure her fear of cats?

Counterconditioning

Explain extinction and spontaneous recovery in operant conditioning.

Extinction and spontaneous recovery are aspects of operant conditioning that help us adapt by updating our expectations or revising our thinking about the changing environment. Extinction is the process by which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occur. The learned responses are said to be extinguished. Spontaneous recovery is the recurrence of an extinguished response as a function of the passage of time.

Operant conditioning is a simple form of learning in which organisms come to anticipate or associate events with one another.

False

_________is a procedure for teaching complex behaviors that at first reinforces approximations of the target behavior.​

Shaping

Naomi is afraid of dogs. While she is feeling relaxed, her therapist shows her a dog from a distance. The therapist gradually brings the dog closer until Naomi's fear is completely extinguished. Which of the following techniques did the therapist use to extinguish Naomi's fear of dogs?

Systematic desensitization

In the context of reinforcement schedules, a person placing bets on a roulette table is on a variable-ratio schedule.

True

Mirror neurons allow us to anticipate other people's intentions when they reach for things.

True

In a__________, a specific amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available.

fixed-interval-schedule

Bethany taught her dog to jump when she raised her right hand. Later, her dog started jumping even if she raised her left hand. The response of Bethany's dog to her action similar to the original action to which the dog's response was conditioned is known as _____.​

generalization

Johnny has always feared going to the dentist as he associated these visits with pain. After repeated visits to the dentist, Johnny also developed the fear of bright lights as he had started associating it with the dentist's cabin. This development of Johnny's fear of bright lights after he started associating it with the dentist's cabin is known as__________.

higher-order-conditioning

As a little girl, Dana liked to watch her mother prepare dinner. As an adult, Dana now enjoys preparing gourmet meals for her family. Dana learned to cook by watching her mother cook rather than by means of direct experience. In the context of observational learning, Dana's mother was a__________for her.

model

The behavior that manipulates the environment is called__________.

operant-behavior

Biofeedback training, behavior modification, and programmed learning are all applications of__________.

operant-conditioning

​_________is the recurrence of an extinguished response as a function of the passage of time.

​Spontaneous recovery

​Most organizations of health professionals agree that media violence_____.

​contributes to aggression among people

​In operant conditioning, an organism learns to do or not do things because_____.

​of the consequences of their behavior

Biofeedback training, behavior modification, and programmed learning are all applications of _________.​

​operant conditioning

In classical conditioning, the term extinction can be misleading because _____.​

​spontaneous recovery of extinguished conditioned responses can occur

__________psychologists define learning as the process by which organisms change the way they represent the environment because of experience.

Cognitive

Positive reinforcers increase the probability that a behavior will occur when the reinforcers are removed.

False

Describe an example of how fear can be learned by classical conditioning.

Fear can be learned by classical conditioning. An example of this is when you see a dog. You do not fear the dog, but you may fear getting bitten by it.

A child who is afraid of water is tossed into a swimming pool with a floatation device to teach him how to swim. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is being used to reduce his fear?

Flooding

Describe positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement with examples.

Positive reinforcement increase the probability that a behavior will occur when they are applied. Examples include food and approval. Negative reinforcement increase the probability that a behavior will occur when the reinforcers are removed. Examples include fear and disapproval.

__________is defined as a simple unlearned response to a stimulus.

Reflex

​_________is defined as a simple unlearned response to a stimulus.

Reflex

In Robert Rescorla's experiment, what happened to the group of dogs to whom a shock was consistently presented after a tone?

The group of dogs learned to show a fear response at the sound of the tone.

In conditioning,__________is the tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the stimulus to which the response was conditioned.

generalization

​In conditioning, _________is the tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the stimulus to which the response was conditioned.

generalization

According to behaviorists,__________is a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior that arises from practice or experience.

learning

William's father was a gardener. As a child, William often watched his father at work. As an adult, William takes care of his garden himself. Though he was never taught the art of gardening, he is very good at it and prides himself on having the best garden on the block. William acquired the knowledge and skills of gardening by the process of__________.

observational-learning

As a child, Peter was bitten by a big, white dog due to which he developed a fear of dogs. Over the years, his fear of dogs got gradually extinguished. Recently, on his way to work, he saw a similar big, white dog barking ferociously at a cat. Suddenly, he felt the fear of dogs again. This recurrence of Peter's fear of dogs is known as__________.

spontaneous-recovery

In classical conditioning, the term extinction can be misleading because__________.

spontaneous-recovery-of-extinguished-conditioned-responses-can-occur

Carl is teaching his dogs to jump through a hoop. At the onset of training, Carl gives the dogs treats for each movement toward the hoop. Then, he gives them treats as they near the hoop. Eventually he gives them treats only when they jump through the hoop. In this scenario, Carl reinforces__________of the goal.

successive-approximations

While on vacation, twelve years ago, Benjamin became extremely ill after eating some shrimps. To this day, he feels nauseous at the sight of shrimps and cannot eat them. Psychologists refer to Benjamin's response to shrimps as a__________.

taste-aversion

To help a child who watches violent programs act less aggressively, one should inform the child that__________.

the-aggressive-behaviors-he-or-she-watches-reflect-camera-tricks--special-effects--and-stunts

Contingency theory suggests that learning occurs only when__________.

the-conditioned-stimulus-provides-information-about-the-unconditioned-stimulus

​_________is an application of operant conditioning that has enabled people and lower animals to learn to control autonomic responses to attain reinforcement.

​Biofeedback training

_________is the acquisition of knowledge and skills by watching others rather than by means of direct experience.​

​Observational learning

Max is a waiter at a coffee shop. He gets paid $100every day at 9 p.m. regardless of the number of customers he serves during the day. In this context, Max is on a _____.​

​fixed-interval schedule

​As a little girl, Dana liked to watch her mother prepare dinner. As an adult, Dana now enjoys preparing gourmet meals for her family. Dana learned to cook by watching her mother cook rather than by means of direct experience. In the context of observational learning, Dana's mother was a _____ for her.

​model

The behavior that manipulates the environment is called_________.​

​operant behavior

Justin plays for his high-school soccer team. He practices scoring touchdowns every day. During matches against other schools, he manages to score an average of three out of every five touchdowns he attempts. In this context, Justin gets _____ for his efforts.​

​partial reinforcement

​In the terminology of observational learning, a person who engages in a response that is imitated is a _________.

​shaper

Carl is teaching his dogs to jump through a hoop. At the onset of training, Carl gives the dogs treats for each movement toward the hoop. Then, he gives them treats as they near the hoop. Eventually he gives them treats only when they jump through the hoop. In this scenario, Carl reinforces_____of the goal.​

​successive approximations

​While on vacation, twelve years ago, Benjamin became extremely ill after eating some shrimps. To this day, he feels nauseous at the sight of shrimps and cannot eat them. Psychologists refer to Benjamin's response to shrimps as a _____.

​taste aversion

​To help a child who watches violent programs act less aggressively, one should inform the child that_____.

​the aggressive behaviors he or she watches reflect camera tricks, special effects,and stunts

In a variable-interval schedule, reinforcement is provided after a _____.​

​variable amount of time has passed

During fishingtrips, Laurence casts his hook and waits for a fish to take the bait. He waits patiently as the fish can bite at any time. In this scenario, Laurence is on a _____.​

​variable-interval schedule

In the context of reinforcement schedules, a piece worker that gets paid on a per-shirt basis is on a _________.​

​variable-ratio schedule