psychology chapter 5: learning

Based on the discussion of biological preparedness and conditioned fears in the "In Focus" box, which statement about phobias is a fact? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Their selectivity has not been measured. Snake and spider phobias are actually uncommon. They seem quite selective. They are not very selective.

They seem quite selective.

Pavlov's groundbreaking work on the learning process, known as classical conditioning, involved the repeated pairing of two stimuli, first presenting a(n) _____ stimulus and then a(n) _____ stimulus. reinforced; operant conditioned; unconditioned response-producing; neutral neutral; response-producing

neutral; response-producing

The two primary types of conditioning discussed in the text are _____ and _____. stimuli; response operational; motivational operant; classical classical; mobile

operant; classical

Which psychologists strongly insisted that psychology should study only observable behaviors, not mental processes or consciousness? John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner Edward C. Tolman and Albert Bandura Martin Seligman and John Garcia Robert Rescorla and Edward L. Thorndike

John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner

Which statement about the Little Albert study is false? John Watson's methods are considered unethical because of the potential harm to Little Albert. John Watson's results showed how complex reactions could be produced through classical conditioning. John Watson's results showed how fear responses could be produced through classical conditioning. John Watson's methods were in compliance with today's ethical standards in the treatment of human participants.

John Watson's methods were in compliance with today's ethical standards in the treatment of human participants.

_____ proposed that the cognitive process of expectation occurred between a conditioned stimulus and a conditioned response. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Garcia Pavlov Watson and Rayner Rescorla and Wagner

Rescorla and Wagner

In psychology, the formal definition of learning is: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. any knowledge or skill that has been acquired in a school or in a formal training program. knowledge that can be measured by an intelligence or achievement test. a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of past experience. behavior that is the result of genetic programming.

a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of past experience.

When standing at a crosswalk, people frequently start crossing the street in response to stimuli that reliably precede the walk sign. (In this case, cars stopping.) This is very similar to what process of learning? extinction classical conditioning operant conditioning generalization

classical conditioning

The behaviorist approach to psychology ignored the influence of: childhood experiences. women. B.F. Skinner. cognition.

cognition.

Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person had become a(n): immediate reinforcer. unconditioned stimulus (US). conditioned stimulus (CS). primary reinforcer.

conditioned stimulus (CS).

Agnes has been unable to drive a motorcycle since being involved in a serious motorcycle accident. Every time she sees a motorcycle, her heart races and she begins to sweat. A person with knowledge of classical conditioning would be correct in saying that, for Agnes, the motorcycle is now a(n) _____, and the heart racing and sweating is the _____. unconditioned stimulus; conditioned response unconditioned response; unconditioned stimulus conditioned stimulus; conditioned response conditioned stimulus; unconditioned response

conditioned stimulus; conditioned response

Psychologist Robert A. Rescorla's contribution to the study of classical conditioning involved his insight that for learning to occur, the _____ stimulus must be a reliable signal that predicts the presentation of the _____ stimulus. unconditioned; conditioned reinforced; punished punished; reinforced conditioned; unconditioned

conditioned; unconditioned

Baby Kate has learned that every time she cries her mother picks her up. Although only 6 months old, Kate has already successfully applied a basic learning principle called "_____." perception imitation conditioning free association

conditioning

Five-year-old Packo was recently bitten by his grandmother's Pekingese. Packo sees a different small dog in the park a week later and begins to cry, but he shows no fear when he sees a large dog. Packo's behavior in response to the large dog indicates that he is showing: discrimination. a phobia. spontaneous recovery. generalization.

discrimination.

John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrated that classical conditioning caused the _____ in Little Albert. fear responses bedwetting behavior language abilities delayed development

fear responses

About five hours after Dr. Sheckenov had successfully extinguished a dog's classically conditioned response of salivating to the sound of a bell, she discovered that the dog once again salivated in the presence of the bell. This example illustrates the phenomenon of: stimulus generalization. second-order conditioning. spontaneous recovery. extinction.

spontaneous recovery.

Neta is training her dog, Panda, to bark when there is a knock on the door. She already knows that squeaking a mouse toy will make Panda bark. So, she decides to squeak the mouse and knock on the door at the same time to condition Panda to bark. What is the conditioned stimulus in this case? the squeaking mouse the knock on the door Neta Panda's bark

the knock on the door

Most learning involves the process of association. With classical conditioning, an organism comes to associate: a response and its consequences. two stimuli. something observed and its consequences. a neutral stimulus and a consequence.

two stimuli.

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response is called a "_____." conditioned/neutral stimulus (CS) unconditioned stimulus (US) conditioned response (CR) unconditioned response (UR)

unconditioned stimulus (US)

In his original studies of digestion, Pavlov placed food on a dog's tongue to make the dog salivate. In this situation, the food is a(n) _____ and the dog salivating is a(n) _____. unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response conditioned stimulus; conditioned response unconditioned stimulus; conditioned response conditioned stimulus; unconditioned response

unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response

Pavlov taught a dog to salivate at the sound of a ticking metronome by repeatedly pairing food with a metronome. In this example, the food is the _____ and the dog salivating to the food is the _____. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. conditioned response; unconditioned response unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response unconditioned stimulus; conditioned response conditioned stimulus; conditioned response

unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response