Psychology Chapter 6-12
preconventional morality
first level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by the consequences of the behavior -stage one: obedience, concerned with avoiding punishment -stage two: self-interest, concerned with gaining rewards , also called instrumental relativist stage cuz deals with concept of sharing
Force field theory (Kurt Lewin)
focus on current state of mind, not past or future or habits and such. Not fixed traits, habits, or structures such as ID and ego.
Latency Stage (6-puberty)
A phase of dormant sexual feelings
Schizophrenia
-a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions. -Must show signs for 6 months. -Positive symptoms: behaviors or thoughts that add to normal behavior, like hallucinations, disorganized thought, and disorganized/catatonic behavior -Negative symptoms: involve the absence of normal or desired behaviors, like depression, avolition, or disturbance of affect
Oedipal/Electra Complex
(Freud) occurs during the phallic stage - (Oedipal) boys sexually desire their mother, but fear the father's punishment (castration anxiety) - Electra (girls) girl sexually desire their father, but fear the mother's punishment and have penis envy
Heinz Dilemma (Kohlberg)
- asks a participant to explain why he believes it is better to steal a drug to save a person's life or to obey the law by not stealing the drug
hierarchy of salience
- how our identities are organized - we let the situation dictate which identity holds the most importance for us at any given moment
personal construct psychology
- humanistic theory -people are scientists that devise & test predictions about behavior of significant people in their lives - people experience anxiety when they have difficulty constructing & understanding variables in environment -George Kelly
Three dichotomies of personality (Jung)
-Extroversion vs introversion -Sensing vs intuiting (info from world vs info from abstract) -Thinking vs Feeling
PEN model
-psychoticism: a measure of nonconformity or social deviance -extraversion: a measure of tolerance for social interaction and stimulation -neuroticism: a measure of emotional arousal in stressful situations -Eysencks
Carl Jung
1875-1961; Field: neo-Freudian, analytic psychology; Contributions: people had conscious and unconscious awareness; archetypes; collective unconscious; libido is all types of energy, not just sexual; Studies: dream studies/interpretation -created concept of "collective unconscious" -Identified ego as conscious mind and divided unconscious into two parts: personal and collective
Karen Horney
1885-1952; Field: neo-Freudian, psychodynamic; Contributions: criticized Freud, stated that personality is molded by current fears and impulses, rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences and instincts, neurotic trends Neo-Freudian; offered feminist critique of Freud's theory basic anxiety and basic hostility
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
A widely used personality test based on Jungian types. a personality test that taps four characteristics and classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types -Jung's three dichotomies and fourth of judging vs perceiving
archetypes
According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.
Humors
According to the Greeks and Romans, bodily chemicals that influence mental and physical functioning Four body fluids - blood (impulsive and charismatic), phlegm (relaxed and affectionate), black bile (depressive and cautious), and yellow bile (aggressive, dominant) -according to an ancient theory, control personality by their relative abundance.
inferior complex
Adler's concept: the individual's sense of incompleteness, sense of imperfection, physical inferiorities, as well as social disabilities; one strives for superiority
self-efficacy
An individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.
Sigmund Freud
Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis. created psychosexual development theory
Kohlberg's stages of moral development
Based on development of moral thinking. preconventional, conventional, postconventional
Freud personality structure
Believe that personality is composed of three interacting mental structures: ID, EGO, and the SUPEREGO
collective unconscious
Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history
somatotypes
Classification of personality based on body type, made by William Sheldon. all short and stocky people are jolly
Suppression
Consciously and intentionally pushing unpleasant feelings out of one's mind
Generativity vs. Stagnation (40 to 65)
Erikson's stage of social development in which middle-aged people begin to devote themselves more to fulfilling one's potential and doing public service. Favorable= productive, caring, and contributing member of society. bad results in self-indulgent, bored, and self centered
integrity vs despair (above 65)
Erikson's final stage in which those near the end of life look back and evaluate their lives. Favorable= wisdom, assurance in meaning of life, dignity, and acceptance of life with readiness for death. bad results in bitterness about life, feeling worthless, and fear of death
autonomy vs shame and doubt stage
Erikson's stage between ages of one and three, where the child must develop a sense of control over bodily functions and over the environment. E.g.Toilet training mastery. IF doubt wins will have self doubt and external locus of control
Identity vs. Role Confusion (12 to 20)
Erikson's stage during which teenagers and young adults search for and become their true selves, encompasses physiological revolution. Favorable outcome is fidelity, ability to see self as unique and integrated with loyalties. unfavorable leads to confusion about one's identity and shifts in personality
Anima vs Animus (Carl Jung)
Female images in male mind vs male image in female mind man's inner woman vs woman's inner man
zone of proximal development
In Vygotsky's theory, the range between children's present level of knowledge and their potential knowledge state if they receive proper guidance and instruction -skills not yet fully developed, but are in process of development
intimacy vs isolation stage (20 to 40)
according to Erikson, a period during early adulthood that focuses on developing close relationships. Favorable= love, ability to have intimate relationships, and ability to commit. bad will avoid commitment, alienation, and distance one's self
Alfred Adler
Neo-Freudian; introduced concept of "inferiority complex" and stressed the importance of birth order -people primarily motivated by striving for superiority
Neurotic Needs (Horney)
Signs of neurosis in Horney's theory, these 10 needs are normal desires carried to a neurotic extreme. like need for independence or affection
phenomenological approach
The assumption that one must appreciate individuals' personal, subjective experiences to truly understand their behavior.
Factor Five model
The reduced list of dimensions aka Big Five, OCEAN -openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
psychoanalytic theories of personality
Unconscious internal states determine personality eg. Freud, Jung, Adler, Horney
Kenneth and Mamie Clark
Used dolls to study children's attitude towards race. Their findings were used in the Brown vs. Board trial. Majority, both white and black kids, showed preference for the white doll.
Token economies
a behavioral technique in which desirable behaviors are reinforced with a token, such as a small chip or fake coin, which can be exchanged for privileges
Functional Autonomy (Allport)
a bit component of allport's theory; behaviour continues despite satisfaction of the drive that originally created the behaviour (i.e. hunt for food, but then hunt for the kill)
unconditional positive regard
a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance
persona
a character in a novel or play; the outward character or role that a person assumes -archetype, Jung
Trait
a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports
psychotic disorder
a group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality, delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought, disorganized behavior, catatonia, and negative symptoms
client-centered therapy
a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.) -people have freedom to control their own behavior -people not slaves to unconscious (psychoanalysts) or faulty learning (behaviorists)
Reciprocal Determinism (Bandura)
a person's behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment. Everything comes together to influence actions -feelings, thoughts, behaviors, and environment all interact to determine actions
Locus of control
a person's tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the environment -internal- controlling one's own fate -external- luck or other outside influences
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes -Like Rorschach inkblot test -Testing projection defense mechanism
behaviorist
a psychologist who analyzes how organisms learn or modify their behavior based on their response to events in the environment. B.F. Skinner. based heavily on operant conditioning
ID
a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. Inborn urges to survive and reproduce. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification. -Primary process is the ID's response to frustration, to obtain satisfaction now -mental imagery, daydreaming or fantasy, fulfills need for satisfaction termed wish fulfillment
looking-glass self
a term coined by Charles Horton Cooley to refer to the process by which our self develops through internalizing others' reactions to us
Gestalt Theory
a theory based on the idea that the whole of personal experience is different from simply the sum of its constituent elements. holistic view of self, not just looking at behaviors or drives
Initiative vs Guilt stage
according to Erikson, the period during which children aged 3 to 6 years experience conflict between independence of action and the sometimes negative results of that action. If favorable, have sense of purpose, ability to initiate activates, and ability to enjoy accomplishment. If guilt wins then child will restrict himself or overcompensate
trust vs mistrust stage
according to Erikson, the period during which infants develop a sense of trust or mistrust, largely depending on how well their needs are met by their caregivers. up to one year old. if mistrust wins will always be suspicious
industry vs inferiority stage
according to Erikson, the period from age 6 to 12 characterized by a focus on efforts to attain competence in meeting the challenges presented by parents, peers, school, and the other complexities of the modern world. Favorable results able to exercise abilities and intelligence, and able to affect world in way they desire. bad results in sense of inadequacy and low self-esteem
fixation
according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved. leads to personality pattern based on that particular stage into adulthood as a functional mental disorder (neurosis)
unconscious
according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware. -subconscious
Indirect therapy (Biopsychosocial approach)
aims to increase social support by educating and empowering family and friends of affected individual
self-concept
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"
biomedical approach
an approach to psychological disorders that considers only pathophysiological causes and offers pharmaceutical and medical solutions for symptom alleviation Fails to take into account other sources of disorders
humanistic psychology
an approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings
Personality
an individual's characteristic style of behaving, thinking, and feeling -thoughts, feelings, traits, and behaviors characteristic of an individual across time and locations
biopsychosocial approach
an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis
reference group
any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior
situational approach
behavior is determined largely by the situation or environment
dispositional approach
behavior is primarily determined by an individual's personality
self-schema
beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information
Gordon Allport's Trait Theory
cardinal traits (traits which person organizes their life around), central traits (majority characteristics, like honestly), secondary traits (other, only appear in close groups)
role-taking
children's play that involves assuming adult roles, thus enabling the child to experience different points of view
self-discrepancy theory
holds that we have three selves: 1) actual self: way we see ourselves as we currently are 2) ideal self: person we would like to be 3) ought self: our representation of the way others think we should be - the closer these 3 are to one another, the higher our self-esteem or self-worth will be
preconscious
in Freud's theory, the level of consciousness in which thoughts and feelings are not conscious but are readily retrieveable to consciousness
repression
keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious -unconscious forgetting
theory of gender schema
key components of gender identity are transmitted through cultural and societal means
Erik Erikson
neo-Freudian, humanistic; 8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?" -Emphasizes emotional development and interactions with the social environment -fail if conflict not resolved. successful resolution of a stage marked by answering an essential existential question
identity
our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles. self concept related to the groups we belong to
theory of mind
people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.
Oral Stage (0-18 months)
pleasure centers on the mouth- sucking, biting, chewing. fixated adult exhibits excessive dependency
Anal Stage (18-36 months)
pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control. fixation leads to excessive orderliness or sloppiness
Self (Jung)
point of intersection between the collective unconscious, the personal unconscious, and the conscious mind. strives for unity
psychosexual development
process proposed by Freud in which pleasure-seeking urges focus on different erogenous zones of the body as humans move through five stages of life. believes libido since born
reaction formation
psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings. -wanting celebrity, will never meet, so outwardly expresses hate
Regression
psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated. reversion to earlier developmental state
displacement
psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet
social cognitive theory
referring to the use of cognitive processes in relation to understanding the social world
Style of Life (Adler)
represents the manifestation of the creative self and describes a person's unique way of achieving superiority
eight defense mechanisms
repression, projection, denial, rationalization, regression, reaction formation, displacement and sublimation Ego's recourse for relieving anxiety caused by the clash of ID and superego -All deny, falsify or distort reality. And all operate unconsciously
conventional morality
second level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by conforming to the society's norms of behavior. Relationships to others. -stage three: conformity, seeks approval of others -stage four: law and order, maintains the social order in the highest regard
Genital Stage (puberty on)
sexual feelings re-emerge and are oriented toward others. If childhood traumas not resolved, then leads to homosexuality, asexuality, or fetichism
Phallic Stage (3-6 years)
stage focuses on pleasure zone in the genitals, coping with incestuous sexual feelings. also known as Oedipal stage. Libidinal energy is sublimated. Oedipal conflict for males and Electra conflict for females. Forced to sublimate libidinal energy
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory
the approach that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture -cultural rues, symbols, language, etc.
ethnic identity
the aspect of individuals' sense of identity concerning ancestry, language, heritage, or racial group membership. An enduring, basic aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group and the attitudes and feelings related to that membership.
psychosexual stages
the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
shadow archetype
the dark side of the personality; the archetype that contains primitive animal instincts. responsible for the appearance of unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings, and actions in our consciousness
learned helplessness
the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events. the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past. Shocking dogs experiment
Ego
the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain. -Secondary process- takes into account objective reality as it guides or inhibits the activity of the ID -Suspends workings of primary process to meet demands of objective reality -also responsible for moderating the superego
Superego
the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations. Can be divided into: -Conscience- collection of the improper actions which a child is punished -Ego-ideal- proper actions for which a child is rewarded -judging our actions and responding with pride at our accomplishments and guilt with failures
object relations theory
the psychodynamic theory that views the desire for relationships as the key motivating force in human behavior. like parents
biological psychology
the scientific study of the links between biological and psychological processes. personality can be explained as a result of genetic expression
postconventional morality
third level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the person's behavior is governed by moral principles that have been decided on by the individual and that may be in disagreement with accepted social norms - stage five: social contract, views moral rules designed for greater good, with reasoning focused on individual rights -stage six: universal human ethics, decisions should be made in consideration of abstract principles
sublimation
transforming a socially unacceptable impulse into an admired goal
direct therapy (Biopsychosocial approach)
treatment that acts directly on the individual such as medication or periodic meetings with a psychologist
Fictional Finalism (Adler)
we are more motivated by future vs past.
