Psychology chapter 6

One subtype of implicit memory involves ______ ______ , which is the automatic learning of associations between stimuli, so that one stimulus comes to evoke the same response as the other.

Blank 1: classical Blank 2: conditioning

Megan is sitting outside watching people in a park while listening to music, surfing the web, and studying for her biology exam. This multitasking is called ________ ______ , and it decreases encoding.

Blank 1: divided Blank 2: attention

There are two aspects of the serial position effect: Better recall for items at the beginning is referred to as the ________ effect, and better recall for items at the end is referred to as _______ .

Blank 1: primacy Blank 2: recency

_____ failure occurs when the information has never entered long-term memory.

Encoding

______ memory is when behavior is affected by prior experience without a conscious recollection of the experience.

Implicit

Which of the following is a limitation of rehearsal?

It doesn't work well for retaining information over the long term because it involves just mechanical repetition of information.

Which of the following statements are true regarding short-term memory?

It is a limited-capacity memory system and it can store information longer than sensory memory.

Which of the following statements are true regarding explicit memory?

It is sometimes referred to as declarative memory. It is the conscious recollection of specific facts and events that can be verbally communicated.

You've just met Juan at a party and he tells you his phone number so you can get together later. You didn't write it down right away, and a few minutes later, you have forgotten it. This is because you failed to move the phone number from _____ -term memory to _______ -term memory.

Short Long

Which of the following statements explain why the last several items on a list are remembered?

The items may still be in working memory and items' recency makes them easier to recall.

Which of the following are true regarding the effect of elaboration on encoding?

The material is easier to remember, and retrieval paths are created.

Which of the following are explanations for why the primacy effect occurs?

When the first items enter working memory, there is little competition for rehearsal time, the first few items are more elaboratively processed, and the first few items are rehearsed more.

_____ memory is a kind of mental workbench where the brain manipulates and assembles information to guide understanding, decision making, and problem solving.

Working

A failure in prospective memory, when we become preoccupied with something else, is called _____; it often involves a breakdown between attention and memory storage.

absentmindedness

People who are allowed to give their full attention to information that they must remember do _____ people who must divide their attention.

better than

One subtype of implicit memory involves _____, which is the automatic learning of associations between stimuli. For example, a person who always gets bad news in work meetings may come to associate work meetings with anxiety.

classical conditioning

Memory research that suggests that assemblies of cells distributed over large areas of the cerebral cortex work together to represent information is consistent with

connectionism

Which theory states that the passage of time always increases forgetting?

decay

______ theory states that the passage of time always increases forgetting.

decay

At which of the following levels of processing are we most likely to recall information?

deepest level

______ attention involves concentrating on more than one task or activity at a time.

divided

Concentrating on more than one activity at a time is called

divided attention

Generally speaking, the more __ the processing, the better memory will be; deep processing is a powerful way to remember information.

elaborate

Dr. Marsh has her General Psychology class go through an exercise in which they look at a group of objects and attempt to remember them. Then she has the class look at another group of objects and create a story involving them. The class finds the second group easier to remember because of

elaboration

When ________ is extensive, the person has attempted to make the to-be-remembered information meaningful and has engaged in detailed processing.

elaboration

According to the concept of levels of processing, the process of _____ involves three levels.

encoding

The initial recording of information into memory is called

encoding

The process by which information gets into memory storage is ______

encoding

Hazel vividly remembers her first week in college. This is an example of _____ memory.

episodic

______ memory is the retention of information about the where, when, and what of life's happenings.

episodic

The two main components of long-term memory are ____ memory, which consists of our semantic and episodic memories, and ____ memory, which consists of our procedural memories, classical conditioning, and priming.

explicit and implicit

The two main components of long-term memory are _____ memory, which consists of our semantic and episodic memories, and _____ memory, which consists of our procedural memories, classical conditioning, and priming.

explicit and implicit

In order to remember the way to the library, Kareem created a mental picture of all of the things he sees on his usual route. Kareem used mental _____ to remember the necessary route.

imagery

In order to remember the way to the library, Kareem created a mental picture of all of the things he sees on his usual route. Kareem used mental to remember the necessary route.

imagery

When Don was an undergraduate many years ago, his physics professor shot a flaming arrow across the lecture hall to illustrate a physics theory. Don vividly remembers the theory today. This is an example of the effect of

imagery

If you are asked to remember a list of words, the words memorized _____ are the least likely to be remembered.

in the middle

Rehearsal increases the

length of time that information can be held in short-term memory

A relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information is _____ memory.

long term

__________ is defined as the retention of information or experience over time.

memory

The number of digits an individual can report back after a single presentation of them is a reflection of

memory span.

Encoding failure occurs when the information was

never entered into long-term memory

Another term for implicit memory is ______ memory.

nondeclarative

Long-term memory is a _____ type of memory that stores huge amounts of information.

permanent

The ______ effect occurs because those items in a list are rehearsed more, they are more elaborately processed, and they are able to get the benefit of more rehearsal time with less competition from other items.

primacy

Gia is given a set of words to study, and hat is one of those words. On a later task, she is asked to complete the following item: -at. Gia is more likely to make -at into hat than cat or bat because of the concept known as

priming

Serenity is given a set of words to study, and dog is one of those words. On a later task, she is asked to complete the following item: -og. Serenity is more likely to make -og into dog than hog or bog because of the concept known as

priming

What are two types of interference?

proactive and retroactive

Angel hasn't ridden a bicycle for five years; yet, when he hops on, he finds he can still ride. This illustrates _____ memory.

procedural

Skylar lived in a foreign country for a year, and she didn't drive a car during that time. When she came back to the United States, she found it effortless to drive her car. Her ability to remember how to drive is an example of _____ memory.

procedural

The type of implicit memory that involves the memory for skills is referred to as _____ memory.

procedural

In terms of how we engage with information we are trying to remember, the continuum from shallow, to intermediate, to deep, where deeper levels produce better memory, is called levels of

processing

_____ is a memory task in which the person has to retrieve previously learned information; _____ is a memory task in which the person has to identify learned items.

recall and recognition

The _____ effect occurs because the several items in a list may still be in working memory, and the placement of the items' presentation within the list makes them easier to recall.

recency

The conscious repetition of information is also known as

rehearsal

The memory technique of _____ does not work well for retaining information over the long term because it often involves just mechanically repeating information.

rehearsal

Jason is actively trying to remember his teammates' names, so he writes down the numbers from their jerseys and the position they play on the team, along with the first letter of their names. He is using the numbers as _____ cues to help his memory for the names of his teammates.

retrieval

The three fundamental processes of memory are encoding, storage, and _____

retrieval

The tip-of-the tongue phenomenon is a failure of

retrieval

Which of the following is the memory process by which information held in memory is brought out of storage?

retrieval

______ is the memory process by which information retained in memory is brought out of storage—that is, when we recall or remember something.

retrieval

Which of the following are the fundamental components of memory?

retrieval encoding storage

One good strategy for generating _____ ______ is to use different subcategories to help remember information.

retrieval cues

If you are trying to remember a new friend's name, you might try going through the alphabet in order to generate names that begin with each letter. This is an example of using

retrieval cues.

_____ attention involves focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring other stimuli.

selective

Marisol is reading her textbook while ignoring the argument her younger siblings are having in the same room. Marisol's situation is a good example of

selective attention

Denisha is studying for an exam. As she studies different concepts, she helps herself to remember by making up examples of the concepts that relate to her own life. Denisha is using _____ to help her remember the course concepts.

self-referencing

Sandeep has a lot of general knowledge, not tied to a particular time or place, about international affairs. This is an example of _____ memory.

semantic

______ memory is a type of explicit memory that includes your areas of expertise, general academic knowledge, and everyday knowledge about the meanings of words and common things.

semantic

The three systems of memory in the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory are ______ memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

sensory

When you stand outside on a spring day, you smell flowers, see the sun, and feel the breeze. What type of memory is initially collecting all this information?

sensory

You are at a concert, where you hear the orchestra rehearsing, feel the velvet seat you are on, and smell the perfume of the woman in front of you. The best description of this is ______ memory.

sensory

The _____ position effect refers to the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list better than the items in the middle.

serial

According to researchers such as George Miller, short-term memory's capacity is _____ plus or minus _____.

seven; two

Saving information in memory for future use is called

storage

Information must be encoded and _____ in order to be retrieved later.

stored

Explicit memory is

the conscious recollection of specific facts about an event or situation.

Rehearsal involves _____ information.

the conscious repetition of

Interference occurs when

the instructor keeps talking as you are trying to write down what she just said

Memory is defined as the

the retention of information or experience over time

Ariadna tried to remember her grocery list, but she was only able to remember eggs and butter (which were listed at the top) and juice and cereal (which were listed at the bottom). This illustrates

the serial position effect.

Eli knows the name of the capital of his state, but he forgets it when his teacher asks. This is known as

the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory storage,

there are three separate memory systems

According to the concept of levels of processing, we are most likely to remember things if we consider

what they mean.

The concept of _____ memory refers to a combination of short-term memory and attention that allows us to hold information temporarily as we perform tasks.

working

In a longitudinal study examining how long explicit memories last, researchers found that the forgetting of information tended to happen in the first _____ years and then leveled off.

3

In one longitudinal study, researchers found that the forgetting of academic information tended to level off within ____ years of taking a class.

3

Ashleigh is studying for an exam. As she studies, she thinks about how different concepts remind her of events and situations that have occurred in her own life. Ashleigh is using _____ - ______ to help her remember the course concepts.

: self, self-referencing,

Sam has to remember a 12-digit number that he generated for his computer password (198819892001). He remembers the information as the birth years of his three sisters: 1988, 1989, 2001. Sam's strategy is .

chunking

Which of the following involves grouping information into higher-order units that can be remembered as single units?

chunking

What are two ways to improve short-term memory?

chunking and rehearsal

One subtype of implicit memory involves _____, which is the automatic learning of associations between stimuli. For example, a person who always gets bad news in work meetings may come to associate work meetings with anxiety

classical conditioning