Psychology Chapter 7: Memory

Match each of the terms to its definition.

temporary block of information the person knows- Tip-of-the-tongue directing excessive attention to a single stimulus and neglecting peripheral stimuli- weapon focus loss of information in sensory or working memory prior to storage- encoding failure avoiding thinking about an event, resulting in less-robust memory of that event- motivated forgetting

Match the terms with their corresponding processes.

the nervous system's ability to acquire, retain, and retrieve information- memory remembering stored information- retrieval processing information for storage- encoding retention of information- storage

According to Craik and Lockhart's levels-of-processing model, place the types of encoding in order of how deeply the memories will be encoded, from shallowest to deepest.

visual auditory semantic self-referential

Which of the following are aspects of long-term potentiation?

Correct Answer(s) Synaptic connections strengthen. Neural plasticity occurs. Postsynaptic firing increases. Incorrect Answer(s) Memory processing is blocked. Memory processing is decreased.

While at a bonfire, someone quickly spells out the word LOVE with a sparkler. For a moment, you can clearly see the word spelled out, as if it were hanging in the air. Which of the following statements about this phenomenon are true?

Correct Answer(s) The word is passing through iconic memory. The effect is caused by neural persistence. Incorrect Answer(s) The word is initially processed by working memory. The word will be visible for several minutes. The brain perceives the motion as a set of disconnected points in space.

Which of the following are examples of encoding specificity impacting memory?

Correct Answer(s) mood-dependent retrieval. state-dependent retrieval. Incorrect Answer(s) self-referential encoding. flashbulb memories. free recall.

Which of the following are required for memory to function without impairment?

Correct Answer(s) regular sleep. consolidation. Incorrect Answer(s) anterograde amnesia. conscious effort. electroconvulsion.

Match each of the terms with a corresponding scenario.

Damien thinks that Finland has gone to war with Russia but can't remember where he heard it from- source amnesia Aïcha believes an argument she had in a dream happened in real life.- error in reality monitoring Elna believes she's written a very good poem but hasn't realized that several lines come from a piece of popular music- error in source monitoring

Four men were present when a pregnant woman went into labor and gave birth in the lobby of a bank. Rank them in order of how well each is likely to remember the events after the fact, from least to most.

Danh was born with Urbach-Wiethe syndrome and lacks an amygdala. Ibrahim was taking a propranolol to control his blood pressure during the memory. Jayvon had opened a checking account at the branch that same day. Shane had worked in the bank for the last five years.

How do episodic memories with a strong emotional component differ from less emotional ones?

Emotional memories are less likely to be forgotten.

Each time the eye is exposed to a particular stimulus, it produces an identical pattern of activity in the brain.

False

Humans are the only species to show unambiguous evidence of having episodic memories.

False

José and his friends like to study for tests in different ways. Rank how well each strategy will help on the final exam, from best to worst.

José reads the chapter, closes the book, and tries to recall all of the concepts described. Nitish creates concept maps of the information. Maria rereads the chapter several times.

One of the functions of the central executive is to judge which pieces of information are irrelevant or not worth retaining.

True

Memory consolidation involves a strengthening of synaptic connections, in a process called _____. When learning occurs, the amount of ____ increases, which in turn increases the ____ by the ____, which triggers an action potential when it is sufficiently ____.

long-term potentiation CREB response to stimulation post-synaptic neuron depolarized

H.M., later revealed to be a man named Henry Molaison, had portions of his ____ removed to treat epilepsy. The surgery left his working and long-term memory ___. His ability to transfer information from working memory to long-term memory was ____. This demonstrated that working memory and long-term memory are ___.

medial temporal lobes intact lost distinct

Enoch is participating in a brain-scanning study. The room is dark except for a projector that displays photographs as visual stimuli. The experiment goes awry when the bulb in the projector fails, leaving the scanning room in complete darkness. For a couple of seconds, Enoch can see an afterimage of the last photograph that the projector was displaying, and according to the brain scanner, his occipital lobe remains active during this brief interval. What is the name for this period of occipital activity?

neural persistence

Based on Craik and Lockhart's levels-of-processing memory model, place in order how deeply the following information about dogs will be encoded, from the shallowest to the deepest.

A person glances at a magazine and sees a picture of a dog. A person can remember all the breeds of dogs because she knows a song that lists them. A person dog-sits and spends the weekend walking and playing with a dog. A person grew up with dogs and owns them to this day.

Match the following scenarios to the corresponding variety of amnesia.

After Shohreh slipped on ice and hit her head, she did not remember what she did for the rest of the day- anterograde amnesia A scientist at a conference accidentally gets very drunk at the reception before his keynote address. The next day, he cannot recall delivering the talk- anterograde amnesia Sean barely escaped from a burning building. The next day he could not remember how he'd ended up in the building in the first place- retrograde amnesia Following a bad case of viral encephalitis, Navid found he could not remember the last two years of his life- retrograde amnesia

Are each of the following examples of retroactive or proactive interference?

Carolyn recently changed her computer password and could not recall her old password- retroactive interference. Kavita keeps confusing a new employee's name with that of another, recently fired employee- proactive interference. Erin took four years of French in high school. On her first college exam in Italian, she could only recall the French words.- proactive interference. Tanya has trouble remembering events from the first season of her favorite show right after binging the latest season- retroactive interference.

Which of the following appear to be required for a fearful association to be chemically disrupted?

Correct Answer(s) A protein synthesis inhibitor must be injected into the amygdala. The stimulus that had previously been associated with a bad outcome must be experienced. Incorrect Answer(s) The subject must enter a hypnotic trance. The memory must be repressed by some subsequent trauma. A portion of the hippocampus must be surgically removed.

Identify the following ways in which false memories could be constructed.

Correct Answer(s) An imagined event will form a mental image that may be later recalled as a real event. A person may falsely remember that a word was part of a list, if it was related to words that were in the list. A person may hear a story from a friend, then later recall having had the experience themselves. Incorrect Answer(s) A person immediately rehearses information he learned right after having learned it. A person attends to details of an event as it unfolds.

Bakary is participating in a study of memory. He is presented with the following ambiguous image (without the letter labels), while hearing the word "eyeglasses" through headphones. After a 30-minute delay doing another task, he is asked to draw the image he saw from memory. How would we expect his drawing to differ from the drawing he saw originally?

Correct Answer(s) He will probably draw the line E with a curve. He will probably connect the lines C and D to the circles. He will probably omit the lines A and B. Incorrect Answer(s) He will probably omit the line E. He will probably draw lines A and B the same length. He will probably draw the lines C and D as parallel.

Which of the following are characteristics of long-term memory?

Correct Answer(s) It has almost limitless capacity. It is relatively permanent. Incorrect Answer(s) Learning new information causes old information to be lost. It is limited to 20 to 30 items at a time.

Which of the following are characteristics of working memory?

Correct Answer(s) Its capacity is very limited. Information is available for less than 30 seconds. Information can be maintained through rehearsal. Incorrect Answer(s) Information is lost after 2 or 3 seconds. It holds information from one source at a time.

Which of the following features do flashbulb memories possess?

Correct Answer(s) People have confidence in their accuracy. They are extremely vivid. Their accuracy is high shortly after the event. Incorrect Answer(s) Their accuracy is high long after the event. Some have a strong emotional component, while others do not. They change very little over time.

Which of the following are examples of semantic memory?

Correct Answer(s) Reciting movie dialog you know by heart. Repeating driving directions to a new restaurant over the phone. Explaining the rules for playing a card game. Incorrect Answer(s) Eating while reading a book. Walking on the beach while gazing out at the ocean waves.

Which of the following are examples of memory consolidation?

Correct Answer(s) Sergio better remembers the names of clients he met the previous day after a good night's sleep. Patients receiving ECT do not experience memory loss if stimulation is limited to one lobe of the brain at a time. Incorrect Answer(s) Jared spends all night reciting a phone number to himself so he won't forget it. Brady remembers events that happened last year about as clearly as events that happened five years ago. As a side-effect of medication, June can't remember what happened yesterday, even though she was fine and clear-headed at the time.

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the results in this figure, originally reported by Anderson and Green (2001)? Select all that apply.

Correct Answer(s) The effects of rehearsal appear stronger than the effects of suppression. Rehearsing information increases recall. Incorrect Answer(s) We cannot choose what we remember and what we forget. People who make no effort recall little of what they learn. Accurate recall of some memories requires the suppression of other memories. By practicing active suppression, we can choose to forget most of what we learn.

Which of the following are examples of infantile amnesia?

Correct Answer(s) The first apartment Fritz can remember living in was actually the third apartment he and his parents shared during early life. Anahit's earliest memory is of her first day of preschool at age 3. Chantou owned a toy giraffe when she was 2 years old but has no memory of it as an adult. Incorrect Answer(s) Josie is 3 years old, and she doesn't remember what she ate for dinner yesterday. When Hernan was 4 years old, he suffered a concussion and forgot about a week's worth of memories.

Which of the following are examples of recognition memory?

Correct Answer(s) seeing an actor's face in a film and thinking, "Oh, I've seen her before." Noticing when a musician plays a wrong note, even though you can't sing the melody yourself Incorrect Answer(s) demonstrating that you know what a horse looks like by drawing one. knowing what a dish will taste like from its description on a menu. being able to sing the lyrics to a song if you can hear the melody.

Are each of the following effective or ineffective methods for improving memory?

Cram the night before a test.- ineffective Study at regular intervals over the long term- effective Look for connections to your own life- effective Eliminate sources of distraction- effective Practice memorizing definitions verbatim- ineffective Stay up late- ineffective

If an individual has a severely impaired short-term memory, they will be unable to form long-term memories.

False

Identify each of the following scenarios as either free recall or cued recall.

Recite a poem from memory on the spur of the moment.- free recall A midterm includes the following question: "Write down twenty of the vocabulary terms from the last quarter, along with their definitions."- free recall "We finish each other's...""...sandwiches!"- cued recall Name ten people from grade school after looking at a yearbook- cued recall Answer multiple-choice questions- cued recall Name ten people from grade school without looking at a yearbook- free recall

In filmmaking, a "continuity error" refers to a mistake in which features of a scene appear to violate cause and effect. For example, in a scene shot in a bar, an angry patron might smash a beer bottle but after a switch in camera angles the bottle is visible again for a few seconds. Despite paying close attention to the screen, we seldom seem to notice these errors. Why is this?

The capacity of sensory memory is large but very short-lived, whereas the capacity of short-term memory is much smaller.

Caleb remembers being taken on a flight in a crop-dusting airplane as a child, but his parents insist that no such activity ever occurred. Since this is probably an example of a false memory, what can we assume about it?

The memory is based on the gist of what a flight would be like.

Research indicates that cells in the medial temporal lobe fire selectively for stimuli associated with specific individuals, such as Clint Eastwood, for example. Which of the following statements best describes what these studies have shown?

These person-selective cells are also active when presented with stimuli associated with those individuals.

Are each of the following effective or ineffective methods for improving memory?

Transition directly from one learning topic to the next.- ineffective Avoid mixing visual learning with auditory learning- ineffective Pay attention to potential retrieval cues in your surroundings- effective Take short breaks during work and long breaks on your days off- effective Use deadlines to keep the pressure on- ineffective Go to bed at a reasonable hour- effective

David is a stage magician who is famous for his close-up card tricks. Learning a new trick involves extensively practicing the same series of hand movements until they are second nature. If David practices for several hours a day, we would expect the brain areas associated with learning these motor plans to be as active during learning as they are several hours later.

True

Despite advances in our understanding of memory reconsolidation, it still isn't possible to selectively delete memories or associations.

True

Select all of the following statements that are true.

True Without rehearsal of new information, we quickly forget much more than we remember. According to trace decay theory, we forget information that we don't access. False All memory disorders consist of either misremembering or not remembering enough. Retroactive interference is caused by negative transfer of past memories.

Although most adults are unable to remember events prior to 3 years of age, some report particularly intense memories from earlier in life than that. Whether such memories are genuine or fabricated, however, remains controversial. Which of the following hypotheses has been put forward for how some people appear to have such early life memories?

When families have intense emotional experiences, they tend to retell the story of those events, and young children come to recall those stories as memories.

Taking into account the encoding specificity principle, match each of the following activities with the setting in which they are likely easiest to remember how to do.

a lecture hall- Take an exam the woods- build a campfire underwater- regulate a scuba respirator a basketball court- make free throws

Match the terms with their definitions.

association of stimuli- classical conditioning facts- semantic memory experiences- episodic memory coordinated movement patterns- procedural memory

Nicholas is writing a memoir and finds it difficult to recall the details of his childhood visits to the home of his grandparents. Fortunately, the house is still in the family, having been inherited by his sister. Upon visiting her and spending time in the house, he finds memories of those childhood visits flooding back. Which of the following explains this change?

encoding specificity

Match each of the terms to its definition.

process for storing and rehearsing language- phonological loop process for manipulating shapes and images- visuo-spatial sketchpad a set of operations for manipulating information- working memory top-down cognitive functions- central executive grouping separate stimuli into wholes or categories- chunking storage for very recently acquired information- short-term memory

Which of the following experiences is likely to be encoded at the shallowest level of processing?

seeing a sign written using an alphabet you aren't familiar with

Onahoua has a neurodegenerative disorder that makes it hard for her to come up with words or to say how images relate to one another. Additionally, she struggles with the comprehension of both written and spoken instructions. Which of the following terms describes her condition?

semantic dementia

Place the following events describing the acquisition and recall of a memory in chronological order.

sensation encoding storage retrieval

Memory distortions mainly occur when the stakes associated with recalling correctly are low.

False

Multiple-choice tests are necessarily easier than free-response tests, because recognition is always easier than recall.

False

When looking back on life, people recall more memories from some periods of their life than others. Memories from that period are not only more numerous but are also generally more vivid and personally meaningful.

True

The study of human memory was substantially advanced by studying sea slugs.

True