Psychology Chapter 8: Human Development

Which of the following is typical of the concrete operational stage, according to Piaget? (Select all that apply.)

Abstract thinking is not yet developed. It involves logical reasoning.

Which of the following is a big entity that is the consequence of the interaction of multiple low-level factors?

An emergent property

Newborns reflexively suck everything that touches their lips. Their experience in sucking various objects allows them to _____ those objects into schemas of taste, texture, shape, and so on. After several months of experience, they _____ the sucking schema by being more selective with it.

Assimilate, accomodate

Elliott is a 2-year-old toddler. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, this means that Elliott is in the preoperational stage. Which of the following is true of this stage?

At this stage, children have difficulty understanding the concept of reversible operations. Children in this stage make judgments based on gut feelings rather than logic.

Leonard Hayflick developed the _____________-____________ theory of aging, which says that our cells become less capable of dividing as we age.

Celluar-clock

The time period of development from birth until 10 years of age is referred to as

Childhood

Sam has recently started to learn a second language. In developmental terms, this is an example of

Cognitive Change

Dr. Franklin wants to assess the intelligence of 1,000 people ages 20, 30, and 40. If he does this as a cross-sectional study, he has some concerns that because these people were all born at different times and have had different experiences and opportunities, there may be _____.

Cohort Effects

Which of Piaget's stages occurs from ages 7 to 11 years and is characterized by logical thought, reversibility, and the ability to classify, divide, and consider the interrelation of things?

Concrete operational

Which approach to infant cognitive development is based on the idea that babies are born with "prewired" knowledge systems that allow them to make sense of their worlds?

Core knowledge approach

In ______ designs, a number of people are assessed at one point in time.

Cross-sectional

In a research study, Dr. Lopez asks people ages 20, 40, and 60 about their levels of happiness. This research is best described as which of the following?

Cross-sectional

What is the primary focus of Vygotsky's theory of development?

Culture

______ refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout the course of life.

Development

What is one limitation of cross-sectional research?

Differences between age groups may be due to similarities within cohorts.

Which of the following are features of Bowlby's theory on attachment?

Early relationships become internalized and guide future social behavior. Attachment is a natural part of being human

_____ function include the ability to sit still, to wait in a line, and to pay attention to a teacher.

Executive

Which stage of prenatal development is characterized by an increase in organ function and considerable weight gain, especially "baby fat"?

Fetal period

Which of the following greatly reduces problems in neural tube development?

Folic acid

Criticisms of attachment theory include which of the following?

It does not account for temperamental differences among infants. It does not account for cultural variations.

Which of the following is true of a zygote?

It is a fertilized egg. It is a single cell with 23 chromosomes from the mother and 23 chromosomes from the father.

A decrease in _____ (a process in the brain) might play a compensatory role in the aging brain by improving cognitive functioning in older adults.

Lateralization

When a function is specialized in one or the other hemisphere of the brain, it is known as

Lateralization

To experience life in optimal ways, people develop what researchers call _____ _____ , which involve activities, social relationships, and life goals.

Life themes

A now-famous study involved following 700 individuals and examining their donated brains after their death. The study is called the

Mankato Nun Study.

Which statement best summarizes the relationship between motor skills and perceptual skills in infancy?

Motor and perceptual skills are coupled and depend on each other.

Which statement about cognition in late adulthood is most accurate?

Older adults become slower at processing information.

Which of the following is a brain area that shrinks with age?

Prefrontal cortex

_____ infants are those who are born prior to 37 weeks after conception.

Premature

_____ are automatic responses, such as grasping something that touches the fingers.

Reflexes

According to Piaget a _____ is a concept or framework that exists in a person's mind and that organizes information and provides a framework for interpreting the information.

Schema

Cells eventually lose their ability to divide because the _____, which protect the ends of the chromosomes, shorten with each division.

Telomeres

Changes in two hormones, _____ and estradiol, lie at the core of development in puberty.

Testosterone

Which of the following occurs during the germinal period?

The zygote attaches to the uterine wall.

Why are human infants among the world's most helpless neonates?

Their brains are not fully developed at birth.

How do nativist approaches to infant cognitive development differ from Piaget's theory?

They assume infants are born with more knowledge than Piaget gave infants credit for.

What is expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life called?

Wisdom

Which of the following terms refers to the fertilized egg in the first two weeks of prenatal development?

Zygote

According to Piaget, conservation is which of the following?

a belief in the permanence of an object despite superficial changes

What do psychologists mean when they talk about resilience?

a person's ability to adapt to challenges or recover from difficulty

Which of the following is an example of longitudinal research?

a study that follows the same group of people for 10 years

A person's role in their own development is best characterized as

active

The _____, the part of the brain that involves emotions, matures in adolescents well before the prefrontal cortex, which is involved with higher-order thinking.

amyglada

Joe is 2.5 years old and is developing a strong sense of independence. According to Erikson's theory of socioemotional development, Joe is most likely in which stage of development?

autonomy versus shame

Cole is planning to be a physicist; he is an undergraduate working toward that goal. According to Marcia's concept of identity status, what dimension of identity development is Cole involved in?

commitment

According to Vygotsky, scaffolding is

created by interacting with expert thinkers who spur cognitive development.

The developmental period of adolescence is characterized by

dramatic physical changes.

Male adolescents who mature _____ tend to show more positive socioemotional outcomes.

earlier than their peers

Jayla, a toddler, is reading a book and sees an interesting picture. "Look, Mommy," she shouts, "a horse." She does not show the picture to her mother but assumes that her mother is able to see it as she does. This exemplifies which of the following of Piaget's concepts?

egocentrism

Menarche is which of the following?

first menstrual cycle

From ages 3 to 6, the most rapid brain growth takes place in which area(s) of the brain?

frontal lobes

Leilani, 18 months old, sees a stuffed dog being covered by a blanket. According to Piaget's theory, if she removes the blanket in order to find the stuffed dog, she has done which of the following?

grasped the idea of object permanence

Which of the following are characteristics of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders?

heart defects an underdeveloped upper lip flattened nose and wide-spaced eyes

Which of the following are examples of teratogens?

heroin alcohol German measles

Physical exercise interventions lead to increases in the size of the _____ (a structure of the brain) and improved memory function.

hippocampus

Lulu has decided to go to law school because she comes from a long line of lawyers and her family expects her to go to law school. According to Marcia's identity status theory, which of the following identity statuses best describes Lulu?

identity foreclosure

Marcia proposed the concept of _____ to describe an adolescent's position in the development of identity.

identity status

Which brain region matures much earlier than the prefrontal cortex, is almost completely developed by early adolescence, and is where rewards are experienced?

limbic system

Which of the following are examples of cognitive processes that are involved in development?

memorizing a list of words solving math problems learning to read

Which of the following statements represents what Piaget meant by operations?

mental representations that are reversible

According to K. Warne Schaie's longitudinal research, the highest level of functioning for four out of the six intellectual abilities examined occurred in

middle adulthood

Some researchers of temperament have proposed that we should think about infants as being high or low on different dimensions. Which of the following are these dimensions?

negative affectivity effortful control self-regulation inhibition

_____ is the creation of new neurons.

neurogenesis

Spina bifida, a condition in which the spinal cord is not completely enclosed by the spinal column, is the result of

problems in neural tube development during the embryonic period.

Erikson wanted to emphasize how a developing person's psychological life is embedded in and shaped by social relationships and challenges, which is why he identifies the stages in his theory as

psychosocial.

In Erikson's theory of socioemotional development, each of the stages are

represented by two opposing outcomes.

One way older adults deal with age-related physical changes is by changing their goals and developing new ways to engage in desired activities. This process is called _____ _____ ____ _____

selective optimization with compensation

According to Piaget's theory, object permanence begins in which stage?

sensorimotor

Which of Piaget's stages occurs from birth to 2 years of age, during which time a child has little capacity to represent the environment with language or other symbols?

sensorimotor

Select the three domains of development.

socioemotional cognitive physical

According to Baumrind, authoritarian parents can be described in which of the following ways?

strict and punitive, and they value unquestioning obedience

Which of the following refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic ways of responding?

temperment

The amygdala, which is a part of the brain involved with emotions, matures more rapidly in adolescents

than the prefrontal cortex, which makes it difficult for adolescents to effectively control their impulses.

The Mankato Nun Study documented which of the following?

the role of experience in maintaining brain function

What is the purpose of the Ainsworth strange situation test?

to evaluate attachment style

As early as _____ old, if infants are presented with two faces with moving mouths, infants will watch the face whose mouth matches the sounds they hear.

7 days

The _____ theory of aging states that aging occurs as the result of the production of unstable oxygen molecules inside a person's cells, which damages their DNA and other cellular structures.

Free-radical

Which of the following is the correct culture-based criticism of attachment theory?

In some cultures, infants show strong attachment to many people, not just a primary caregiver.

Why does hair become thinner and grayer in middle to late adulthood? (Select all that apply.)

The replacement rate slows with age. Melanin production declines in older age.

True or false: The effects of teratogens depend on the timing of exposure.

True

Which theory of cognitive development focuses the most on attention, memory, and problem solving?

information-processing approach

At what stage of prenatal development do the beginnings of organs appear?

embryonic period

Ethnic minority youth may face the challenge of _____, in which they identify in some ways with their own ethnic group and in other ways with the majority culture.

biculturalism

Rank the prenatal developmental stages in the correct order.

1. Germinal 2. Embryonic 3. Fetal

By _____ of age, infants prefer looking at real faces (compared to scrambled faces) and prefer their mother's face to a stranger's face.

3 months

Researcher Renée Baillargeon and her colleagues (2016) found that infants as young as _____ expect objects to be substantial and permanent.

3-4 months old

Diana Baumrind identified how many parenting styles?

4

Early maturation for female adolescents predicts which of the following?

Vulnerability to a number of problems

Which of the following statements describes conception?

Fertilization occurs and a zygote is formed.

In the United States today, the average beginning of the pubertal growth spurt is _____ years for those assigned female at birth and _____ for those assigned male at birth.

9, 11

Arrange Erikson's first four childhood stages of socioemotional development in the correct order, with the first stage at the top.

Trust vs mistrust Autonomy vs shame and doubt Initiative vs guilt Industry vs inferiority

Dr. Abramowitz is a psychological researcher studying infants. She shows infants cards with shapes in different colors, records the amount of time they spend looking at each card, and uses the information to determine whether infants can distinguish among objects. Dr. Abramowitz's research can best be described as

Using the preferential looking technique

According to Piaget, when someone begins thinking about thinking, they have reached which stage of development?

formal operational

According to Baumrind, parents interact with their children in one of four basic ways. Parents who are not involved with their children are described as _____ parents.

neglectful

refers to an individual's environmental and social experiences.

nurture

, he meant mental representations that are reversible.

operations

Chess and Thomas (1977) identify three basic types or clusters of temperament (an individual's characteristic way of responding). What are these three?

the difficult child: fussy and hard to soothe, not easily put on a routine the slow-to-warm-up child: hesitant in the face of new experiences the easy child: adaptable