Psychology Chapter 9

__________is the period of physical development during which sexual reproduction first becomes possible.

Puberty

_________ are simple, inborn responses elicited by specific stimuli.​

Reflexes

_________ is the turning of an infant's head toward a touch.​

Rooting

According to Ainsworth, infants who show__________are least distressed by their mother's departure.

avoidant-attachment

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, decentration in the concreate operational stage refers to:

children being able to center on two dimensions of a problem at once.

The_____ is a membrane within the uterus that permits the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the mother and her developing child.​

placenta

According to Piaget, children in the formal operational stage of cognitive development have:

the ability to hypothesize.

_________ means responding to a new stimulus through existing cognitive structures.​

Assimilation

Which of the following is a feature of Erikson's intimacy versus isolation stage?

Establishment of close relationships

The embryonic stage of pregnancy lasts from the beginning of the third month until the birth of the baby.

False

It was assumed that women experience a sense of loss when their youngest child goes off to college, gets married, or moves out of the home. However, this was not supported by research. What has been found through research?

Through the research, it has been found that both parents can feel some sense of loss, but once their children become adults, most parents are content to launch their children to live on their own. Many mothers report increased marital satisfaction and personal changes once the children have left home, such as self-confidence and stability.

Ophelia is 51 years old. She has begun to experience hot flashes and finds it difficult to sleep at night. More often than not, she finds herself feeling pessimistic and unmotivated. She also has a certain amount of anxiety.Ophelia is most likely experiencing the _____ of middle adulthood.​

climacteric

According to ethologist Konrad Lorenz, a(n)__________is a period of time when an instinctive response can be elicited by a particular stimulus.

critical-period

A researcher puts a baby in a room with many different objects. Then he records the amount of time the baby spends looking at one stimulus instead of another. This shows the baby's visual preference. The researcher is most likely measuring the baby's__________.

fixation-time

In the context of the perceptual development of infants,__________is the amount of time spent looking at a visual stimulus.

fixation-time

Lena is a mother of two. From the time her first child was born, Lena has been working at a school and managing every aspect of her children's lives. She believes that she must contribute to her family as well as society. According to Erik Erikson, Lena is best demonstrating _____.​

generativity

Erikson's term for lack of clarity in one's life roles is _________.​

role diffusion

Kyra is a historymajor and talks to her grandfather regularly. She calls him her human dictionary because he can give her the meaning of almost every word that she asks him. She is also surprised at how well versed he is in domestic and international current affairs and how easily he can talk about historical events. In this scenario, Kyra's grandfather is best displaying _____.​

​crystallized intelligence

A two-year-old child's family has a pet rabbit. When they visit the zoo for the first time, the child sees a hamster and calls it a rabbit because of its similar physical features. According to Piaget, which cognitive process within the child will best correct the child's misunderstanding?

Accommodation

Which of the following is a feature of a child's motor development?

It is dependent on brain maturation of the child.

Which of the following is true of estrogen production in females?

It stimulates the growth of tissue in the hips.

Summarize Kohlberg's research on the postconventional level of moral reasoning.

Kohlberg's research on the post conventional level of moral reasoning states that post conventional thoughts, if found at all, first occur in adolescence. Formal operational thinking is a prerequisite and education is likely to play a role. Post conventional reasoning involves understanding of abstract moral principles and empathy with the feelings of others.

__________is the beginning of menstruation.

Menarche

Nadine has a newborn baby boy. The first time her husband turned on the television, the baby drew up his legs and arched his back in response to the sudden noise. In this scenario, the baby exhibited the__________.

Moro-reflex

Emmett is 21 years old. He finished his undergraduate studies and found a job. After a few months, he quit and joined another firm with a different job description. In the same year, he switched apartments more than once, with minimal furniture. Which of Jeffrey Arnett's five features of emerging adulthood is best depicted in the scenario?

The age of instability

Which of Jeffrey Arnett's five features of emerging adulthood is defined by people having an optimistic belief that the world lies before them?

The age of possibilities

A pregnant woman visits her doctor for a scheduled ultrasound. She hears the strong heartbeat of her baby. She is able to see the fingers and toes of the baby. She also tells the doctor that she frequently feels the baby kick. Which stage of prenatal development is best depicted in the scenario?

The fetal stage

Which of the following is true of children specifically in the concrete operational stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory?

They show the capacity for adult logic involving tangible objects.

Selective optimization with compensation is the reshaping of a person's life to concentrate on what he or she finds to be important and meaningful in the face of physical decline and possible cognitive impairment.

True

Outline the three phases of attachment as identified by Ainsworth.

Your Answer: 1. Secure attachment- mildly protest mother's departure, seek interaction upon reunion, and comforted by her 2. Avoidant attachment- less distressed by their mother-s departure, play by themselves, and ignore their mother's return 3. Ambivalent/resistant attachment- most emotional, severe signs of distress among mother's departure, and show mixed feelings upon her return

A(n)__________is a sac within the uterus that contains the embryo or fetus.

amniotic-sac

The__________is a part of the limbic system involved in discriminating emotions, including fear.

amygdala

Timmy's father does not demonstrate affection with Timmy, forces Timmy to act in specific ways, and does not allow Timmy to ever disagree with him. According to Diana Baumrind's theory on parenting styles, Timmy's father displays a(n)__________style of parenting.

authoritarian

The placenta:

exchanges nutrients from mother to embryo.

The__________is the first stage of prenatal development, during which the dividing mass of cells has not become implanted in the uterine wall.

germinal-stage

According to Kohlberg, moral reasoning is based on a person's own moral standards at the__________.

postconventional-level

A__________is a pattern of action or a "mental structure" involved in acquiring or organizing knowledge.

schema

During the embryonic stage of prenatal development, the:

sex organs start to differentiate.

According to Erik Erikson, _________ is a firm sense of who one is and what one stands for.​

​ego identity

The _________ is the final stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development.​

​formal operational stage

Mariana is a 14-year-old girl dating a 19-year-old boy. Her parents are unhappy and forbid her from meeting him. She fights with them regularly because she believes that she loves him. She even threatens to run away with him. This scenario best represents Mariana's _____.​

​personal fable