Psychology Exam 1-4

They study the role of heredity in behavior and mental processes such as psychological disorders, criminal behavior, and thinking.

Which of the following is a typical characteristic of biologically-oriented psychologists?

Nightmares

Which of the following typically occurs during rapid eye movement sleep?

norepinephrine

Which of these is produced largely by neurons in the brain stem and acts both as a neurotransmitter and as a hormone?

case studies

You have always wanted to know how your friend performs so well on her college exams. To find out how she studies, you decide to study with her for your next exam. This approach is most similar to ________.

False

A sample consists of multiple populations

an emphasis on unconscious ideas and impulses that originate in childhood conflicts

According to the psychoanalytic approach, a good majority of what influences our behavior is ________.

It consists of non-myelinated neurons.

Compared to the rest of our bodies, which of the following is a feature of gray matter?

False

Correlations allow us to determine causality.

true

Direct artificial stimulation of the parietal lobe produces a sense of being touched somewhere on your body.

true

Gestalt psychologists claimed that one cannot explain human perceptions, emotions, or thought processes in terms of basic units.

Karen Horney

Identify the neoanalyst among the following.

True

In the context of psychological research, debriefing is the process of explaining the purposes and methods of a completed procedure to a participant.

hypothalamus

Jakob is always too warm and perspires frequently. Which of the following structures is most responsible for him being too warm?

acetylcholine

Johnny Appleseed has forgotten where he planted his seeds. A decrease in which neurotransmitter may be responsible for his memory loss?

selective attention

Jonah is reading a book in a crowded bus. Some boys sitting near him are talking and laughing loudly. Jonah focuses on reading his book and ignores the noise around him. This scenario illustrates an aspect of consciousness called __________.

correlation

Kojo wants to figure out if playing violent video games causes people to choose violent behaviors. Since an experiment to prove causation would likely be unethical, what kind of conclusion would Kojo find using appropriate research methods?

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

LaTonya was in a car accident and the doctor injected her with a radioactive tracer to make images of her brain using which technology?

true

Many case studies are clinical; that is, they are descriptions of a person's psychological problems and how a psychologist treated them.

motor neurons

Messages from the brain or spinal cord are transmitted to muscles or glands through ________.

afterimage

Norhan was temporarily blinded by the flash from the camera. The perception of being "blind" is best explained by a(n) ________.

cognitive psychology

Researchers in which field primarily study how we perceive and mentally represent the world, how we learn, remember the past, plan, problem solve, and use language?

Angular gyrus

Shayma is having trouble reading and segmenting words into sounds. Which part of her brain could be impaired?

cerebellum

Simone Biles is considered by many to be the greatest gymnast of all time. Which part of her brain is likely highly developed, helping her movements be smooth and balanced?

sensory adaptation

Tavish was so excited to see the ocean for the first time that he jumped right in. The water was very cold! After a few minutes though, Tavish didn't seem to notice how chilly the water was anymore. This is an example of ________.

evolutionary

Taylor is studying how natural selection and adaptation are connected to behavior and mental processes. What area of psychology is Taylor's specialty?

sleep apnea

Terrance is affected by obesity and snores when he sleeps. He often wakes up in the morning not feeling well rested. What is Terrance most likely suffering from?

telepathy

The ganzfeld procedure is used to study ________.

genetic code

The nucleotides found along just one of the rungs of a DNA double helix are also called the ________.

Socrates

The views of which ancient Greek philosopher fit best with Wilhelm Wundt's structuralism?

stress

What do people ages 18-34 most often attribute pain to?

epinephrine

Which chemical messenger intensifies most emotions and is central to the experience of fear and anxiety?

adrenal

Which gland is responsible for the production of epinephrine?

Melatonin

Which hormone promotes sleep?

functional magnetic resonance imaging

Dr. Kennett is a neurologist who is conducting research using brain scans. She wants to study pictures of her subjects' brains while they are speaking or using a language. These pictures will help Dr. Kennett understand the parts of the brain that are being used to speak and the other processes that occur simultaneously in the brain. Based on the nature of study, it would be most suitable for Dr. Kennett to use ________.

false

Dreams are more likely to be coherent in plot than emotionally gripping.

all-or-none principle

Every time a neuron fires, it transmits an impulse of the same strength. This occurrence is known as the ________.

experimental group

Gilberto signed up to participate in a trial for a new vaccine. If he gets the actual vaccine candidate, in which group must he belong?

amygdala

Hijino is very upset by a post made by a friend on social media. Which part of Hijino's brain is most likely to be highly active right now?

by absorbing light from certain segments of the spectrum and reflecting the rest

How do pigments gain their colors?

When skin temperature increases.

In which of the following conditions do receptors for warmth fire?

parasympathetic

Jordan and Avery were awakened in the middle of the night while camping by noises they thought were a bear investigating their campsite. Avery quietly peeked out of the tent to discover it was a family of raccoons. What division of their nervous systems will calm Jordan and Avery back down after their scare?

True

Prolonged exposure to secondhand smoke during childhood is a risk factor for cancer of the throat.

True

Psychoanalysis is the name of the theory of personality developed by Sigmund Freud.

true

Sleep terrors, bedwetting, and sleepwalking are all deep sleep disorders that occur during deep (stage 3 or 4) sleep.

To confine epileptic seizures to one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex.

What is the purpose of a split-brain operation?

pain

When nociceptors in the skin are stimulated, what will you experience?

Stage 1 sleep

When our brain waves slow down from the alpha rhythm and enter a pattern of theta waves, which stage of sleep have we entered?

Nicotine

Which agent creates physiological dependence on tobacco products?

computerized axial tomography scan

Which brain imaging technology takes several X-rays to reveal deformities in shape and structure that are connected with blood clots, tumors, and other health problems?

sympathetic division

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during when you are scared?

psychokinesis

Which of the following choices is one of the proposed forms of extrasensory perception?

the limbic system

Which of the following forms a fringe around the cerebrum, and is only fully evolved in mammals?

Depressant drugs

Which of the following generally acts by slowing the activity of the central nervous system?

umami

Which of the following is a basic taste used to describe savory foods?

population

Which of the following is a complete group of interest to researchers, from which a sample is drawn for an experiment?

to explain behavior and mental processes

Which of the following is a goal of psychology?

50 percent

Psychophysicists studied absolute thresholds and established them based on a when individuals in their tests detected a stimulus which percentage of the time?

false

Acetylcholine is excitatory at the heart but inhibitory at synapses between nerves and muscles that involve voluntary movement.

double blind

Alejandro is participating in a study of a drug that is supposed to increase reaction time and foot speed. If neither he nor the researcher knows if Alejandro got the real drug or the placebo, what kind of study is it?

functionalism

Alex is trying to overcome their shyness. The therapist asks to talk about their childhood, looking for unconscious conflicts. Alex's therapist is most likely following which school of thought?

insist on evidence

Alex uses his podcast to spread his conspiracy theory that chimpanzees set wildfires as revenge for being subject to experimentation. If Tempie demands proof, what aspect of critical thinking are they using?

true

As opposed to a dependent variable, an independent variable is manipulated by the experimenters so that its effects may be determined.

suppression

Darren is on the way to his university to take an exam. He is disturbed by thoughts of failing because he is not prepared for the exam. However, he pushes away thoughts of failing and focuses on studying. In this scenario, Darren is using _____.

stroboscopic motion

Dion was bored in class and doodled on the corners of his notebook pages to make his own flipbook. On each consecutive page, he draw the image slightly different. When he quickly flips through the pages, it looks like the doodle is moving. This is an example of _______.

how physical events are related to psychological sensation and perception

Gustav Theodor Fechner, in his book Elements of Psychophysics, showed ________.

pitch

If two sounds differ in frequency, they are perceived as different ________.

pupil

In the context of the human eye, the size of which structure is sensitive to an individual's emotions?

active touching

Kennedy is a fabric specialist. Recently, they were invited to an exhibition of Persian silks. Being an expert on fabrics, Kennedy continuously moved their hand along the surfaces of different pieces of fabric to get the feel of them. This action is referred to as ________.

split-brain

Labib has been having severe epileptic seizures since a very young age. His seizures have become less frequent since he underwent an operation. However, he has problems expressing what he feels. When he feels happy, his facial expressions often show anger. Labib has most likely undergone a(n) ________ operation.

true

Melzack's view that neurons in the spine can simultaneously transmit only a limited amount of information, so that stimulation of neurons from many regions can limit the perception of pain in one region is called gate theory of pain.

Sleep apnea

Mihail suffers from a sleep disturbance that repeatedly wakes him up during the night. He frequently stops sleeping for up to 60 seconds at a time, half wakes up, starts breathing again, and then returns to sleep. What would be the best diagnosis in this case?

Marijuana

Sasha is undergoing chemotherapy, which makes her feel nauseous. To help treat the nausea, her doctor may prescribe her which drug?

developmental

Someone is having trouble adjusting to the new students in their classroom. This individual does not have any serious psychological disorders but has trouble making new friends. What kind of psychologist would most likely be consulted to help the person?

is insensitive to visual stimulation

The blind spot ________.

Sleep terrors usually occur during the first two sleep cycles of the night, whereas nightmares are more likely to occur toward morning.

Which of the following is a difference between sleep terrors and nightmares?

Adults who secrete too little thyroxin may feel tired and sluggish and may put on weight.

Which of the following is a likely consequence of low thyroxin secretion in adults?

Humanism

Which of the following perspectives stresses people's capacities for self-fulfillment and the central roles of consciousness, self-awareness, and decision making?

Suppression

Which of the following refers to the deliberate placing of certain ideas, impulses, or images out of awareness?

social cognitive

Which of the following schools of thought holds that people can modify and create their own environments as part of learning?

People with schizophrenia may have more receptor sites for dopamine in an area of the brain that is involved in emotional responding.

Which of the following statements highlights the relationship between dopamine and schizophrenia?

He argued that the stream of consciousness was fluid and continuous.

Which of the following statements is true of William James's contribution to psychology?

Instinctive behavior tends to resist modification, even when it serves no purpose.

Which of the following statements is true of instinctive behavior?

It aims to help patients find socially acceptable ways of expressing wishes and gratifying needs.

Which of the following statements is true of psychoanalysis?

The experimental method allows psychologists to control the experiences of participants and draw conclusions about cause and effect.

Which of the following statements is true of the experimental method of research?

Nembutal

Which of the following substances is classified as a barbiturate?

prefrontal cortex

Which part of the brain do some researchers consider to be the "executive center" of the brain, where decisions are made to keep information in working memory and to solve problems?

pons

Which part of the hindbrain acts like a bridge and transmits information about body movements?

optic nerve

Which structure serves as a sort of telephone wire from the eyes to the brain?

nucleus

Which structure uses oxygen and nutrients to generate the energy needed to carry out the work of a neuron cell?

stucturalism and functionalism

Which two early approaches are no longer followed by psychologists today?

Alpha waves

Which type of brain waves are described as rapid, low-amplitude brain waves and have been linked to feelings of relaxation?

glial cells

Which type of cells remove dead neurons and for myelin to support living neurons?

Watson

Who of the following would be most hostile to the idea that learning is not merely mechanical and responsive?

William James

Who was a founder of the school of functionalism?

functionalism

Winnie is doing research to determine whether depression may have value as an adaptation. To which school of thought does Winnie subscribe?

False

Women seem less affected by alcohol than men because they have more of an enzyme called aldehyde dehydrogenase, which metabolizes alcohol in the stomach.

shape constancy

You approach the closed door of the classroom. As you open the door, the shape the door casts on your retina changes due to you viewing the door from a different angle. You know the door did not actually change from a rectangle to a trapezoid figure. This is because of ________.

Sleep apnea

Anatomical deformities that clog the air passageways, such as a thick palate, and problems in the breathing centers in the brain are included as causes of which sleep disorder?

Suppression

Alex was trying to work on an assignment that was due the next day. However, they were constantly thinking about a recent argument with a friend. They consciously pushed these thoughts away and tried to focus on the assignment. In this scenario, what was Alex using to eject the disturbing thoughts?

hippocampus

Alicia was recently in a car accident. Since then, she cannot retain memories of events that occurred after the accident. However, she can recall events that took place before the accident. She recognizes her family and friends and important dates, such as her birthday and her marriage anniversary, but has to be constantly reintroduced to the new people in her life. Alicia has most likely sustained damage to her ________.

pure research

Dr. Van Nostrand is trying to understand how messages are sent between the nervous system and endocrine system. He has no practical application in mind. What type of work is he doing?

125 million

How many rods does each eye contain?

50

Nasreen and her younger brother Abdellah have a genetic overlap of ________ percent.

negative

Ned is feeling stressed because of his workload at the office. He is also experiencing insomnia with rapid weight loss. What kind of correlation is there between Ned's stress and the amount of sleep he gets?

Insist on evidence.

Which of the following is a principle of critical thinking?

hormones

Which of the following is most directly related to the endocrine system?

GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that may help calm anxiety reactions.

Which of the following is one of the features of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that interests psychologists?

He believed that organisms learn to behave in certain ways because they have been reinforced for doing so.

Which of the following is true of B. F. Skinner's contribution to behaviorism?

overlapping

You are walking towards a group of your friends. You can tell you is standing at the front of the group due to the fact they are obstructing your view of the others behind them. This monocular depth cue is called ________.