psychology exam 2

Shirley, a housewife, has been a victim of domestic violence for approximately nine years and has still not been able to walk out of the relationship. In the context of operant conditioning, which of the following concepts is most likely to aid her therapist understand her situation better?

Learned helplessness

_____ is a systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.

Learning

What receptor cells would be activated while listening to music?

Mechanoreceptors

Mark, a high school student, dislikes the fact that his mother yells at him in the morning to wake him up. His mother usually wakes up at 5:30 a.m., and he tries to wake up at around 5:15 a.m. to avoid listening to his mother's yelling. In the context of operant conditioning, which of the following is exemplified in this scenario?

Negative reinforcement

Jake, an anxious person, consumes alcohol at a party. He feels calm after having a few drinks. What is the most likely the reason for Jake's experience?

Neurotransmitter GABA

The need to increase the dosage of a psychoactive drug to feel the same high is referred to as what?

Tolerance

Sound waves vary not only in frequency but also in

amplitude

The concept of "theory of mind" is best described as

an understanding that everyone thinks, feels, perceives differently, and has private experiences

In the context of learning, conditioning is the process of learning the _____ between two events.

association

Jared consumes excessive amounts of alcohol at a party. He is most likely

to be in an altered state of consciousness

As Mike gets up to go to his kitchen, the lights go out. Despite not being able to see in his house, he is still able to go to his kitchen. In this scenario, Mike's ability to use his knowledge of the layout of his house to find his way is an example of

top-down processing

The sense of touch is activated by ____ energy or _____ against the skin.

mechanical, pressure

Which of the following is most likely an example of no awareness or an "unconscious" state of mind?

Being anesthetized

John, a six-year-old boy, loves dogs. However, after being bitten by one, he starts to fear dogs. Which of the following is true in the context of classical conditioning? A. The dog is an innately meaningful stimulus before it bites John. B. The pain that John experiences after being bitten is a neutral stimulus. C. The pain that John experiences after being bitten is a conditioned response. D. The dog becomes a conditioned stimulus after it bites John.

D

After taking LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), Derek feels that his table and chair walk toward him and talk to him. What is the best way to describe this scenario?

Drugs can induce an altered state of consciousness

_____ was the Russian physiologist who demonstrated that neutral aspects of the environment can attain the capacity to evoke responses through pairing with other stimuli and that bodily processes can be influenced by environmental cues

Ivan Pavlov

Some bears kept in zoos allow veterinarians to routinely conduct total body checkups. These bears open their mouths for teeth cleaning and present their paws for nail clipping. Your friend wonders how anyone could ever get these dangerous animals to be so cooperative without anesthesia. You, a psychology student, quickly summarize that the bears had most likely undergone

Operant conditioning

Rachel is walking in the woods and feels sudden pain in the back of her neck. Because of the nature of the pain, she recognizes that she has been stung by a bee. In this scenario, which of the following processes has most likely helped her identify the source of her pain?

Perception

What is the network of structures including the brain stem, medulla and thalamus that are involved in the experience of arousal and engagement with the environment?

Reticular activating system

The suprachiasmatic nucleus helps regulate daily rhythms such as?

Sleep, body temperature, and hunger

Natasha initially had difficulty falling asleep in the sleep lab as part of a research study. She finally drifted into sleep and was not awakened when a student researcher knocked a can of soda off the desk. The electroencephalograph (EEG) displayed theta waves with occasional sleep spindles. The researchers felt confident that Natasha was in

Stage N2

Gloria cannot get through the day without having several cups of coffee and energy drinks. She says that she needs caffeine to function normally. What type of drug is Gloria dependent on?

Stimulant

Jack always takes his dog out for a walk in the morning. Whenever Jack puts the leash on his dog, the dog gets very excited about going for a walk. In this scenario, the dog has learned to associate the leash with going for a walk through

classical conditioning

Dr. Meyer is known for his difficult pop quizzes. Immediately before he announces a pop quiz to his students, he walks to the classroom door and closes it. His students soon learn to anticipate a pop quiz whenever Dr. Meyer closes the classroom door. In the context of classical conditioning, closing the door has become a(n)

conditioned stimulus

In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning, the dog began to associate the sound of the bell with the food and salivated when it heard the bell because the bell had become a(n)

conditioned stimulus

Britney is aware of the thoughts running through her mind and the emotions triggered by some of those thoughts. She is also aware of the sounds she hears, the things she sees in her room and outside the window, the smell of coffee brewing in the kitchen, and the smell of freshly cut grass coming through the window. She would be considered to be in a state of

consciousness

Paul, an aspiring musician, is commuting to work by bus. While on the bus, he starts imagining himself playing his guitar in a live concert with his favorite musicians. In the context of the levels of awareness, Paul's state of awareness best illustrates

daydreaming

Opioids/narcotics work by activating receptor cells for the neurotransmitter

endorphins

In operant conditioning, ____ occurs when a behavior is no longer reinforced and decreases in frequency.

extinction

Robert asks Thomas if he heard a knock at the door and Thomas says that he did not. Robert, swearing he heard a knock, goes to the door and opens it but sees no one there. Signal detection theorists would label Robert's perception that someone knocked at the door as a

false alarm

Positive reinforcement in operant conditioning is a learning process in which

frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by a desirable stimulus

A class project required a student nurse to make hourly records of her own blood pressure and body temperature over a 30-day period. When the data were graphed, it was evident that these readings changed in a predictable way on a daily basis. The reason for this regularity is that many physiological processes are

governed by circadian rhythms

Ahmed is unable to answer a question in an aptitude test. After the test, he forgets about the question and watches a comedy movie. The next day, he suddenly gets the answer to the question. This scenario exemplifies the concept of

incubation

Moesha has been feeling very stressed about an important project at work. She has difficulty falling asleep and awakens frequently during the night. Moesha is most likely suffering from

insomnia

According to the ______ theory of color vision, cells in the visual system respond to red-green and blue-yellow colors

opponent-process

Jane was in a car accident, which caused severe damage to her head. As a result, Jane's vision was affected. Although her eyes are able to detect visual stimuli and form images on her retina, her brain is not receiving the visual information. This problem with Jane's vision is most likely due to improper functioning of the

optic nerve

Sensations are given meaning by the brain through

perception

Caleb, the owner of a small garage, is particular about paying his employees more than they ask for. He believes that this action will prevent his employees from leaving the organization because of job dissatisfaction. In this scenario, Caleb is most likely using _____ in operant conditioning to ensure a desired outcome.

positive reinforcement

Jennifer accidentally plays a radio channel that she has never heard before. She loves the music it plays, and, as a result, she plays only that channel whenever she wants to listen to music. In this scenario, Jennifer's behavior has most likely been learned through _______ in operant conditioning.

positive reinforcement

The Stroop effect is due to a failure of

selective attention

In the context of sensation and perception, specialized cells that detect stimulus information and transmit it to afferent nerves and the brain are called

sensory receptors

In the context of sensory receptors, chemoreception most likely occurs when a person smells or taste

smells or taste

Marcia and John were married for 11 years before John passed away. Following his death, Marcia left her home and city because everything reminded her of John. Many years later, Marcia happened to meet a man, her new colleague, who smelled of the cologne that John always wore. Even after so many years, Marcia was drawn to this man because he reminded her of John. In this scenario, Marcia's reawakened feelings are an example of _________ in classical conditioning.

spontaneous recovery

In operant conditioning, organisms learn

the associations between a behavior and a consequence

In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning, prior to associating the sound of the bell with the food, the dog's salivation in response to the food was the

unconditioned response

In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning, the dog salivated each time the food was presented. The dog's response to the food was a(n)

unconditioned response