psychology exam 2

When Gwen hears music, it evokes an involuntary color sensation. For Jace, months and days of the week have very obvious and apparent genders. If Tara sees someone in the parking lot slam their finger in the door, Tara can actually feel the sensation in her own hand. With Tyrell, certain flavors evoke touch sensations. For example, barbecue sauce tastes fuzzy. What do we call it when sensory pathways in our brain get crossed in a way that produces these convergent sensations?

synesthesia

When Tamara plays her trumpet increasingly loudly, what changes about the sound waves produced?

the amplitude increases

In the experiment with Pavlov and the dogs, what was the neutral stimulus?

the bell

For Lamont, the process of listening to music begins when his headphones create sound waves that enter his ear. Travelling deep into his cochlea, the waves move cochlear hairs, which are sensory receptors for sound. These specialized cells transform sound waves into neural impulses that are sent to Lamont's brain. What do we call the transformation of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brain can interpret?

transduction

While out camping, Kensley wakes up early before sunrise. At first, the world is pitch dark--she can't see her own hand in front of her face. But a moment later she can start to barely distinguish trees nearby. In this moment, Kensley is receiving the minimum amount of light necessary for her to detect stimuli in her environment. What do we call the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time?

absolute threshold

Gwen practices the piano for hours each day because she feels motivated to reach mastery and a high level of performance. What do we call the force that's energizing and directing Gwen's commitment to practice?

achievement motivation

Because of the atrocities she saw during the civil war in her homeland as a child, Ora has a low baseline for what she expects from life and humanity. She's experienced severe deprivation, and so feels grateful for each small blessing that's come to her life since. Things like clean water and a chance for education feel like luxuries; and whenever difficulties have arisen in her later years, she's had enough context to say, "things could be much much worse."

adaptation-level phenomenon

Which of the "Big Five" traits includes being more likely to fill another person's needs before your own?

agreeableness

You hate the smell of rubbing alcohol because when you were little, you had to get lots of shots. You knew that the alcohol was always followed by a painful pinch! Now you feel uncomfortable even if you're using alcohol to clean your piercings. You know there's no shot coming but you still hate it!

classical conditioning

In the above diagram of an eye, what do we call the part that is labeled with the number [1] ?

cornea

In John B. Watson's experiment with Little Albert, what was the unconditioned response?

crying

Hoover the dog leads a pretty simple life. When he needs water, his body creates an uncomfortable tension that signals to his brain he's thirsty--so he drinks. The same thing happens when he's hungry--he finds food and eats. When the neighbor dog Pixie comes around, Hoover's body sends signals to procreate. Like Hoover, humans are also motivated to maintain homeostasis by responding to bodily needs. Hoover's actions most closely match which theory of motivation?

dive-reduction theory

part of your "self" wants to break into the car, hotwire it, and drive it away. But your egoreminds you there are socially appropriate ways to meet your needs. You must work hard to earn the money and then buy it legally. Meanwhile your...

ego

I work an intense high-pressured job, and am not interested in quitting, but I do need a way to stay sane, so on my lunch hour, I like to swim 30 laps. This resets my brain so I can handle the rest of my work day.

emotion-focused coping

Today is the birthday of my wife who died of cancer last year, so I'm going to make her favorite cake to celebrate.

emotion-focused coping

Morgan has a day off work--a perfect chance to relax and spend time at the lake. However, his dad will be coming in the afternoon to help him build some cabinets, and Morgan should clean up the workshop before his dad sees what a disaster it is. He already thinks Morgan is a screw-up. Which motivation in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs might explain if Morgan decides to stay home and clean his workshop?

esteem needs

I hope the girls at my new school want to be friends with me.

external locus of control

I wish my parents had forced me to stick with piano lessons.

external locus of control

The traffic is so bad--it's hard to get anywhere on time.

external locus of control

If we force ourselves to smile by biting a pen between our teeth (or taping our cheeks up to use "smile" muscles), it might signal to our brains to actually feel happy. What do we call this phenomenon?

facial feedback effect

A teenager receives an allowance every Saturday

fixed interval

A hotel maid is allowed to take a 15-minute break only after having cleaned three rooms

fixed ratio

Marlese is color blind, which means one or more of her color receptors has lower than normal function. Of the options below, choose which cones could possibly be having trouble:

green, red, blue

Cameron is in his third year of law school and is running into some obstacles. The workload is feeling tough and he doesn't know if he can cope emotionally with the schedule required. In addition, Cameron is feeling lonely and isolated because his program leaves very little time for dating and friends. He is so close to his goal but Cameron doesn't know if he can stick with it. Which personal characteristic must Cameron have in order to persist through obstacles in order to reach his long-term goal of becoming a lawyer?

grit

While walking downtown, you see your dream car parked on the street. You love this car. You want it. The...

id

I got hired because I was the applicant who had the most training.

internal locus of control

If I'd studied harder for that test, I might have gotten a better score.

internal locus of control

My relationship ended because I wasn't willing to put in the hard work needed to get past differences that arose.

internal locus of control

As you walk in the halls at school, you move your body in a way that avoids collision with other people, you walk up or down stairs without watching your feet or making sure you complete each movement, and, without thinking, you move your arm the precise distance and speed to catch the door to the classroom before it closes. You're able to complete all these movements effortlessly, thanks to a lesser known body sense. What do we call the system for sensing the position and movement of the individual body parts?

kinesthesia

Colton grew up in a home where his dad never seemed happy with him. If he got bad grades, his dad told him he was stupid; if he got good grades, his dad still told him he was stupid. His dad would verbally abuse him when he acted responsible and helpful, and when he didn't. So Colton just accepted the abuse because there was nothing he did that seemed to make it stop. Later in life, when Colton's boss criticized his work, Colton made no attempts to improve, because experience had taught him that trying to win a person's approval is futile.

learned helplessness

In the above diagram of an eye, what do we call the part that is labeled with the number [4] ?

lens

While Cora was growing up, her family was part of a loving and supportive religious community. She has lots of happy memories of church camp, and family activities. Now Cora is married with children of her own. As an adult, she's found she no longer believes important teachings of her church group. However, Cora wants her kids to grow up in the same environment with the same experiences she had, and she values the closeness with her parents, siblings, and friends; so decides to stay and worship within the same religious community. When Cora chose which religion to raise her kids, she was most strongly motivated by which level in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

love and belonging needs

Nine-year-old Colton is drawing a picture of his front yard, and trying to figure out how to make it look like it's three dimensional. His aunt teaches him a few tricks: Objects further away should be drawn to look smaller than objects close up. Lines parallel in reality (such as the sides of Colton's driveway) might appear to converge in the distance. Things have more visual detail and texture if they're closer, and will appear to have less detail and texture if they're far away. Objects higher up on the visual plane seem to appear further away. If two objects overlap, it looks like one is closer than the other. In this art lesson, Colton's aunt has taught him many of the ways our brain understands depth perception. What do we call these particular signals?

monocular cues

Jill loves playtime, but when she snatched a toy away from another child, Jill had her playtime taken away and had to sit in time out. Now Jill wants to stop her bad behavior of snatching toys.

negative punishment

My parents don't want me to stay out late anymore, so they've taken away my car keys for the next two weeks.

negative punishment

It's my job to mow the lawn each week, but I hate doing it. Today I made dinner for my little brother and sister, so to show her appreciation, my mom mowed the lawn for me. Because I didn't have to mow (which I hate), it makes me want to do something nice again for my mom in the future.

negative reinforcement

The football team usually has to run 10 laps at the end of practice. They all hate doing it, but Coach says if they practice hard and stay focused, they only have to run four laps. This makes them want to always practice hard so laps get taken away.

negative reinforcement

When you go grocery shopping with my mom, you notice that she buys generic brand cereal, milk and cheese, and buys whatever kind of meat is on sale that week. Since you're an adult now and have to shop for yourself, you try to buy all the same things she would.

observational learning

Which of the "Big Five" traits includes being curious, adventurous, and progressive?

openness

The last time you drank, you ended up throwing a punch at the cop who raided the party. You had to spend some time in jail and were caught up in legal proceedings for months. You would NEVER have tried to hurt a cop if you were sober!! You're starting to think drinking is not for you because bad things like this seem to happen.

operant conditioning

In the above diagram of an eye, what do we call the part that is labeled with the number [7] ?

optic nerve

Levi is a pretty funny guy and always makes his friends laugh. He wants to try stand-up comedy because he thinks the added energy and pressure of the situation might take his performance to the next level. When his friends come to his first show, they're amazed how much funnier and more energized Levi becomes when performing for a big audience. The next month, Levi has another show. He hears that a scout from a local comedy troupe is in the audience looking for new talent. Levi doesn't feel quite experienced enough to impress a scout. Additionally, Levi starts to get a terrible headache just before the show. Not surprisingly, this second performance isn't as good as his first. Levi's experience can be best explained through which theory?

optimum arousal

Melody is driving on the highway trying to get to a party for which she is already late. Unfortunately she has to go to the bathroom urgently, and so pulls off at the exit to find the nearest gas station. When Melody decided to pull over, she was most strongly motivated by which level in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

physiological needs

Our scary neighbor yelled at us for walking across his lawn. Yikes! We never want to do that behavior again.

positive punishment

We keep a spray bottle at the dinner table in case our new kitten tries to jump onto the table. Soon the unpleasantness of being sprayed will teach her to stop that behavior.

positive punishment

I want to continue to always get good grades because my parents pay me $100 if my GPA is over a 3.8

positive reinforcement

When I tell funny jokes, my girlfriend laughs. This makes me want to continue telling funny jokes.

positive reinforcement

Our bodies have touch receptors for four basic touch sensations. Select all four sensations from the list below:

pressure, cold, warm, pain

Because our finances are so tight and things feel stressful, I'm going to have to stop buying purses for awhile.

problem-focused coping

When my mom visits, I feel stressed because she always mentions something about my daughter's weight. This time, when she visits, I tell her that when she calls my daughter "fat" right in front of her, it makes her feel shame and is emotionally abusive. I tell my mom I can't allow her to abuse my daughter, and if she can't say constructive things, she will no longer be allowed around her.

problem-focused coping

In the above diagram of an eye, what do we call the part that is labeled with the number [5] ?

retina

Dexter has some extra money he's looking to invest in the stock market. There are a few publicly traded local companies he admires for their commitment to socially responsible practices. He's tempted to invest all his money in these few companies, but is afraid he might end up losing it. Instead he chooses a safer index fund. It's true, some of the companies in the fund aren't aligned with his values, but he appreciates the low financial risk. When Dexter chose to invest in the index fund, he was most strongly motivated by which level in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

safety needs

Nothing makes Elissa happier than playing the trumpet. When she plays the trumpet, she feels like all her problems disappear, and the world seems right and whole. Her parents would like her to go to law school after graduation, but an opening was just posted for her favorite jazz ensemble, and Elissa is thinking of auditioning. Playing with them would be a dream come true! Which level from Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs seems to be motivating Elissa to audition for the jazz ensemble?

self-actualization needs

Naomi is a talented investment banker and has spent the last two decades making herself and others rich. She felt happy in that line of work, doing something in which she felt talented and capable. But for the last year or two, Naomi has felt a tug on her heart. She feels compelled to use her time and money in the service of others less fortunate, and plans to move to the Solomon Islands to be a teacher and help them build a school and a hospital. Which level from Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs seems to be motivating Naomi to move to the Solomon Islands?

self-transcendence needs

When I chew a piece of gum, at some point my taste buds will get exhausted and stop communicating the flavor to my brain. Likewise, when I visit my neighbor's house, it smells like "fresh linen"-scented air freshener when I first walk in, but after awhile my olfactory receptors get exhausted and stop communicating the lovely scent to my brain. What is the experience called when we're constantly exposed to a stimulus that does not change, and therefore our brains become less aware of it? (We sometimes call it "nose blindness" when it involves smell.)

sensory adaptation

chimes in and says that buying that car would be an irresponsible waste of money, and you'd probably never earn enough anyway because you're not smart enough to get a high-paying job.

super ego

A man watches a meteor shower on a dark night. Sometimes there are a bunch at once, but sometimes he waits a long time between shooting stars.

variable interval

Sometimes a woman gets frequent payouts on a slot machine, but sometimes it feels like she plays tons of quarters before she gets anything.

variable ratio

I can tell the difference in weight between an M&M and a gumball, but I can't tell the difference in weight between a 15 ounce box of cereal and a 15.2 ounce box. Weight differences between objects can be detected when there is at least a 2% difference. This is one example of which principle?

weber's law