Psychology Exam 2

In the initial period _________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral simians an unconditional stimulus.

Acquisition

If the principal of social learning theory are true, the children may model aggressive behavior.

After seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character.

Late maturing boys are ________.

At a higher risk of depression

Encoding information occurs through__________.

Automatic processing and effortful processing

Which of the following is a good example of acoustic encoding?

Being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can't remember the lyrics.

Akeelah extended each arm in front of her and then extended one of her fingers. She focused on that finger. Next she closed her left eye without her head; then she opened her left eye and closed her right eye without moving her head. She noticed that her finger seemed to shift as she alternated between the two eyes because of the slightly different view each eye had of her finger. What is illustrated by this example?

Binocular disparity

To maximize learning, a __________ should be presented on a(n) _____________ schedule.

CS + UCS; continuous

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.

Chunking

Which of the following is an example of a variable ratio reinforcement schedule?

Joyce playing scratch-off lottery tickets

Which term describes the perception of the body's movement through space?

Kinesthesia

Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This exemplifies ________.

Learning

What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs?

Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his quota this month. Dave's boss is using ___________.

Negative reinforcement

In Classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ___________.

Neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

____________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, and health and wellness.

Physical

Engram refers to the _______.

Physical trace of a memory

Which of the following is an example of latent learning?

Remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute.

Who called the stages of development psychosexual stages?

Sigmund Freud

Which of the following is a developmental issue face during the sensorimotor stage?

Stranger anxiety

Which of the following is an example of a reflex: an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment?

The pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light.

Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device?

Using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes

Which process involves observing a model being punished and the becoming less likely to imitate the models behavior?

Vicarious reinforcement

Read the following two sentences (1) Gre eng rass gr ow son themoun tain. (2) Green grass grows on the mountain. How does the principal of proximity explain why the second sentence makes sense immediately, but the first sentence does not?

We group letters of a given word together because there are no spaces between the letters, and we perceive words because there are spaces between each word.

_____________ encoding is the encoding of sounds.

acoustic

Sharmila cannot remember what she had for breakfast last week, but she can remember the day she got married ten years ago as clearly as if it just happened. This example illustrates the ________ theory.

arousal

___________ is a long-standing connection or bond with others.

attachment

What does the place theory of pitch perception suggest?

different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies

Which of the following describes the difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli?

just noticeable

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called __________ learning.

latent

In order for a memory to go into storage (I.e,, long term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short term memory, and ____________ memory.

long term

Out vestibular sense contributes to our ability to ________.

maintain balance and body posture

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________.

memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________.

model

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?

observational

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this?

permissive

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.

stimulus discrimination

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of the sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts?

top-down

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

trust vs mistrust

What is a binaural cue?

two-eared cue to localize sound

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

_________ encoding is the encoding of images.

visual

Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?

Egocentrism

What concept is illustrated by the following study? Participants were instructed to focus either white or blank objects, disregarding the other color. When a Red Cross passed across the screen, about one third of the subjects did not notice it.

Inattentional blindness

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________.

extinction

Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills.

fine

Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed ratio

Hertz is a measurement of _________.

frequency

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

genes and biology