Psychology Exam 2
A person who values healthy eating finds themselves eating a large piece of cake and feels uncomfortable because it conflicts with their beliefs about nutrition. What psychological concepts explain this state of tension?
Cognitive dissonance
when you have two conflicting ideas in your head and you have to make them make sense. If you try to save money but just bought a bunch of stuff from the mall, you try to justify it because it's Christmas season for example and you bought a gift.
Cognitive dissonance
Corbin does not know who he will vote for in the state senate election. He thinks about the decisions for weeks. On the day of the election, Corbin stands in the voting booth and finally decides to go with his "gut" feeling. By the time he leaves the voting booth, he is convinced that he made the right decision and actually likes the candidate he voted for. Corbin has just eliminated his earlier
Cognitive dissonance- He was conflicted before going into the voting booth, he wasnt conflicted anymore when he left. Original conflict is cognitive dissoance. Want to resolve conflict
Rodger goes to the same restaurant with his friends every ZFriday night and although he doesn't really like the food there, he tells his friends he thinks the food is great every time they go. Rodger does this because he wants to fit in with his friends who seem to like the restaurant. What type of social influence is rodger experiencing?
Conformity- adjusting one opinion to match the opinion of other people. Because of the need to belong
Even after being told by her doctor that she has high blood pressure and needs to make lifestyle changes, Carla insists that she's perfectly healthy and doesn't need to worry. What defense mechanism is Carla using by refusing to acknowledge the reality of her condition?
Denial
If there were 50 people in a crowd each person has 2% chance they will help
Diffusion of responsibility
Multiple people in a room less chance to act. Two people in a room 50% chance someone will act
Diffusion of responsibility
During a group project, a fire alarm goes off in the building. Several students notice it, but no one takes action to evacuate right away because each person assumes someone else will handle it. Which concept explains why the students may fail to act in this situation?
Diffusion of responsibility- Multiple people in a room less chance to act. Two people in a room 50% chance someone will act
When prejudice is displayed behaviorally, it is called
Discrimination
know that she's qualified, but chose to give it to her because she wasn't a man. Ex. People of a particular race are more likely to commit crimes
Discrimination
A qualified woman is passed over for promotion simply because her manager believes men are better leaders. What psychological concept explains this unfair treatment based on group membership?
Discrimination- know that she's qualified, but chose to give it to her because she wasn't a man.
While giving a class presentation, Maria's heart starts racing, her palms feel sweaty, and she begins to think about how everyone is judging her performance. Despite feeling nervous, she forces a smile and continues speaking. Which general psychological concept best described Maria's experience that involves cognitive, physiological and behavioral components?
Emotion
very outgoing, and have a lot of friends. Don't get nervous in social environment
Extraverted
Todd walks into his biology professor's office hours to ask a question about the upcoming exam. When saying hello, he accidentally calls his professor "mom." This error in speech can be classified as a
Freudian Slip
When a person arrives late to a group meeting you immediately think they are careless and irresponsible, without considering that traffic or another external factor might have caused the delay. What psychological concept explains this judgement?
Fundamental attribution error
During a long lecture, Maria suddenly feels very hungry. Instead of waiting until the class ends, she gets up in the middle of the lesson, walks out, and buys a snack, ignoring the professor's reaction. According to Freud, which part of Maria's personality is driving her behavior?
Id
A hiring manager unknowingly favors candidates of a certain gender when reviewing resumes, even though they consciously believe in equality.
Implicit attitudes
motivated by the desire to be correct
Informative social influence
While taking an exam, Jamie changes his answer because he sees a bunch of students near her change her answer because he wants to be correct. What psychological concept explains this behavior?
Informative social influence- motivated by the desire to be correct
David is very quiet, pessimistic, anxious, and moody, and becomes emotionally upset very easily. In terms of Eysenck's four basic personality traits. He would be classified as:
Introverted-neurotic
assumption that the world is fair and people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
Just- world hypotheses/ belief in a just world
A person believes that someone who lost their job must have done something to deserve it, rather than considering external circumstances.
Just- world hypotheses/ belief in a just world- assumption that the world is fair and people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
A co-worker repeatedly tells a colleague , "you speak English so well" implying surprise because of their ethnicity.
Microaggressions
desire to gain acceptance. Motivated to wear white shoes to be accepted by his friends.
Normative social influence
performing to a direct command
Obedience
During cross-examination, a witness repeatedly offers their opinion in answer to the lawyer's questions, so the judge finally orders them to confine their answers to a simple "yes" or "no" answer. The witness stops offering opinions. This response of the witness BEST illustrates
Obedience- because they are following judge's orders
A worker follows their manager's instructions exactly, even though they personally disagree with the task. What psychological concept explains this behavior?
Obedience- performing to a direct command
A student believes that all students from another school are exactly the same even though she knows her own schoolmates are very diverse. What psychological concept explains this perception of uniformity in another group?
Out-group homogeneity effect- underestimating the differences of people in the outgroup even though you know their is great variation in your ingroup
the mental processes people use to make sense of their social environments
Person perception
After meeting her new coworker Andy, Autumn quickly forms an impression of him as friendly and competent based on his tone of voice and body language. What psychological concept explains how she interprets and makes sense of these social cues?
Person perception- the mental processes people use to make sense of their social environments
An individual's unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving are referred to their
Personality
Stanford prison experiment
Phillips Zimbardo
What has research on physical attractiveness found
Physical attractiveness is positively correlated with intelligence- people tend to act different towards people who are more attractive
The id is ruled by the ______, which is the relentless drive toward immediate satisfaction of instinctual urges.
Pleasure principle- makes you have a drive toward a satisfaction. Pushes the id
choosing not to ask a question because no one else is. Thinking you should understand the material
Pluralistic ignorance
failing to take action because of the lack of response of others.
Pluralistic ignorance
During a lecture, Charlotte doesn't understand the material but decides not to ask a question because no one else seems confused. What psychological concept explains her failure to act?
Pluralistic ignorance- failing to take action because of the lack of response of others.
a negative attitude about a person even though you didn't observe it.
Prejudice
a negative attitude towards people who belong to a particular social group. The manager assumes younger people are irresponsible.
Prejudice
A manager assumes that younger employees are irresponsible and avoids giving them important tasks, even though they have not observed their work performance. What psychological concept explains this negative attitude toward a specific social group?
Prejudice- a negative attitude towards people who belong to a particular social group. The manager assumes younger people are irresponsible.
All these factors are drawbacks to projective tests EXCEPT that:
Projective tests do not provide information that may be useful to a psychotherapist
the change in your behavior without corresponding opinion. He wears the shoes but still doesn't like wearing white shoes.
Public conformity
Darrel starts wearing white shoes to school because all of his friends are wearing them, even though he doesn't personally like the style. What type of conformity is Darrel experiencing in this situation?
Public conformity- the change in your behavior without corresponding opinion. He wears the shoes but still doesn't like wearing white shoes.
When Natalie feels angry at her boss for criticizing her work, she resists the urge to yell back and instead calmly explains her perspective. In this situation, which principle described by Freud helps her recognize that acting on her impulse would have negative consequences and guides her to respond appropriately?
Reality principle, governs the ego
Which term best describes the unconscious exclusion from awareness of anxiety-provoking thoughts, feelings, and memories?
Repression- unconscious
During a psychology assessment, a client is shown a series of ambiguous inkblot images and asked to describe what each one looks like to them. The psychologist interprets the client's responses to uncover underlying thoughts and feelings. What is this test called and what category does this type of test fall under?
Rorschach- Unstructured tests
Positive to dispositional, negative result on test is due to situational factors
Self- serving bias
only giving yourself benefit of the doubt and serving yourself
Self- serving bias
A student attributes earning an A on a test to their intelligence and hard work, but blames a poor grade on the teacher being unfair.
Self- serving bias- only giving yourself benefit of the doubt and serving yourself
During a group discussion, Samatha changes her opinion to match the majority of the group, even though she originally disagreed.
Social Influence
Maryjane sees a gray-haired man with a beard and assumes he is a professor at the nearby college. Maryjane is engaging in the process of
Social categorization
_____ refers to the mental processes people use to make sense of their social environments
Social cognition- focuses on brain processes to make sense of social environment
______ refers to the effects of situational factors and other people on an individual's behavior
Social influence
external factors in environment that influence how you behave
Social influence
you wear white sneakers, even though you don't like it. Influenced by culture.
Social influence
can control their emotions
Stable
having standard answer across the board
Standardization
In a study on authority and compliance, participants were instructed by an experimenter to administer increasingly strong elastic shocks to a person in another room whenever that person answered a question incorrectly. Despite hearing simulated screams of pain, many participants continued to follow instruction and continued giving shocks they believed were harmful because an authority figure told them to. WHo conducted this experiment of obedience to authority?
Stanley Milgram
obedience studies
Stanley milgram
are able to be positive or negative. Clustering characteristics and applying it to a general group. Ex. Blondes are stupid or tall people play basketball
Stereotypes
Someone assumes that all elderly people are bad at using technology, even though many are tech savvy. What psychological concept explains this generalization about a social group?
Stereotypes- are able to be positive or negative. Clustering characteristics and applying it to a general group. Ex. Blondes are stupid or tall people play basketball
making an exception for one instance but keeping the stereotype
Subtyping
A person believes that women are generally bad drivers, but when they meet a skilled female driver, they consider her an exception and don't change their overall belief. WHat psychological concept explains this process?
Subtyping- making an exception for one instance but keeping the stereotype
Also known as "______" these personality characteristics or attributes can easily be inferred from observable behavior
Surface traits, traits that everyone can see
Which of these is NOT a problem with the life-events approach to stress
The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) assumes that genetic predispositions are linked to stress.- Whatever predispositions you have to something, they are more likely to come through if you experience stress. If alcoholics run in family and you have a stressful event you are likely to be alcoholics bc problem comes to surface.
In a psychological study, college students were randomly assigned roles as "guards" or "prisoners" in a simulated prison environment. Within days, some guards became increasingly authoritarian and abusive, while many prisoners showed signs of extreme stress and helplessness. The study had to be terminated early due to the intense psychological effects on participants. What classic experiments describes this scenario?
The Stanford Prison Experiment by Phillip Zimbardo
Acronym is OCEAN OPEN to experience- relates to creativity CONSCIENTIOUSNESS- how mindful you are about your surroundings EXTRAVERSION- Introverted vs Extroverted AGREEABLENESS- How agreeable you are NEUROTICISM- How moody/stable you are emotionally
The big five personality factors
The personality theory that identifies the fundamental building blocks of personality, often summarized as openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism, is called what?
The big five personality factors
Emma sees a stranger collapse on a busy city sidewalk. Even though dozens of people are around, no one immediately steps forward to help. She wonders why so many witnesses are doing nothing. Which psychological phenomenon might explain why the people around Emma are hesitant to help the stranger?
The bystander effect
believe everyone who isn't friends/family are the same
The out-group homogeneity effect
when someone goes her way she said its because of herself and when something didnt go her way it was outside of her control
The self-serving bias
When Ashanti landed a big contract for her firm, Ashanti accepted the credit for her hard work and smart "wheeling and dealing." When she failed to get the contract in another situation, she blamed the loss on the sneaky and dishonest tactics of the competition. Her attitudes illustrate
The self-serving bias- when someone goes her way she said its because of herself and when something didn't go her way it was outside of her control
Which of these is NOT a criticism of trait theories of personality cited in the textbook
Trait theories do not attempt to explain how or why an individual differences develop
Dave is walking through town to get a sandwich on his lunch break. He sees an older woman stumble and fall down a couple of stairs. He notices that no one else is around to help her. Which of these is Dave MOST likely to do
Try to help the woman
Which statement is TRUE of Milgram's original obedience experiment
Two-thirds of the participants completely obeyed the experimenter's destructive demands and progressed to the full 450-volt level
doing what's seen as acceptable in everyday environment
Using social norms
The ability to measure what it purports to measure is to ________ as the consistency of test results is to _______
Validity; reliability
if you have more people around you, it decreases the fact you will help
Bystander effect
You blame your own poor performance on a test on the fact you were sick, but when a classmate performs poorly, you assume it's because they didn't study enough. What psychological concept explains this difference in how you interpret behavior?
Actor observer effect
helping people and not expecting anything in return
Altruism
when people help with bystander effect for ex. People will help out of goodness of there heart.
Altruism
Landon stops to help a stranger fix a flat tire on the side of the road, even though he is running late and will gain nothing in return. What psychological concept explains his selfless behavior?
Altruism- helping people and not expecting anything in return
look at someone's behavior or your behavior and come up with reason why they act that way
Attribution
don't want to help out because you think you will be judged for helping someone. Relates to step 5, costs outweigh the reward.
Audience inhibition
A person hesitates to help someone who trips in public because they're worried others might laugh or think they're overreacting. What psychological concept explains this hesitation?
Audience inhibition- don't want to help out because you think you will be judged for helping someone. Relates to step 5, costs outweigh the reward.
the mental discomfort or tension experienced when holding two conflicting beliefs, values, or attitudes, or when your behavior contradicts your beliefs
cognitive dissoannce
China is a
collectivist culture, more likely for self effacing bias.
when you want to fit in. Not confident in answer, go with the group. Confident in answer, go against the group.
conformity
neurotic
dont have solid control over there emotions
someone seen as shy or become anxious when in a public situation
introverted
Professor Kaling administers a self-report inventory in class that asks you to answer a series of true-false questions to measure your attitudes about social, political, religious, and sexual topics. Based on the knowledge that they frequently give this test to their clients, you assume Professor Kaling is a ______ psychologist.
personality
when something goes good for you, you say its because of outside factors but if bad you blame it on yourself.
self effacing bias
Your sense of who you are in relation to other people is called your
sense of self
the tendency to overemphasize personality traits while underestimating situational influences when explaining other people's behavior. For example, someone might see a person cut them off in traffic and conclude they are a "rude person," ignoring the possibility that the person was rushing to an emergency. This error is common because it is often easier and quicker to judge someone's character than to analyze the complex situational factors affecting their actions.
the fundamental attribution error
Ability to measure
validity
Based on the research presented in your textbook involving culture and attributional biases, who would be MOST likely to use the self-effacing bias?
A Chinese undergraduate student- individualistic culture is america, we focus more on ourselves than other people more likely for self serving bias. China is a collectivist culture, more likely for self effacing bias.
According to the ______ health and illness are determined by the complex interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors.
Biopsychosocial response- the combination of biological, psychological and social factors
Who would be MOST likely to agree that the best parenting style is one in which parents are consistent in disciplining a child for inappropriate behaviors while communicating that they value and love them?
Carl rogers
humanistic and positive regard
Carl rogers
individualistic culture is america, we focus more on ourselves than other people more likely for self serving bias.
america, we focus more on ourselves than other people more likely for self serving bias.
