Psychology Exam 2

Mia almost had a car accident. The experience caused her to have a fight-or-flight reaction. Now that the threat has been removed, how long will it take her high level of bodily arousal to subside?

20 to 60 minutes

By itself, race is not a risk factor for HIV infection. However of all the new HIV cases each year, black people account for ___ percent, white people for ___ percent, and hispanic people for ___ percent.

44; 31; 21

According to most recent estimates, about ___ percent of women report having engaged in homosexual behavior.

7

One large survey of college students found that ____ percent reported having been exposed to a traumatic event during their lifetime.

85

____ are everyday, minor events that annoy and upset people.

Daily hassles

The box "Focus on Neuroscience: Emotions and the Brain" described a PET scan study investigating brain activation when participants recalled different kinds of emotional memories. What were the results of this study?

Each of the emotions produced a different pattern of brain activation, indicating that each emotion involved distinct neural circuits in the brain. Internal brain changes occurred before the participant reported subjectively feeling the emotion.

___ is primarily aimed at relieving or regulating the emotional impact of a stressful situation.

Emotion-focused coping

The concept of energy homeostasis is illustrated by which of the following observations?

Excess calories are stored in adipose tissue

Daily hassles do not contribute to the stress produced by major life events.

False

In research on gender differences in responding to stress features, psychologist Shelley Taylor argues that men and women respond to stress with a fundamentally different behavioral pattern. What evidence does she cite to support her idea?

Female animals are more likely to take cover and tend offspring than fight or flee in response to a threat.

Helena has a large network of social relationships that is comforting to her in times of need. However, because relationships tend to be reciprocal, Helena has to respond to many demands placed on her by friends and family. According to your textbook, which of the following statements is true?

Helena may find these demands physically and psychologically taxing, especially if any are long term.

A number of explanations for how hostility predisposes people to heart disease and other health problems are presented in your textbook. Which is NOT one?

Hostile men and women do not express their anger outwardly, but instead bottle up their emotions and hide their true feelings.

After Shannon's doctor tells her that she needs to start a regular exercise program, Shannon takes a look at her schedule and decides that the best time for her to exercise is when she gets home from work, and that the best form of exercise for her is to take a brisk walk. Since Shannon read Psych For Your Life: Turning Your Goals into Reality, she decides to form a goal intention. What is the best example of a goal intention that will turn her intention into reality?

I intend to walk 30 minutes a day, five days a week after work

Which of the following people studied the concepts of optimistic and pessimistic explanatory styles and their impact on persistence?

Martin Seligman

The box "Focus on Neuroscience: Dopamine Receptors and Obesity" described a PET scan study comparing normal-weight and obese individuals. What did the study find?

Obese individuals had significantly fewer dopamine receptors than normal-weight individuals

____ disorder involves intrusive thoughts of a traumatic event, emotional numbness, and symptoms of anxiety, such as nervousness, sleep disturbances, and irritability.

Posttraumatic stress

Dr. Sheenan believes that cognitive appraisal is the essential trigger for an emotional response and that all other components of emotion, including physiological arousal, follow from the initial cognitive appraisal. Dr. Sheenan's views are most consistent with those of:

Richard Lazarus

___ are repeated, duplicate DNA sequences that are found at the very tips of chromosomes.

Telomeres

The box "Focus on Neuroscience: Dopamine Receptors and Obesity," discussed a study in which the diet of rats was manipulated. One group ate rat chow - a nutritionally balanced but boring diet - while the other group ate junk food - high-fat, sugary foods. What happened to the rats on the junk-food diet?

Their dopamine response was significantly reduced. The rats would eat junk food even if it was paired with an electric shock.

Beyond social isolation, researchers who use prospective studies have shown that the people who live longest are those who have varied types of relationships, such as through marriage, close friendships, and membership in social, political, or religious groups.

True

According to _____, the _____ response is adaptive and increases the chances of survival when an organism is threatened.

Walter Cannon, fight-or-flight

Which of the following statements regarding gender differences in the effects of social support is true?

Women are more likely to suffer from the stress contagion effect

As of 2012 approximately how many people were living with AIDS throughout the world?

about 34 million people

One reason you eat is to maintain a reserve of stored energy and ___ tissue is the main source of stored calories in the body.

adipose

The amount of leptin that is secreted into the bloodstream is directly correlated with the:

amount of body fat a person has

One way researchers try to disentangle the relationship between personality and health is by conducting carefully controlled prospective studies. The important aspect of this research approach is that:

an initially healthy group of subjects are assessed on variables thought to be risk factors and are tracked over a period of time

Traumatic events are events or situations that:

are negative, severe, and far beyond our normal expectations for everyday life.

"That was awesome let's do it again!" said Marcela after she climbed out of the front roller coaster seat. Which theories of motivation would explain Marcela's behavior?

arousal theories

The desire to avoid boredom is to _____ theory as the desire to drink when thirsty is to _____ theory.

arousal; drive

When she grows up, little Cathy wants to be a construction worker like her father. When she shared this news with her father, he discouraged her goal, telling Cathy that "women are too gentle and pure to work in such a dirty, male-dominated field." Cathy's father is exhibiting:

benevolent sexism

In the United States, ___ view the male gender-role stereotype more ___ than the female gender-role stereotype.

both males and females; negatively

Although facial expressions of emotion seem to be innate and, to a certain degree, universal among human cultures, we are still able to exert control over our facial expressions. This finding suggests that the expression of emotion:

can be affected by culture and environmental factors

When people are shown two pictures of a person and asked to distinguish between the "true" smile of joy and the smile that is masking negative emotions, they:

can easily distinguish between the two

Social context and relationships are an especially important part of private emotional context in:

collectivistic cultures like Japan

Mark signed up for piano lessons to prove to himself that he could successfully master the challenge of learning to play the piano. What type of motivation is Mark displaying in this situation?

competence motivation

Persistence is a characteristic of motivation that is demonstrated by the:

continued efforts or determination to achieve a particular goal, often in the face of obstacles

Nikki, an air traffic controller, experiences prolonged and chronic stress. According to Hans Selye's model of stress, Nikki's response to this intense and persistent stress probably involves high levels of:

corticosteroids

Lena often expresses her anger in private but never in public. Her husband Leonard sometimes expresses his anger in public but would be very embarrassed to be caught crying in public. This example illustrates:

culturally determined display rules

Kathleen overslept, got caught in rush hour traffic, and was late for work. During lunch she spilled coffee on her clothes. When she left work that afternoon she got caught in a sudden downpour of rain. By the time she arrived home she felt drained, grumpy, and stressed out. Kathleen's present state is the result of the cumulative effect of:

daily hassles

After her husband died last year, Sophia moved to a new city, started a new job, and returned to school part-time after an absence of ten years. These major life events may create a ripple effect and generate a host of ____ that could significantly ___ Sophia's stress level.

daily hassles, increase

According to the Social Readjustment Rating Scale, which of the following life changes would receive the HIGHEST number of life event units?

death of a spouse

Unlike positive religious coping, negative religious coping is associated with:

decreased mental and physical health

Although it is obvious to most of Bernie's friends and family that he drinks too much, his wife Betsy refuses to admit that he has a drinking problem. She insists that he is a moderate drinker who has the occasional glass of red wine for medicinal purposes. In this situation it is possible that Betsy is using an emotion-focused coping strategy called:

denial

Tangible support is to ___ as informational support is to ___.

direct assistance, such as financial aid; helpful suggestions and advice

In describing the stages of the human sexual response, researchers Masters and Johnson:

directly observed people engaging in sex in their laboratories

According to ___ theories of motivation, behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs.

drive

reduction of internal tension would be most closely associated with which theory of motivation?

drive theories

Mei, a Japanese exchange student studying at State University in the US is under a lot of stress. This week she has four exams and three research papers due by Friday. According to your textbook, what type of coping strategy is Mei likely to use?

emotion-focused coping strategies

Regarding coping strategies for dealing with stressful situations, collectivistic cultures tend to use _____ as individualistic cultures tend to use _____.

emotion-focused coping strategies; problem-focused coping strategies

A regulatory process called " ___" helps you maintain your baseline body weight.

energy homeostasis

Harry is considering going to sex therapy because of his inability to achieve or maintain an erection. Harry appears to be suffering from:

erectile disorder

Stephanie has a high-pressure job. Every day after work, she goes for a five-mile run because it takes her mind off her job and focuses it on other things. Stephanie is using an emotion-focused coping strategy called:

escape-avoidance

The perspective that considers how our ancestral heritage may influence patterns of human behavior, such as eating behavior or the expression of emotions, is called the:

evolutionary perspective

One shortcoming of incentive theories is that they:

fail to explain behaviors that are not primarily motivated by any kind of external incentive

Amanda sought professional help because she was worried about the fact that she never experienced orgasm during sex with her husband, despite having an otherwise warm and caring relationship. Amanda has a sexual dysfunction called:

female orgasmic disorder

In his evolutionary theory of mate preferences, psychologist David Buss:

found that both sexes rated kindness, intelligence, emotional stability and a pleasing personality as more important than a prospective mate's financial resources or good looks.

Increased brain activity of neuropeptide Y leads to weight __, and decreased brain activity of the hormone leptin leads to weight __.

gain; loss

Pat describes Terry as "very masculine" because Terry is confident, active, and physically strong. Pat is referring to Terry's:

gender role

Based on numerous studies he has conducted, Dr. Galindro is convinced that children actively develop cognitive categories for masculinity and femininity. He contends that these mental representations influence how children perceive, interpret, and remember representations of gender-appropriate behavior. Dr. Galindro's views are most consistent with the ___ theory of gender-role development.

gender schema

Timmy received a princess tiara and scepter as a birthday present from his grandma. Timmy reacted negatively to the gift stating "Grandma these toys are for girls!" Sandra Bem might interpret Timmy's response as an example of a:

gender schema

In a study in which children played with gender-neutral gadgets some of which were labeled as "boy toys" and some as "girl toys", boys played more with boy toys and girls played more with girl toys. A week later both boys and girls remembered which toys were associated with each sex. This evidence most strongly supports the importance of ___ in learning and remembering new information.

gender schemas

Some emotions, such as contentment,

have no effect on the body.

As part of her research on gender differences, Dr. Martin is measuring cognitive differences in a large group of male and female freshman college students. She will most likely find that, on the average, the female students will score:

higher than the male students on verbal, reading and writing skills

Emotion is a psychological state involving a number of distinct components. Which of the following is NOT one of those components?

homeostasis

HIV stands for

human immunodeficiency virus

A sexual dysfunction characterized by little or no sexual desire is called:

hypoactive sexual desire disorder

The feature "Psych For Your Life: Turning Your Goals into Reality" described a specific strategy for turning your good intentions into reality. What is the name of that strategy?

implementation intentions

Morgan has a BMI of 22 which means that she is:

in the healthy weight range

Taylor is highly motivated to maintain a high grade point average because her goal is to pursue studies at the graduate level. Taylor's motivation is best explained by:

incentive theories

Well-established learning principles, such as the different types of reinforcement, are most closely associated with which type of motivation theories?

incentive theories

Lacking a sense of control over stressful events can result in a(n):

increase in corticosteroid and catecholamine levels

Increased brain levels of neuropeptide Y cause:

increased eating behavior and decreased body metabolism

Which of the following statements about the effects of positive emotion on health is TRUE? Positive emotion is associated with:

increased longevity

In collectivistic cultures, achievement motivation tends to reflect:

increasing the success or status of one's family or group

State University recently set up a telephone hotline to provide advice, useful suggestions, and information about the resources available on campus for students who are experiencing academic difficulties. What type of support is being provided by the people who staff the hotline?

informational

The characteristic of motivation known as "activation" refers to the:

initiation or production of behavior

The view that some human motives are innate and due to genetic programming is a description of

instinct theories

According to researchers Eagly and Wood, there are social and psychological factors that create expectations in society that make the "division of labor" seem natural and inevitable. This statement illustrates the ___ perspective.

interactionist

A(n) ___ is someone whose biological gender is ambiguous or uncertain, often having reproductive structures that may be partly male and partly female.

intersex individual

The desire to engage in tasks that the person finds inherently satisfying and enjoyable, novel, or optimally challenging is called "____ motivation."

intrinsic

Olivia is taking advanced placement biology in high school because she loves science and is fascinated by biology. Jacob is taking advanced placement biology in high school because his guidance counselor told him he had to if he intended to apply to a pre-med program at a competitive university. Olivia is motivated by _____, while Jacob is motivated by _____.

intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation

In contrast to a person who has a sexual dysfunction, a person with a paraphilia:

is often not psychologically distressed by it

The condition in which the normal mechanisms that help leptin regulate body weight and energy balance are disrupted is referred to as:

leptin resistance

According to your text, which pattern of acculturation is taken by the person who lacks cultural and psychological contact with both her traditional cultural group and her new, adopted culture?

marginalization

According to Albert Bandura, the most effective way to strengthen your sense of self-efficacy is through:

mastery experiences

When Arnell and his friends go to the local mall they are sometimes perceived as dangerous because of their race. If they are similar to three-quarters of other African-American adolescents who reported being treated as incompetent or dangerous, or both because of their race they may be experiencing a subtle form of racism called:

microaggressions

After watching some cartoons on TV, young Chantal started to imitate the voices of some of the characters. According to social learning theory, Chantal's present behavior in observing and imitating the cartoon characters is a process called:

modeling

In contrast to the conclusions reached by early stress researchers Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe, contemporary health psychologists now believe that:

most people weather major life events without developing severe physical or psychological problems

Two personality dimensions on which men and women consistently differ are:

nurturance and assertiveness

Researchers have concluded that sexual orientation is established as early as age six and:

once established, sexual orientation is highly resistant to change

Ryan was disappointed when he was rejected in his first attempt to get admitted to a very prestigious engineering program. Despite this setback, he told his friends that he thought he would have a better chance next time, especially if he took some additional qualifying courses and raised his GPA. Martin Seligman would say that Ryan has a(n):

optimistic explanatory style

People are considered to be ___ if they have a body mass index between 25 and 29.9, unless the BMI is due to muscle and bone rather than fat.

overweight

Gregory has a body mass index (BMI) of 29.3. Gregory is considered:

overweight but not obese

Milton is 35 years old and rarely exercises. During his annual checkup, his doctor calculated his body mass index (BMI) as 27.5 and told him this number was not due to muscle or bone, so therefore he is by definition:

overweight, but not obese

According to psychologist Shelley Taylor, the hormone ____ is higher in females than males and may promote the ____ response to threats.

oxytocin, tend-and-befriend

Pete has been charged for the third time with engaging in sexual activities with prepubescent girls. Pete probably has a ___ disorder.

pedophilic

The role of heredity and genetics in obesity is demonstrated by the fact that:

people with a family history of obesity are two or three times more likely to become obese than people who do not have a family history of obesity

The fact that most parents in the United States do not dress their newborn boys in pink clothes illustrates the:

persuasiveness and force of cultural and societal expectations regarding gender roles

Jenny and Suzy were in charge of the departmental holiday party. Attendance was greater than anticipated, and as a consequence, the refreshment table emptied more quickly than expected. "This is a disaster!" said Suzy. "Oh well," said Jenny, "we probably didn't need the extra calories anyway; perhaps this is an opportunity for personal growth." Jenny's response is best described as:

positive reappraisal

After Clarissa broke her foot during a karate tournament, her friend Emma drove her to the clinic for doctor's appointments, brought her home-cooked meals and groceries, helped her make up the class work she'd missed, and called her at least once a day just to keep Clarissa's spirits up. Emma is:

providing tangible AND emotional social support

Who developed gender schema theory to explain gender role development?

psychologist Sandra Bem

The relationship between psychological processes, the nervous system, and the immune system is the focus of the field of:

psychoneuroimmunology

Twenty-five-year-old Heather was overweight. After going on a diet she successfully lost 15 pounds. If Heather is typical of most people who lose weight she will:

regain the weight she lost in a matter of weeks or months

During the ___ stage of the general adaptation syndrome, as the body tries to adapt to the continuing stressful situation, physiological arousal lessens but remains above normal.

resistance

Ms. Prouli has been taking care of her husband who has Alzheimer's Disease, for a number of years. The prolonged stress involved in caring for her husband may:

result in reduced immune system functioning

According to box "Focus on Neuroscience: Emotions and the Brain" when recalling emotional memories, the ___ is activated, which contribute to our ability to feel an emotion.

somatosensory cortex

When Chris missed his connecting flight due to bad weather, he became extremely upset and worried about the important meeting he was going to miss. In this scenario, the missed connection is an example of a _____, and his response to the missed connection is an example of _____.

stressor; stress

After a casual sexual encounter Cindy now has swollen lymph nodes and a painless sore on her genitals. Her doctor might diagnose her with:

syphilis

In both men and women, sexual activity and motivation is biologically influenced by bodily levels of:

testosterone

Resilience refers to:

the ability to cope with stress and adversity, to adapt to negative or unforeseen circumstances, and to rebound after negative experiences

Chantee is an attractive middle-aged heterosexual woman. What is least likely to influence Chantee's sexuality?

the estrus cycle

What of the following best defines satiation?

the feeling of fullness and diminished desire to eat that accompanies eating a meal

Robert and Beth are a married couple in their late 30s and have different professional careers. They also have an 8 year old son named Noah, two cats, a nervous gerbil and relatives that live in the same city. Based on what you've read in the text which of the following statements is most likely to be true?

the health benefits of being married are greater for Robert than they are for Beth

What increases the sensitivity of the stomach's stretch receptors and promotes satiation?

the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK)

Nate wonders how his friend Jim can wake up at 5:00 every morning to swim laps before school. When he asks about it, Jim replies that he simply wants to realize his highest personal potential in swimming. According to Maslow's theory of motivation, Jim is satisfying:

the need for self-actualization

Andy suffered from chronic back pain. After weeks of unsuccessful treatment, Andy's doctor gave him some pill samples, describing them as a new experimental medication for back pain. In reality, the pills were just sugar pills and contained no medication at all. After a few days, Andy's backache was much better. Andy's response to the sugar pills is an example of:

the placebo effect

After orgasm, men are not able to experience orgasm again for a period of time. This stage of the sexual response cycle is:

the resolution stage

Whenever any of her friends or relatives have problems and are upset, Gilda gets upset too. This example illustrates:

the stress contagion effect

Brandon was waiting in line to make a deposit at the bank when he heard the man in front of him say softly to the teller, "just give me the money now." At first Brandon thought the man was just impatient, but then he realized the guy was a bank robber. Brandon felt afraid and started backing up slowly, looking for cover. Brandon's emotional response probably resulted from neural impulses that:

traveled along the indirect pathway, via the thalamus --> cortex --> amygdala

After a ride on the very frightening roller coaster with Helga, Manfred's heart was beating fast, his hands were sweating and his knees were trembling. He looked at Helga and concluded that he must be falling in love with her. Manfred's emotional experience can be best explained by the:

two-factor theory of emotion

Approximately ___ of your body's energy is used for continuous bodily functions that are essential for life, such as breathing, heartbeat, and the production of body heat.

two-thirds

Dr. Garcia and her colleagues have done extensive research into the effects of life events on health and well-being. She is MOST likely to conclude that:

undesirable events are significant sources of stress, but change in itself is not necessarily stressful.

The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS):

was an attempt to quantify and rank the impact of stress-producing events in a person's life.

Death results from HIV when the virus eventually:

weakens the immune system to the point it can no longer defend the body against infection.

Chantee is a young women from the US. She is looking for a mate. According to the evolutionary theories of David Buss, which of the following characteristics is Chantee most likely to seek in a mate?

wealth and security

By the time Austin reached his 25th birthday he had a weight problem. Since then, Austin has been on several diets, each time losing some of his excess weight. But as soon as Austin stops dieting, he regains the excess weight in a matter of weeks. The phenomenon Austin experienced is:

weight cycling

When shown photographs of facial expressions of basic emotions, people from 21 different countries:

were able to accurately identify each of the emotions being expressed

Dr. Rosin and her colleagues are conducting a survey of a random sample of American adults between the ages of 18 and 59. The question is "How often do you think about sex?" If their results are consistent with previous research on this topic, they are likely to find that:

while there is a wide range of individual variation within each group, there is also quite a bit of overlap between men and women on this topic

Research indicates that the gender gap in STEM achievement is greater between:

women and men with children than between women and men without children

Mary has a large and diverse network of social relationships. She may be potentially vulnerable to some of the problematic aspects of social support because:

women in general are more likely than men to suffer from the stress contagion effect

According to the cognitive appraisal model, when you are confronted with a threatening event, you will experience stress if:

you think you are unable to cope with the event or situation

According to estimates in the text, approximately ___ people in the US are infected with HIV.

873,000

Mindfulness meditation tends to exacerbate the psychological effects of stress because it focuses awareness on negative thoughts and prolongs negative thinking about the stressor.

False

One consistent finding is that psychological stress can cause a strong immune system response and decrease the length of time it takes for a wound to heal.

False

Resilience refers to perceiving events as taxing and exceeding the ability to cope.

False

When Rachel completed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) her score, based on events during the previous year was 350 life change units. Which of the following statements is true?

It is not possible to make an accurate prediction about Rachel's future health because scores on the SRRS are only weakly correlated with the development of physical and psychological problems.

According to the ________ theory of emotion, your subjective emotional experience is the direct result of physical changes in your body.

James-Lange

Deci and Ryan's self-determination theory which focuses on innate and universal psychological needs has the most in common with:

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

___ is an interdisciplinary field that studies the interconnections among psychological processes, the nervous system, and the immune system.

Psychoneuroimmunology

Imagine that a close friend turns to you for help with personal problems and high stress levels. According to the research presented in the textbook, which of the following may NOT be helpful?

Talk about yourself and your own problems and give advice that was not asked for

A PET scan study that was featured in the box "Focus on Neuroscience: The Mysterious Placebo Effect" demonstrated that a placebo painkiller:

activates the same brain areas as genuine painkillers

Rats with a damaged amygdala:

cannot acquire a classically conditioned fear response.

As a junior in college, Nicholas has made good grades in all of his classes. Despite this, he has kept putting off enrolling in English Composition I and II because he is convinced that he lacks the writing skills necessary to succeed in those classes. According to Enhancing Well-Being with Psychology box, "Turning Your Goals into Reality," Nicholas's beliefs about his writing skills reflect a:

low degree of self-efficacy

Shortly after her finished a strenuous aerobic workout, Gary went on a date with Tricia. According to the two-factor theory of emotion, Gary's perception of Tricia's attractiveness:

may be influenced by his physiological arousal.

According to Martin Seligman, people who exhibit a(n) ____ explanatory style are more likely to ____

optimistic, be healthier and persist despite setbacks

According to ____ theory, optimal human functioning and growth throughout the lifespan is possible only if psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness are met.

self-determination

High blood levels of the hormone ghrelin:

stimulate appetite and eating behavior

The term AIDS refers to:

the disease caused by the later, most advanced stages of HIV infection.

When a large snarling dog threatened Daniel during his regular morning jog, he experienced the classic symptoms of the fight-or-flight response. According to Walter Cannon, Daniel's response to this acute level of stress involves both:

the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system

The term ___ is used to describe an individual who undergoes hormonal treatments and sex-change surgery to physically transform his or her body into the opposite sex.

transsexual

___ are hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla that cause rapid physiological arousal and include adrenaline and noradrenaline.

Catecholamines

____ is the behavioral and cognitive responses used to deal with stressors, including our efforts to change circumstances, or our interpretation of circumstances, to make them more favorable and less threatening.

Coping

True or False: Getting only about 5 hours of sleep a night is an effective strategy for reducing appetite and losing weight.

FALSE

Catecholamines are specialized cells produced by the immune system that protect the body from viruses, bacteria, and tumor cells.

False

Contemporary research has conclusively demonstrated that certain personality characteristics inevitably cause particular diseases.

False

Emotion-focused coping efforts are aimed primarily at directly changing or managing a threatening or harmful stressor.

False

Members of collectivistic cultures tend to emphasize personal autonomy and personal responsibility in dealing with problems and are less likely to seek support in stressful situations than members of individualistic cultures.

False

Members of individualistic cultures tend to be more oriented toward their social group, family, or community in seeking help with their problems, whereas members of collectivist cultures tend to emphasize personal autonomy and personal responsibility in dealing with problems and are less likely to seek support in stressful situations.

False

People respond to an immediate threat with an increase in corticosteroids, but they respond to prolonged or chronic threats with an increase in catecholamines.

False

Research has confirmed the idea that particular life events have essentially the same impact on most people, and this impact can be quantified in terms of a specific number of "life change units."

False

Research has now shown that certain personality traits, such as cheerfulness and having a positive attitude, can cure cancer and other serious illnesses.

False

Anthony decides to start running every morning before his first college class. He buys running clothes and some expensive athletic shoes, yet never quite makes it to the running path. What strategies could help Anthony achieve his goal?

Form a specific goal intention and create implementation intentions

In one study, participants were injected with the hormone adrenaline. When asked how they felt, the subjects simply reported the physical changes produced by the drug, saying "My heart is beating very fast." Some reported feeling "as if" they should be feeling an emotion, but they said they did not feel the emotion itself: "I feel as if I were afraid." These results conflict with the __ theory of emotion.

James-Lange

Lisa and her husband John have both had a very stressful day at work. According to psychological research, sex differences in coping would predict that:

John is more likely to withdraw from contact with other family members

Jordan routinely eats an early lunch around 11:00 AM. Even if there's no clock in sight, Jordan can tell when's almost 11:00 AM. because he feels hungry and wants to eat. Which of the following explanations accounts for this?

Jordan has become classically conditioned so the time of day 11 am is a conditioned stimulus for him triggering internal bodily changes that increase his desire to eat

Sitting side by side, Amy and Howard watched the television as the news reporter announced, "With the votes from the remaining counties, there's no question that Senator Smith has won reelection!" At that moment, Howard jumped off the couch and cheered with joy, and Amy stomped angrily out of the room. Which theory of emotion best accounts for their different reactions to the same information?

Lazarus's cognitive appraisal theory of emotion

Megan has to give a class presentation in one week but hasn't begun preparing for it yet, because she's convinced that she will not be able to do a good job. How could Megan overcome her self-doubts and increase her self-efficacy?

Megan should observe other students doing class presentations and ask the best students for advice

Paul, a middle-aged man born in the United States, used to be a part-time yoga instructor, however he just started a new job as a stockbroker in a very fast-paced and stressful office environment. The stress is exacerbated by the fact that Paul's boss, Mr. Limburger, is a micromanager who closely monitors and controls Paul's every move while he is at work. What impact is this job change likely to have on Paul's body?

Paul's corticosteroid levels will increase

___ is to acute stress as ___ is to prolonged stress

The fight-or-flight response, the general adaptation syndrome

Compared to people in individualistic countries, those in collectivist countries tend to cope with stressful events by emphasizing control over their emotional reactions and acceptance of the situation.

True

Corticosteroids are hormones released by the adrenal cortex that play a key role in the body's response to long-term stressors.

True

Distancing is an emotion-focused coping strategy in which the individual acknowledges the stressor but attempts to minimize or eliminate its emotional impact.

True

Escape-avoidance is an emotion-focused coping strategy in which the person shifts his or her attention away from the stressor and toward other activities.

True

In the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome, the symptoms of the alarm stage reappear, only this time irreversibly; as the body's energy reserves become depleted, adaptation begins to break down, leading to physical disorders, and potentially death.

True

Lymphocytes produce neurotransmitters and hormones, which in turn, influence the nervous and endocrine systems.

True

Mindfulness meditation is a meditation technique in which practitioners focus awareness on ongoing mental experience with nonjudgmental acceptance.

True

One consistent finding is that psychological stress can increase the length of time it takes a wound to heal.

True

People from individualistic cultures, such as the United States, tend to emphasize the importance of actively controlling stressful or threatening circumstances.

True

People in the lowest socioeconomic levels of society tend to have the highest levels of psychological distress, physical illness, and premature death than those in higher-status groups.

True

Prospective studies are those in which researchers track the health and personal habits of initially healthy participants over long periods of time.

True

Psychologists Judith Rudin and Ellen Langer discovered that nursing home residents who were given control over their daily activities had fewer stress-related illnesses than nursing home residents who had decisions about their daily activities made for them by the nursing home staff.

True

Psychologists and other scientists are cautious in the statements they make about the connections between personality and health because of the correlational nature of much of the research and the difficulty in determining causality.

True

Regarding the association between stress and immune system functioning, your textbook concludes that exposure to stressors does not automatically translate into poorer health and that physical health is affected by the interaction of many factors, including heredity, nutrition, health-related habits, and access to medial care.

True

Research has demonstrated that people who experienced chronic stressors that lasted more than a month were the most likely to develop colds when exposed to a cold virus.

True

Research shows that fewer than 10 percent of those who experience major disasters - such as floods, earthquakes, and hurricanes - develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

True

Researchers have discovered that people who are under chronic stress tend to have shortened telomeres.

True

Tyler is a very competitive and impatient stockbroker who often gets annoyed over insignificant matters. He has a reputation for being hostile and angry and tends to be suspicious and mistrustful and to blame others for his losses. Tyler is likely to be classified as having a:

Type A behavior pattern

According to psychologists Peter Glick and Susan Fiske, which statement would reflect an attitude they call "benevolent sexism" in the United States?

Women are pure creatures who ought to be protected, supported and adored.

Researchers have investigated possible gender differences in the frequency of daily hassles. What does this research show?

Women experience more daily hassles and higher levels of stress associated with friends and family than men

Your assignment is to measure your research partner's blood levels of ghrelin. Your partner is of normal weight and eats at normal times. You take blood samples every 30 minutes. As compared with the blood sample you took at 10 a.m. the same you took at noon just before your partner ate lunch contained ___ level of ghrelin.

a much higher

For most of his adult life, Bob has become sexually aroused any time he rides a roller coaster. On several occasions he has been banned from fairs and carnivals because other people find his appearance to be indecent. Based on the information in your textbook, Bob probably suffers from:

a paraphilia

Jenny uses a relaxation technique in which she focuses awareness on present experience with the goal of disengaging herself from strong attachments to beliefs, thoughts, or emotions and developing a greater sense of emotional balance and well-being. According to "Psych for Your Life: Minimizing the Effects of Stress" Jenny is using:

a relaxation technique called mindfulness meditation

Regarding the Type A behavior pattern, most health psychologists today would agree that:

a sense of hostility is strongly linked to the development of heart disease, while time urgency, competitiveness, and achievement motivation are not

An individual who is anatomically female but identifies as or wishes to become a male would be termed:

a transgender man

Tim was born a man but underwent hormonal treatments and sex-change surgery. Now Tim is known as Tina, a woman. Based on the information in your textbook Tina is best described as:

a transsexual

The stress that results from the pressure of adapting to a new culture is called:

acculturative stress

When Konya emigrated to the United States he found it very difficult to adapt to the new culture. Konya probably experienced:

acculturative stress

Motivated behavior directed toward excelling, succeeding, or outperforming others at some task is called:

achievement motivation

Sandy's decision to travel to the Himalayas as a medical volunteer illustrates which characteristic of motivation?

activation

The chapter Prologue describes Sandy's decision to travel to the Himalayas as a medical volunteer. Sandy's decision to pursue this activity illustrates which characteristic of motivation?

activation

When Jamie got to the parking lot, he was distressed to find that his new car had been badly damaged by a hit-and-run driver. At this point, Jamie is probably in the ___ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

alarm

Intense arousal is to the ___ stage of the general adaptation syndrome as adjustment to a continuing stressful situation is to the ___ stage.

alarm; resistance

A large-scale survey of more than 10,000 people in 37 cultures revealed that:

all 37 cultures ranked "mutual attraction and love" as the most important factor in their choice of mate

According to Maslow's theory of motivation:

all people are motivated by an inborn tendency to strive for self-actualization.

Milton claims that his dog Moxie is a real clown and that his antics and fooling around are always aimed at getting a laugh. He says Moxie has a great sense of humor. Milton appears to be attributing human traits and emotions to his dog, a phenomenon called:

anthropomorphism

The attribution of human traits, motives, or behaviors to nonhuman animals or objects is called:

anthropomorphism

Dr Pasqualia's area of research is concerned with the issue of gender differences. If she is typical of most scientific researchers in her field, she is most likely to conclude that men and women:

are very similar in many aspects of behavior, including social, personality and cognitive factors

Six-year-old Patrick was very excited and curious when his parents took him to the circus for the first time. However, when the clowns climbed over the barrier and started playing tricks on some of the children nearby, Patrick became visibly upset. Patrick's initial curiosity and his later fear and apprehension in this situation are best explained by:

arousal theory

When Nishio emigrated to Australia he heartily embraced the new culture, adopting the dress and social values of his new home, and soon gave up his old traditions, customs, and language. Nishio chose:

assimilation

What are the 3 fundamental needs identified by Deci and Ryan's self-determination theory of motivation?

autonomy, competence, and relatedness

Your ___ is the rate at which your body uses energy for vital bodily functions when at rest.

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Ethan is struggling to make enough money to pay his rent and buy food. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Ethan is attempting to meet his:

basic needs

Gertrud participated in a research study at her nursing home where she was given many choices over her daily activities, including what to eat, which activities to attend, and so forth. According to research by Judith Rodin and Ellen Langer, Gertrud is likely to:

be healthier than nursing home residents in a matched control group who were not given the opportunity to make choices about their daily activities

Flooding refers to ___ , and stonewalling refers to ___.

being emotionally overwhelmed; withdrawing in order to contain uncomfortable emotion

Someone who is ___ is sexually attracted to both males and females, and someone who is ___ is sexually attracted to individuals of the other sex.

bisexual; heterosexual

Studies of twins have shown that genetics contribute to homosexual orientation in:

both men and women

When Marcy arrived home she was shocked to see that her house had been burglarized and ransacked, and she was terrified that the burglar might still be in the house. It is very probable that Marcy's sympathetic nervous system has stimulated her adrenal medulla to secrete hormones called:

catecholamines

Which of the following is a life change event and NOT an example of a daily hassle?

changing your hours of work and working conditions

Larry constantly complains about minor health problems, how hard he has to work, and how he is not appreciated by his family. He dislikes most of the people he meets, and no matter what happens to him he is dissatisfied and grumpy. Larry seems to display:

chronic negative emotions

The theory that emotional responses are triggered by cognitive evaluation is called the:

cognitive appraisal theory of emotion

When Spencer took his first ride on the big Ferris wheel, he looked down at the fairground one hundred feet below him and became aware of his high level of physiological arousal. Suddenly he felt frightened. The sequence of events in Spencer's emotional experience reflects the:

cognitive appraisal theory of emotion

Gender schema theory is to ___ as social learning theory is to ___

cognitive categories; reinforcement, punishment and modeling

Which of the following are four of the emotion-focused coping strategies discussed in your textbook?

denial, distancing, seeking social support, and positive reappraisal

When you feel cold, you engage in behavior to reduce this unpleasant feeling such as putting on your coat. This desire to reduce internal tension is a crucial aspect of :

drive theories of motivation

When Nathan was having personal and academic problems while attending college, he talked to his family and friends, asking for advice and help. It would appear that Nathan is using a(n) ___ coping strategy called ____.

emotion-focused; seeking social support

When Bernadette first left home to attend college, she felt lonely, isolated, and apprehensive about succeeding in her new academic environment. Bernadette frequently called her best friend Cindy, who was attending college in their hometown. Cindy was very supportive, empathetic, and reassuring. Cindy is providing Bernadette with a type of social support called "--- support."

emotional

Janice has trouble holding down a job and can't seem to manage her finances. She makes friends quickly but rarely forms long-lasting friendships or other relationships because she is so difficult to get along with. She complains about her bad luck with men - all she ever meets, she claims are losers. From this description, it's safe to say Janice is probably low in:

emotional intelligence

Matthew is extremely intelligent and is a gifted statistician, yet he has few friends and rarely holds a job for more than six months because he constantly alienates his co-workers and supervisors. Matthew probably lacks:

emotional intelligence

When Harry got a failing grade in one of his courses, he decided to talk to his professor about the personal problems he had during the term and discuss the possibility of doing a makeup final exam or writing an extra paper. Harry appears to be reacting to a stressful situation by trying to exercise some personal control. If Harry's approach is realistic and successful, it is likely to:

enhance his feelings of self-confidence, self-efficacy, and autonomy

Whenever Caleb gets stressed out or upset, he tends to drink excessively in order to "drown his sorrows." Caleb is using a maladaptive form of an emotion-focused coping strategy called:

escape-avoidance

Gina has an unneutered female cat named Mittens. Normally Mittens is not very social and rarely chooses to interact with other animals. However, when Mittens is in ___, she becomes uncharacteristically receptive to sexual advances from male cats.

estrus

In the indirect fear pathway described by Joseph LeDoux, what role does the cortex play?

evaluating a stimulus and determining if it is a threat

According to research by Masters and Johnson, what is the normal order of the four stages in the human sexual response cycle?

excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

Tina can achieve orgasm only by having sex in a public place where people will discover her activity. This inappropriate sexual behavior is termed:

exhibitionistic disorder

Trevor inappropriately achieves sexual arousal by exposing his genitals to shocked strangers. This inappropriate sexual behavior is termed:

exhibitionistic disorder

Whenever he is feeling gloomy, Lloyd sings the song "Put on a Happy Face". According to the facial feedback hypothesis, if he follows the advice of the song Lloyd is likely to:

experience an elevation in his mood

Elizabeth is leaving the United States to live and work in Japan and is very excited about the change. When Elizabeth arrives and starts work in Japan, she is likely to:

experience increased levels of stress due to the acculturation process

According to Martin Seligman, a person who reacts to negative events with an optimistic explanatory style uses:

external, unstable, and specific explanations for negative events

Much of our behavior in daily life is driven by _____ motivation, which consists of external influences on behavior.

extrinsic

Behavior driven by rewards, rules, and responsibilities is to _____ as behavior motivated by enjoyment, satisfaction, or challenge is to _____.

extrinsic motivation; intrinsic motivation

In India, the hijra culture typically does not include:

female-to-male transgender people

Sam and Pat are the same age. Sam consistently scores higher than Pat on tests of verbal fluency, reading comprehension, and basic writing skills, but Pat outperforms Sam on spatial skills and tests of advanced mathematical ability. Statistically this suggests Sam is ___ and Pat is ___.

female; male

Cross-cultural research investigating typical characteristics and behaviors associated with men and women are studying:

gender stereotypes

Beth is self-confident, unemotional and ambitious. Her very traditional mother is worried that Beth is not traditional enough. Beth's mother is endorsing:

gender-role stereotypes

In comparing the incidence of homosexuality—either male or female—among pairs of identical twins, fraternal twins, and adoptive siblings, the research seems to indicate that:

genetic factors play a role in determining sexual orientation

Theories of emotion differ in terms of which components of emotion they emphasize. Which of the following is NOT one of those components?

genetics predispositions

Specifying exactly when, where, and how you will carry out an intended behavior, linking specific situational cues to the intended behavior, is called a(n):

goal intention

When you form a ____, you translate a vague, general intention into a concrete, specific, and binding goal.

goal intention

Jerry recently had a sexual encounter with a girl he did not know that well. Now he has yellowish penile discharge and a burning pain when he tries to urinate. When Jerry visits his doctor to investigate this new development, his doctor might diagnose him with:

gonorrhea

Dr. Gordon uses the biopsychosocial model to guide her research into how psychological factors influence health, illness, and treatment. Dr. Gordon is most likely a:

health psychologist

When Angela goes to graduate school she wants to focus on how to promote health-enhancing behaviors, how psychological factors influence health and illness, and how people respond in the relationship between patient and health practitioner. Angela's interest is in:

health psychology

Bhagmati is a man who cross dresses without taking additional steps to become female. In fact, Bhagmati has a beard. Bhagmati lives in a subculture within India, in a community with a guru as leader. Bhagmati may be a member of the:

hijra culture

Nate wonders how his friend Jim can wake up at 5:00 every morning to swim laps before school. When he asks about it, Jim replies that he simply wants to realize his highest personal potential in swimming. Jim's explanation is most consistent with which theories of motivation?

humanistic

Newlywed Ann loves her husband very much but is worried because she experiences little or no sexual desire. Ann's problems are consistent with a condition known as:

hypoactive sexual desire disorder

Carl a transgender man has recently been told by friends to engage in strength training "because it is what men do". As a woman Carl was never encouraged to do strength training because he was told this would "make him bulky like a man" This example illustrates the ___ perspective.

interactionist

Cross-cultural research indicates that Japanese and other collectivistic cultures have added a third emotional dimension, called "____" to the two basic emotional dimensions of pleasantness and arousal.

interpersonal engagement

When Karen suggested to Gordy that they go out for coffee on Friday night, Gordy said, "Sorry, I can't make it Friday, perhaps some other time?" Karen did not suggest another time, but instead thought to herself that she was obviously not very attractive and always said the wrong thing to men. Martin Seligman would say that Karen has a(n):

pessimistic explanatory style

Walking home late at night after watching a scary movie at a friend's house, Ashley suddenly hears a strange, shrill noise that almost sounds like a distant scream. Her heartbeat and blood pressure increase, her muscles tense, her mouth goes dry, and she begins to perspire. Ashley is experiencing the _____ component of emotion that is due to the activation of her _____.

physiological; sympathetic nervous system

Angie's husband Hal was badly injured in a motorcycle accident. For the first few weeks after the accident, Angie spent virtually every waking hour at the hospital as Hal hovered between life and death in intensive care. Angie seemed to be handling the stress well. At this point, Angie is probably in the ____ stage of the _____.

resistance, general adaptation syndrome

In one study, 500,000 people from 34 countries completed an Implicit Association Test (IAT) that measures unconscious associations. More than 70% of participants in this study unconsciously viewed:

science as more of a masculine than a feminine pursuit

In responding to stress, Shelley Taylor proposes that women "tend-and-befriend" in response to stress. In this model, "befriend" refers to:

seeking social support, protection and resources from others

Dave is very confident about his ability to deal with any situation that might arise in his job as a firefighter. Albert Bandura would probably classify Dave as a person with a high level of ________ in firefighting situations.

self-efficacy

People who rank high on the need for varied, complex, and unique sensory experiences are referred to as:

sensation seekers

Haley savored the wonderful smell and taste of the first Godiva chocolate that Connor offered her. And the second Godiva chocolate was almost as good. But when Connor offered her a third Godiva chocolate, Haley's desire to eat more chocolate had diminished and she declined the offer. Which of the following concepts best explains Haley's reduced desire to continue eating the chocolate?

sensory-specific satiety

We may eat a food for a limited time because we become less appealed by that specific taste as we eat the food, which is termed:

sensory-specific satiety

In a primate species called the bonobo, sexual interaction:

serves important social functions, defining and cementing relationships among members of the group

Ryan is enrolled in a fitness and nutrition course. He is currently learning a theory that posits: the natural or optimal weight that the body maintains by increases or decreases in hunger and basal metabolic rate is called the "set-point weight." This is called the "____" theory

set-point

The biological category of male or female as defined by physical differences in genetic composition and in reproductive anatomy and functions is referred to as:

sex

Connie gets sexually aroused in response to being humiliated, beaten, or otherwise made to suffer. Connie has a __ disorder.

sexual masochism

When Julie met Sarah, she fell in love right away. Julie's emotional and erotic attraction to Sarah illustrates:

sexual orientation

Any of several infectious diseases that are primarily transmitted through sexual intercourse or other intimate sexual contact are called "___".

sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

After Lana got a low grade on her first French exam, she told her roommate that she was dropping the course because she wasn't good at foreign languages and would never be able to figure out French grammar. Lana is best classified as having a pessimistic explanatory style because:

she uses internal, stable, and global explanations for negative events

Researchers have discovered that people who are under chronic stress tend to have ___ telomeres

shortened

You know that your friend Jeffrey's wife has left him and that his company has just been bought out by a big corporation, meaning that his job is in jeopardy. You stop at Jeffrey's apartment after work one evening and notice he is gulping coffee and chain-smoking cigarettes. He explains that the stress is getting to him and that he's had trouble sleeping. Because you've read the advice in "Minimizing the Effects of Stress" you know that common stimulants like nicotine and caffeine:

should be avoided, because they cause physiological arousal and will only increase his feelings of nervousness and stress

When Jana took her first driving lesson, she experienced a number of physiological reactions, such as a racing heart, sweaty palms, and tension in her muscles. These physiological reactions involved the activation of her _____ nervous system.

sympathetic

Howie noticed that both when he encountered a bear in the woods on his camping trip and when he kissed his girlfriend for the first time, he felt the same pounding heart and sweaty palms. He felt afraid when he saw the bear because it was a threatening situation, but he felt excited with the kiss. Which theory of emotion best explains Howie's emotions?

two-factor theory of emotion

Ken delivers fresh produce to health food stores around the city. Laid-back and easygoing, he loves his job because it allows him to meet people and get daily exercise at the same time. Ken is likely to be classified as having a:

type b behavior pattern

According to your textbook, gays and lesbians:

who are comfortable with their sexual orientation are just as well-adjusted as heterosexuals

One-year-old Samuel was born blind and deaf. According to research presented in the text, Samuel:

will express emotions such as joy, anger, and pleasure using the same facial expressions as other children

Thelma has a very diverse social network that includes a warm and loving relationship with her husband, close friendships with family members, co-workers, and neighbors, and many social interactions with members of her religious community. According to the results of prospective studies reported in the text, it is very probable that Thelma:

will live longer than those who have less diverse social networks

In looking at gender differences in emotion, psychologist Agneta Fischer and her colleagues analyzed cross-cultural data from 37 countries around the world. The researchers found that across cultures:

women report experiencing and expressing more sadness, fear, and guilt, while men report experiencing and expressing more anger and hostility