psychology exam 2 modules

James walks into the gas station to prepay for his gas. It seems like everyone pauses and looks at him. He is now aware that he is the only Muslim male in the store. He is aware of his:

social identity

When Christina walks into her introduction to psychology course on the first day of class, she becomes immediately aware that she is the only African-American in the class. She is aware of her:

social identity

_____ assumes that children learn gender-linked behaviors by observing and imitating others, and through the rewards and punishments they receive for their imitation.

social learning theory

In classical conditioning one learns:

to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events.

Before the bell was ever presented, Pavlov's dog salivated each time food was presented. The _____ in this situation is salivation.

unconditioned response

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response is called a(n):

unconditioned stimulus

Tim has been working at a travel agency for 10 years and without notice and different times receives bonuses for his performance. This schedule would BEST be described as:

variable-ratio

Bonnie moved from her home state so that she could attend graduate school in her desired field of study. She did not know anyone in her new city and quickly spent all the money she had saved. Things cost much more than she had expected. She received little support from her family, but she got a part-time job and continued her studies until she earned her degree. Bonnie has a(n) _____ personality.

venturesome

Three groups of research participants were asked to choose one of four options regarding a complex problem. The best decision was made by the group:

whose attention was slightly distracted

A doctor at the local hospital has always told new parents to make sure that their babies sleep on their backs and not their stomachs because this will reduce the risk of a smothering crib death. How might following this good advice impact their baby's development?

Crawling will be delayed.

Jeff's psychology assignment is to observe and list any behaviors of his relatives that indicate learning. Which of the following should be included on his list?

Jeff's little brother whines whenever he wants something

According to B. F. Skinner, which of the following alternatives to punishment represents the BEST method for reducing an undesirable behavior?

Mark is reinforced for working quietly in class instead of being punished for disrupting class.

Who is most likely to show the most severe grief?

Melanie, whose wife died in a car accident

Yun Hee is concerned about her 1-year-old daughter, who has not started to walk yet. Should Yun Lee be worried?

No, she should not worry. Only 50 percent of all babies in the United States are walking within a week after their first birthday.

According to operant conditioning principles, which of the following would NOT be recommended when dealing with a young girl who won't get into the car to go to school in the morning?

Parents should express their anger by yelling at the girl.

According to the psychologist _____, when adolescents are able to reason abstractly, they have achieved the formal operational stage of cognitive development.

Piaget

Jenny has agreed to babysit for a family that has a 6-year-old boy and an 8-year-old girl. What can Jenny possibly anticipate with respect to the behavioral differences between the children?

The girl will spend more time talking to Jenny, while the boy will spend more time in physically active play.

According to Bandura's theory of observational learning, which of the following characteristics make portrayals of violence on television more likely to be imitated?

The violent behavior is performed by the hero or another attractive, high-status individual.

Jerry is a star basketball player on the high school team. He is very tall. He is also very popular with both boys and girls. Jerry is more likely to experiment with _____.

alcohol & sex

When Sally couldn't find the artichokes at the supermarket, she walked up and down every aisle looking for them. She was using a problem-solving tool known as an _____.

algorithm

The garage where Quinn works has specific step-by-step procedures, or _____, for repairing car engines.

algorithms

Elyse is concerned because she cannot remember events before she was about 4 years old. This is called infantile _____.

amnesia

Charleen displays male and female psychological characteristics. This is known as:

androgyny

Ehud was at the park with his father and excitedly pointed to the squirrel and exclaimed, "Kitty, kitty." His father pointed out that this was a squirrel, not a kitty. Tommy's initial understanding BEST illustrates the process of _____.

assimilation

Classical and operant conditioning involve learning through _____, whereas observational learning involves learning through imitation.

association

Every time Martin opens the cabinet where he stores his dog's treats his dog begins to bark in anticipation. This is an example of:

associative learning

When is the nervous system immature?

at birth

Michael demands total obedience from his children. There is no discussion and no arguing, and he has zero tolerance for anyone breaking the rules he has decreed. Michael has a(n) _____ parenting style.

authoritarian

Sam is a 12-month-old infant who just began crawling. This may be a result of Sam sleeping on his:

back

George often feels tired and sluggish. Which of the following is his physician likely to recommend?

be more physically active

Some people still believe in ghosts despite the fact that the scientific evidence has proven otherwise. They are exhibiting _____.

belief perseverance

Female _____ are to secondary sex characteristics as male testes are to primary sex characteristics.

breasts

Conditioned taste aversions demonstrate that:

certain stimuli are easier to associate than others because of cognition's influence on conditioning.

Which of the following has research demonstrated is NOT a possible biological cause of autism spectrum disorder?

childhood MMR vaccinations

Michael noticed that all the fish in his aquarium direct their mouths toward the top of the tank when he walks by. This is most likely an example of:

classical conditioning

When Juan was a child, he was attacked by a swarm of bees in his back yard. Now every time he hears the sound of bees, he immediately becomes frightened. This is an example of:

classical conditioning

In her research, Professor Kyoto seeks to identify circumstances in a person's bias that are especially likely to impede effective problem solving. Her research is MOST likely in the area of _____ psychology.

cognitive

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people is known as a(n):

concept

Ferris loves dogs. Anytime he sees an animal, he asks his parents whether it is a dog. Eventually, he is able to differentiate dogs from other animals, as well as recognize both large and small dogs as dogs. These experiences are helping to shape his _____ of dogs.

concept

Two beakers contain what are clearly identical amounts of a liquid. However, a child suddenly judges them as holding different amounts of liquid after the liquid in one beaker is poured into a shorter, wider beaker. The child apparently lacks a:

concept of conservation

_____ allow us to quickly categorize new objects and events with little cognitive effort.

concepts

This week Andrea is babysitting her younger sisters, Cassy, who is the youngest, and Nikki. Andrea fixes them both a glass of their favorite juice except that Cassy's glass is taller and Nikki's is wider and shorter. Andrea anticipated that Nikki would complain, but she did not. When Andrea asked Nikki why, Nikki replied that the glasses held the same amount. Nikki is in which stage of cognitive development according to Piaget's theory?

concrete operational

If the onset of a light reliably signals the onset of food, a rat in a Skinner box will work to turn on the light. In this case, the light is a _____ reinforcer.

conditioned

In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus is called the:

conditioned response

Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person had become a(n):

conditioned stimulus

The process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses is called _____.

conditioning

Jessica acts so differently with her parents than with her girlfriends that she often thinks her personality is completely phony. Erik Erikson would have suggested that Jessica is experiencing role _____.

confusion

Thirteen-year-old David repeatedly tells his mother not to drive too fast and to make a complete stop at the light in order to avoid getting a ticket. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates _____ morality.

conventional

Studies that compare people of different ages with one another are called _____ studies.

cross-sectional

In her business meetings, Padma is very vocal with her opinions and even slightly intimidating to her colleagues. This is behavior is somewhat unusual because women tend to be more _____ than men.

democratic

In his business meetings, Vik expresses support for his colleagues and welcomes their opinions, listening intently when they are speaking. This behavior is somewhat unusual, because men are usually more _____ than women.

directive

Four-year-old Chuck developed a fear of the stairs in his house after falling down them several times. When he was at his grandmother's house, he had no problem climbing the stairs. Unlike Little Albert's fear of white rats and other white items, Chuck was demonstrating:

discrimination

Kevin is a tall and popular 16-year-old. He is also starting to use alcohol. It is likely that Kevin matured at a(n) _____ age.

early

In classical conditioning, acquisition of a new behavior involves associating _____.

events

Scott received a money-saving credit card offer in the mail complete with a frequent-flyer rewards program. With this program, he will get a $500 airline ticket after he acquires 25,000 miles or spends $25,000. This is a _____ schedule.

fixed-ratio

Presenting an issue in a specific way affects judgment and decision making. How the issue is presented is known as:

framing

"Teens are less guilty by reason of adolescence" because their:

frontal lobes are not fully developed

John just started his vacation from work and scheduled a tee time with friends to play golf on Monday morning. That morning he started driving to work instead of the golf course. This is an example of:

habitual behavior

A problem-solving strategy that is usually fast but also is error-prone is known as a(n) _____.

heuristic

Liz is 15 years old. She has stopped going to church with her family because she does not agree with everything the church preaches. She doesn't understand how her parents still go every weekend when they don't always practice their religion during the week. By seeing the hypocrisy in her parents' lives, Liz has become capable of:

hypothetical reasoning.

Alexia is 16 years old. One day she has blonde hair; the next day it is blue. One day she looks "goth" and the next she looks like a hippie. She recently asked her parents if she could get a nose ring. Alexia is probably trying to find her _____.

identity

A short story about a baby bird that hatches while its mother is away. The baby bird then leaves the nest in search of its mother. The baby bird follows the first thing it sees. _____ is an attachment concept that is an aspect of this story.

imprinting

Jared is unlucky in love. Relationships make him anxious and usually don't turn out well. According to many researchers, it is likely that as a child Jared had a(n) _____ relationship with his parents.

insecure

Juan easily taught his cat to jump through a hoop but could not get the cat to fetch a ball and return it to him. The cat would chase the ball but use its paws to play with the ball. The cat would not fetch the ball because of:

instinctive drift

Mike is 68 years old and is sitting in his recliner reflecting on the mistakes he made in his life, as well as the dreams that went unfulfilled. According to Erik Erikson, Mike is in the stage of development called: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

integrity vs. despair.

According to Erik Erikson, one positive outcome of the struggle for identity is a comfortable sense of who one is and a developing capacity for:

intimacy with others

As part of her child development course, Makayla has chosen to analyze children's drawings. She collected drawings from 50 children in the third grade. She became so engrossed in the project that she lost track of time. Three hours ago she had meant to spend only an hour on the project. Makayla is demonstrating:

intrinsic motivation

Foster is taking AP chemistry in high school because he loves science and is fascinated by chemistry experimentation. Foster is motivated by:

intrinsic motivation

In classical conditioning, the response should be:

involuntary

Classical and operant conditioning are similar in many ways. Which of the following processes does NOT apply to both types of learning?

involuntary responses to stimuli

The years after age 65 are known as _____ adulthood.

late

Birdie frequently experiences tip-of-the-tongue memories—that is, she knows either a word or a memory but is unable to recall it at the moment. Birdie is MOST likely in which stage of development?

late adulthood

Dr. Greco is conducting a study of military veterans from the Vietnam and Gulf Wars. He plans to evaluate them every year for 10 years to see if those with anxiety disorders have a more pronounced decline in mental abilities and overall memory. This is a(n) _____ study.

longitudinal

In a study on aggression, a group of university students were given an experimental task intended to be frustrating. Then, the participants were given a task that forced them to administer (fake) electric shocks to another participant. Given what is known about gender differences and aggression, who do you think administered more painful electric shocks?

men administered more painful electric shocks

_____ is to a girl's sexual development as spermarche is to a boy's sexual development.

menarche

David tends to study the same way for every course, no matter the subject. So far, he has been successful. This is an example of a(n) _____.

mental set

Pearl is 56 years old and is in _____ adulthood.

middle

In everyday interactions, males are more likely to state their opinions, and females to offer support. However, females tend to become more assertive, and males more empathetic in:

middle adulthood

In Bandura's experiment, compared with children not exposed to the adult model, those who observed the model's aggressive outburst were _____ to lash out at the doll.

much more likely

Teaching a dog to touch a target with its nose is fairly easy, because it works with the dog's:

natural instinct

Michael is concentrating on a work assignment at home when his son asks to watch a movie. Michael tells him to wait 10 minutes; however, his son whines and complains so much that Michael decides to put the movie in right then. This BEST illustrates the value of _____ reinforcement.

negative

To be considered creative, an idea must be both valuable and _____.

new

Children who have fathers who are incarcerated for abusing their wives or girlfriends are at high risk for following the same path in life. This can be attributed to:

observational learning

Lana is in dental school and is learning the correct way to take an X-ray of the mouth. Her instructor shows the class a video that demonstrates the proper procedures, then demonstrates the procedures using Lana as a "patient." The class is learning through the use of:

observational learning

A recent survey indicated that two-thirds of same-sex couples met:

online

If Pete wants to train his dog to sit and lie down when he commanded the behavior, he should utilize _____ conditioning.

operant

The box designed by Skinner, which includes a bar that an animal presses to release a reward of food or water, is a(n):

operant chamber

Tina's goal is to raise children who enjoy playing musical instruments. Given what is known about observational learning, we should recommend that Tina should:

play her own musical instrument in front of her children

Jeannette is in her mid-seventies and is in remarkably good health. If she were to worry about getting sick, she should probably worry MOST about:

pneumonia

Anne has been working nights and weekends to complete a project at work. She is successful and is awarded a bonus check. This best illustrates the value of _____ reinforcement.

positive

Chuck believes that choosing to violate government laws is morally justifiable if it is done to protect the lives of innocent people. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates _____ morality.

postconventional

Jarrud thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are watching him. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that Jarrud demonstrates a(n) _____ morality.

preconventional

People more quickly recognize a blue jay as a bird than they recognize a penguin as a bird because a blue jay more closely resembles their _____ of a bird.

prototype

People more quickly recognize a dog as a mammal than they recognize a whale as a mammal because a dog more closely resembles their _____ of a mammal.

prototype

As a 5-year-old, Elvis suffered a brain injury and lost his ability to speak. With help, he relearned how to speak. As an adult, Elvis had a stroke and again lost his ability to speak. This time, however, he could not relearn speech. His inability to relearn how to speak after the stroke was most likely due to the _____ process.

pruning

The process in which unused neurons and connections are eliminated that happens in adolescence is called _____.

pruning

The process of developing a sense of identity during adolescence was highlighted by Erik Erikson's _____ development theory.

psychosocial

Seventy-year-old Barbara has been asked to memorize a series of 30 words. She is likely to perform similar to young adults if asked to do which of the following?

recognize the words

Whenever Tamika tries to talk on the telephone, her 10-year-old son Jamal interrupts her. If Tamika wanted to use operant conditioning principles to successfully eliminate the behavior, the MOST efficient response would be to:

reward Jamal for not interrupting

Violet has noticed that her breasts are getting larger, and she will soon need to wear a bra. She is experiencing changes in her _____ sex characteristics.

secondary

Mark is 13 months old. When he is with his mother, he feels free to explore his environment and plays comfortably. When his mother leaves, he cries but is comforted when she returns. Mark is displaying which of the following forms of attachment?

secure attachment

In teaching her son to play basketball, Mrs. Richards initially reinforces him with praise for simply dribbling while standing still, then only for walking while dribbling, and finally only for running while dribbling. She is using a procedure known as:

shaping

The average woman is different from the average man in which of the following ways?

she will live five years longer

Jenelle is 33 years old. She has a full-time career and is not married. Jenelle's grandmother keeps asking when she will get married and have children, insisting that Jenelle should be a wife and mother by now. Jenelle's grandmother's remarks reflect the _____ of her generation.

social clock

Kerry's grandmother is in her early eighties. Which of the following is she likely to notice about her abilities?

Her hearing, distance perception, and sense of smell are diminishing.

What happened after Watson classically conditioned Little Albert to fear a white rat?

Albert responded with fear to other furry animals and fuzzy objects.

Tanya recently retired from her job of 35 years at a local bank. She woke up Monday morning, got dressed, ate breakfast, and, before she realized it, found herself in the bank's parking lot. She did not even remember driving there. This may be an example of:

Almost all human and animal behaviors, including voluntary behaviors, can be shaped through classical conditioning.

_____ believed that human behavior is determined by external consequences, not by internal thoughts and feelings.

Skinner

The law of effect MOST clearly influenced:

Skinner's experiments on reinforcement.

Kendra is a 20-month-old baby who is still crawling. She has not started to walk yet. What would her pediatrician likely say to her mother?

This is actually rare, as most babies are walking by the time they are 15 months of age.

Lee is an 8-month-old infant who is already walking around the house. What would Lee's pediatrician likely say to his parents?

This is actually rare, as most babies do not start walking until around their first birthday.

Thirteen-year-old Ariana is more impulsive and emotionally volatile than she used to be. What is the MOST likely explanation for Ariana's behavior?

a pubertal hormonal surge

Leah is 17 years old and drinks heavily. Which of the following is Leah likely to experience as an adult?

addiction

Nine-year-old Jared and his one friend, Linus, spend a great deal of time playing one-on-one basketball and often can be heard talking about a wide range of personal topics. Compared with other boys his age, Jared is:

somewhat unusual, because most boys his age typically play in large groups and do not engage in intimate discussion.

Which of the following is a social-cultural factor that helps people flourish in later life?

support from family and friends

It would be harder for a person in late adulthood to win a game of Jeopardy because it:

takes longer to react

Coyotes who have been fed sheep carcasses laced with a nausea-inducing poison are less likely to prey on sheep in the wild. This phenomenon is BEST explained by:

taste aversion

Marilyn loves to talk about when she and her husband first got married. She has so many stories about their struggles and accomplishments. This is common, as older adults tend to remember things that happened during their _____ well.

teens and twenties

If someone estimates the likelihood of events based on the ease with which they retrieve them from memory, they presume such events are common. This is called:

the availability heuristic

What phenomenon was Pavlov studying when he began his research on what eventually became known as classical conditioning?

the digestive system

One of Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology was to show how:

the discipline could be based on objective laboratory methods