Psychology Exam 3
Baumrind argued that parents should NOT ______.
*leave children to make their own rules *Be punitive or aloof
What part of the brain grows at the highest rate in early childhood (between the ages of 3 and 6)?
Frontal lobe
The main cause of death in children ages 1 through 4 is ______.
accidents
Match each activity with the appropriate age at which it can be achieved. -3 years old -4 years old -5 years old
-hopping and jumping -climbing a low jungle gym -running races with friends
What is one of the hallmark aspects of the intuitive thought substage in Piaget's preoperational stage?
Primitive reasoning
The four parenting styles involve the dimensions of ______ and responsiveness on the one hand, and ______ and control on the other.
acceptance; demand
Literacy development among children is helped when children
already have a positive view of books when being taught how to read and write. have many chances to practice writing, reading, talking, and listening. can learn to read and write in supportive environments.
According to Freud and Erikson, play helps the child master ______.
anxieties and conflicts
According to Baumrind, children whose parents are ______ are often cheerful, self-controlled, self-reliant, socially responsible, and achievement oriented.
authoritative
______ is the name of the second stage of Piaget's moral development. In this stage, children older than 10 become aware that rules and laws are created by people.
Autonomous morality
Play therapy allows children to work off frustrations and analyze their conflicts and coping mechanisms in a non-threatening environment. This most closely resembles _______ views of play.
Freud and Erikson's
According to gender schema theory, gender typing occurs when a child
develops a concept of what is appropriate for males and females.
Many researchers consider the growth of ______ regulation in children as fundamental to becoming socially competent.
emotion
Responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings is known as _______.
empathy
Due to the effects that imaginary play has on cognitive development, Vygotsky believed that parents should ______ it.
encourage
Children at the ______ morality stage of Piaget's moral reasoning view justice and rules as unchangeable and not under the control of people.
heteronomous
Piaget's first stage of moral development is called the ______ morality stage. (Watch your spelling!)
heteronomous
Several longitudinal studies have shown that physical punishment is associated with
higher levels of aggression later in childhood and adolescence.
According to Erikson, the psychosocial stage of development that occurs during early childhood (between ages 3 and 5) is called _____versus _______.
initiative vs guilt
The preoperational thought substage that is called ______ thought is considered the period when children seek answers to all sorts of questions. (Remember to type only one word in the blank and watch your spelling.)
intuitive
scaffolding
involves providing help on tasks that are just outside of one's zone of proximal development, and then removing that help as it is no longer required.
Children raised by gay or lesbian parents are ______ popular and well-adjusted compared to children raised by heterosexual parents.
just as likely to be
The process by which nerve cells are coated with insulation that enhances the speed and efficiency of the information traveling through the nervous system is known as . (Watch your spelling!)
myelination
Recent research indicates that the ______ of parents' work has more influence on the children's development rather than the fact that one parent works outside the home.
nature
Television watching during mealtimes has a ______ effect on a child's eating habits.
negative
The four main types of child maltreatment include physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and child ._______
neglect
According to Baumrind, the ______ style of parenting is characterized by a lack of involvement in the child's life.
neglectful
Children raised by ______ parents tend to have poor self-control, low self-esteem, and have trouble with peer relationships and immaturity.
neglectful
Vygotsky believed that ______ is central to the transition from external to internal speech.
self-talk
According to Piaget, children go through ______ distinct stages of moral reasoning.
two
An increase in height and an increase in ______ are the two most obvious physical changes that occur during early childhood years.
weight
The two most obvious physical changes seen in early childhood include a growth in height and an increase in _______ .
weight
Which of the following statements best describe the key elements of Piaget's second stage of cognitive development? (Select all that apply)
(1) Children from stable concepts and begin to reason (2) Children continue to be egocentric and have magical beliefs (3) Children are able to use words to describe their world
Which of the following are important functions of peer relationships?
(1) To provide children with a source of comparison and feedback about their abilities (2) To provide a source of information and comparison about the world outside the family
According to social role theory, which of the following are important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurturing?
(1) division of labor (2) social hierarchy
What statements best describe the advances in pragmatics in early childhood?
- Young children are able to present competent narratives - Young children can adapt their speech based on their setting - Young children can learn rules regarding politeness in conversations
Identify each of the key factors in vocabulary developments in young children.
-Children learn words they hear frequently. -Children learn words of items that interest them. -Children learn better when grammar and vocabulary are connected.
Regarding growth in early childhood, which of the following statements are true?
-Head size is more in proportion to the rest of the body than it was during infancy -There is a slow, steady decline in percentage of body fat
Which of the following guidelines assist parents in teaching proper eating habits to their children?
-Modeling healthy eating habits -Maintaining a breakfast, lunch, and dinner routine -Preparing a balanced meal with proper representation of the major food groups
Which of the following statements are true about the Montessori approach to early childhood education?
-Montessori programs encourage children to move freely between activities -Montessori children are encouraged to become self-regulating problem solvers -the philosophy of the Montessori approach has gained popularity in the US
Research by Bronstein found that mothers tend to do which of these?
-Place more restrictions on their daughters autonomy -Socialize their daughters to be more obedient and responsible
Which of the following statements best describe the curriculum controversy in early childhood education?
-Some experts advocate for a focus on a both cognitive and socioemotional development, not just cognitive development. -One side advocates for a focus on academics through the direct instruction approach. -Some experts advocate for a child-centered, constructivist approach.
According to Vygotsky, which of these statements concerning the development of internal and external speech are true?
-The transition from external to internal speech occurs between 3 and 7 years of age. -Children communicate externally before developing internal speech. -When self-talk becomes second nature, children can act without verbalizing.
Which of the following statements best describe child-centered kindergartens?
-child-centered kindergartens see children as individuals with their own developmental patterns of growth -child-centered kindergartens emphasize play -child-centered kindergartens focus on the process of learning, not on what is learned
Nutrition and eating habits affect which of the following aspects in early childhood?
-skeletal growth -susceptibility to disease -body shape
Rank the following causes of death among young children from the highest incidence to lowest, with the cause having the highest incidence at the top.
1. Accidents. 2. Cancer. 3. Cardiovascular disease
By the time children enter first grade, it is estimated they know about ______ words.
14000
Carla has recently experienced a considerable increase in her emotional vocabulary. She is most likely between the ages of
2 and 4 years.
By what age do most children acquire a sense of being male or female?
3 years
In 1971, Diana Baumrind presented ______ of parenting based on various levels of warmth and involvement.
4 types
In 2018 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines children and adolescents as obese when their body mass index (BMI) is at or above the ______ percentile.
97th
preoperational thought
A lack of this awareness is a characteristic of preoperational thought.
Baumrind's four styles of parenting balance which of the following dimensions?
Acceptance Responsiveness Demand Control
Around what age do most children develop self-conscious emotions?
Around 18 months
According to Baumrind, which type of parents place firm limits and controls on their child, allows little verbal exchange, and might show rage toward their child?
Authoritarian
According to Baumrind, what type of parents expect mature, independent, and age-appropriate behavior from their child, and show pleasure and support when their child exhibits constructive behavior?
Authoritative
Children raised by authoritative parents are likely to display which of the following characteristics? (Select all that apply.)
Cheerfulness and self-control Good stress-coping skills Friendliness with peers Self-reliance and achievement orientation Have unsatisfactory relationships with peers Cooperativeness with adults
Which of the following is NOT a key principle in young children's vocabulary development?
Children learn words when they are disconnected from grammar.
What type of punishment has been linked to emotional problems, negative behavioral adjustment, adolescent depression, externalized problems, and juvenile delinquency?
Corporal punishment
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of children raised by indulgent parents?
Fear and low self-esteem
Which of the following characteristics and variables tend to be related to greater height in U.S. children?
Firstborn Middle-socioeconomic status Urban
What is the most frequent parental reaction to sibling conflict between the ages of 2 and 5?
Do nothing at all
______ habits are important aspects of development during early childhood that affect skeletal growth, body shape, and susceptibility to disease.
Eating
What are the important characteristics of sibling relationships?
Emotional quality, familiarity and intimacy, variation
______ involves responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings.
Empathy
Research by Bronstein shows that fathers tend to do which of these?
Engage in more activities with their sons Show more attention to their sons Promote their sons intellectual development
______ attention supports the rapid increases in effortful control involving action planning and allocating attention to goals during the toddler and preschool years. An increased appreciation of their surroundings, helps children prolong their ______ attention.
Executive; sustained
True or false: By 3 years of age, children have improved their fine motor skills enough to complete a jigsaw puzzle without forcing the pieces.
False
True or false: Children of working mothers engage in more gender stereotyping and hold less egalitarian views than children of mothers who stay at home.
False
True or false: When children are demonstrating knowledge of the rules of morphology, overgeneralization DOES NOT occur.
False
Which of the following is not a self-conscious emotion?
Fear
What term is defined as "the sense of being male or female"?
Gender identity
Which of the following provides males and females with a framework of how they should think, act, and feel?
Gender roles
Which developmental theory states that gender typing happens when children understand what their culture considers appropriate and inappropriate behavior for each gender?
Gender schema theory
_____ ______ refers to acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.
Gender typing
______ refers to acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.
Gender typing
Project _____ _____ is a U.S. government-funded program that provides education for low-income children to acquire the necessary skills for success in school.
Head Start
Project _____ ______ is a U.S. government-funded program that provides education for low-income children to acquire the necessary skills for success in school.
Head Start
Which of the following is a government program that provides lower socioeconomic status children in the United States with skills for school success?
Head Start
According to Piaget, a 5-year-old engages in what type of morality?
Heteronomous
Students who attended the Perry Preschool program, an alternative to the Head Start programs, were found to have which of the following long-term outcomes, when compared to a control group from the same background who did not attend Perry?
Higher high school graduation ratesa greater likelihood of being in the workplace after 40 fewer teen pregnancies
Obesity and a low level of physical activity in children has been linked to which of the following serious health problems?
Hypertension Type 2 diabetes
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of children raised by neglectful parents?
Independence
According to Baumrind, what type of parents are highly involved in their child's life but place few demands or controls on the child?
Indulgent
Which of Erikson's psychosocial stages is most associated with early childhood?
Initiative versus guilt
What are the common parental reactions to siblings having a verbal or physical confrontation?
Intervening and helping resolve Doing nothing Admonishing or threatening
______ increases the speed and efficiency of information traveling through the nervous system, and helps children develop abilities such as hand-eye coordination.
Myelination
Which characteristics are associated with lower height?
Later-born Rural
Which of the following activities factor into children's literacy abilities?
Listening Writing Talking Reading
The ________ approach emphasizes children's free choice and spontaneity when engaging in educational activities.
Montessori
What type of development involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interaction with other people?
Moral
_______ development involves changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do when interacting with others.
Moral
Children who exhibit the poorest adjustment to parental divorce are those that have been involved in how many parental divorces?
Multiple
Yvonne and Gregory spend most of their leisure time with one another, leaving their child at home. They are more concerned with their own needs than those of their child. According to Baumrind, what parenting style do Yvonne and Gregory utilize?
Neglectful
Critics of Baumrind note that her parenting style categories reflect only a ______ view of child development.
North American
Most child maltreatment in the U.S. is done by whom?
Parents
What is defined as the ability to understand or be sympathetic to another person?
Perspective taking
Which of the following are major cognitive theories of development that address the early childhood years?
Piaget's theory Vygotsky's theory Information processing theory
After developing self-awareness, children around the age of 15 to 18 months begin experiencing what type of emotions?
Self-conscious
What type of emotions include embarrassment, guilt, pride, and shame?
Self-conscious
Which of the following is NOT one of the three major social theories regarding gender differences?
Social biological theory
What are the three proposed social theories of gender?
Social role theory Social cognitive theory Psychoanalytic theory
Which of the following is not a characteristic of sibling relationships?
Stability
What are the two aspects of attention that develop in early childhood?
Sustained attention and executive attention
Which theory views children as thinkers who can predict, explain, and understand themselves and others?
Theory of mind
True or false: One of the most important functions of peer relations during childhood is to provide a source of information and comparison about the world outside the family.
True
Which of the following are likely characteristics for children of authoritarian parents?
Unhappiness and fear Failure to initiate activity Anxiety about comparing themselves with others Weak communication skills
What does Vygotsky call the range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alone but can be learned with guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children?
Zone of proximal development
All of the following factors help children adjust better to divorce, EXCEPT
a difficult temperament.
Between 18 months and 6 years of age, there is consistent development in vocabulary at a rate of about
a new word every waking hour.
Symbolic thinking
a part of the previous substage, while the intuitive thought substage is marked by the beginning of reasonin gskills.
Research has shown some but not the majority of children from divorced families are more likely to have __________.
academic problems drug issues depression anxiety
Baumrind describes children raised by ______ parents as often unhappy, fearful, and anxious about comparing themselves to others.
authoritarian
Counter to Baumrind's theories, the ______ parenting approach has shown positive outcomes for some ethnic groups.
authoritarian
The ______ parenting style is a restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and respect their work and effort.
authoritarian
The _______ parenting style encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions. Extensive verbal give-and-take is allowed, and parents are warm and nurturing toward the child.
authoritative
A child who considers a person's intentions, as well as the consequences of a given action, is in Piaget's _____ morality stage, which is the second stage in his theory.
autonomous
Many of the problems experienced by children of divorced parents begin ______ the divorce.
before
Research indicates that many recent immigrants to the U.S. adopt a(n) ______ orientation, selecting characteristics of American culture that help them survive and advance, while still retaining aspects of their culture of origin.
bicultural
When immigrants select elements of US culture to help survive and advance, they may be said to be developing a ______ orientation.
bicultural
Child-_______ kindergartens focus on educating the whole child by focusing on his or her physical, cognitive, and socioemotional needs.
centered
The limitation of preoperational thought of focusing attention on one characteristic while excluding all other characteristics is called . (Watch your spelling!)
centration
Early education programs for disadvantaged children positively affect the children's social and (physical/cognitive) development.
cognitive
The theories of Piaget, Vygotsky, and information processing are major theories of ______ development in early childhood.
cognitive
Children who understand morphology rules use all of the following parts of speech, EXCEPT
conjunctions.
The awareness that an object does NOT change its basic properties or characteristics even when its appearance is altered is known as ______.
conservation
Between ages 2 and 4, children ______ their emotional vocabulary.
considerably increase
According to social role theory, gender differences result from the ______ roles of women and men.
contrasting
What type of thought did Vygotsky believe symbolic and make-believe play helped to advance?
creative
As a preschool child grows older, the increase in the child's weight and height each year in terms of percentage ______.
decreases
In early childhood, _______ functioning involves developmental advances in cognitive flexibility, goal-setting, and cognitive inhibition. (Remember to type only one word in the blank.)
executive
Managing one's thoughts to engage in goal-directed behavior and self control is a description of ________ functioning.
executive
A five-year-old child's ability to move his or her hand, arm, and body with accurate eye coordination demonstrates improved
fine motor skills
In children from 3 to 6 years of age, the most rapid brain growth takes place in the _____ lobe areas involved in planning and organizing new actions and in maintaining attention to tasks.
frontal
According to Baumrind, children raised by ______ parents never learn to control their own behavior and always expect to get their way.
indulgent
The ______ ________ approach is a cognitive model that focuses on children's attention, memory, and problem-solving abilities.
information processing
The contemporary theory of cognitive development that focuses on a child's attention, memory, and problem-solving skills is called
information processing.
Vygotsky asserted that language and thought ______.
initially develop independently of each other and then merge
Children raised by gay or lesbian parents or couples are ______ than children of heterosexual parents to be lesbian, gay, or bisexual when they grow up.
no more likely
Children and adolescents above the BMI's 97th percentile are classified as _______, whereas children and adolescents in the 95th or 96th percentile are considered overweight.
obese
Children and adolescents above the BMI's 97th percentile are classified as ________ , whereas children and adolescents in the 95th or 96th percentile are considered overweight.
obese
According to Piaget's preoperational stage, a child does not yet perform _____, which are defined as reversible mental actions.
operations
Abuse perpetuated against children is usually perpetrated by a
parent.
The term _____ _______is defined as the ability to discern another's inner psychological state.
perspective taking
According to Piaget, ______ provides the perfect setting to exercise cognitive structures.
play
According to Piaget, what allows children to practice their competencies and acquired skills in a relaxed, pleasurable way?
play
Rebecca, a six-year-old girl, is very good at carrying on conversations with people. Her two-year-old brother Jack is not very good at carrying on conversations. This is primarily due to an increased understanding of
pragmatics
Engagement in pretend play and the ability to represent objects that are not present are associated with the symbolic function substage, which is the first substage of the _______ stage of cognitive development.
preoperational
The second stage of Piaget's cognitive theory of development lasts from ages 2 to 7 and is called the
preoperational stage.
The stage of Piagetian development that can be divided into the symbolic function substage and intuitive thought substage is called
preoperational thought.
According to Lev Vygotsky, the range of tasks that are too difficult for a child to master alone but can be mastered with guidance is known as the zone of ______ development.
proximal
Emotion _____ plays a key role in children's ability to manage the demands and conflicts they face in interacting with others.
regulation
A gender _____ is a set of expectations that prescribes how females or males should think, act, and feel.
role
Which of the following are examples of gross motor skills acquired in childhood?
running and jumping, climbing, and racing
As Trevor learns about long division, his mother first needs to help him a lot. She gradually decreases the level of support as Trevor's ability in this area grows. This is an example of ________.
scaffolding
The zone of proximal development is clearly linked to ______, another concept from Vygotsky, which is defined as a changing level of support from a more skilled person like a parent or teacher.
scaffolding
What type of impact does television have on children's development?
significant impact
Some experts believe that early childhood education programs should focus on both cognitive development and ______ development in order to meet all of a child's needs.
socioemotional
According to Piaget, the first substage of preoperational thought is the ______ ______ substage, in which the child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present.
symbolic function
Preschool children learn and apply the more advanced grammar rules of _______, which involves how words should be ordered in a sentence.
syntax
Young children learn early to place a wh- word at the beginning of a sentence when properly asking a question. This shows advances in _____
syntax
________ is the most influential traditional type of mass media on young children.
television
centration
the focus on a singular detail or aspect of a situation to the exclusion of all others
Awareness and understanding of mental processes of others is called ______ _______ ______.
theory of mind
Vygotsky's theory maintained that language and develop independently before merging. (Remember to type only one word per blank.)
thought
